Motivation is defined as the intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Early theories from the 1950s include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Hertzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's needs theory. More contemporary theories include self-determination theory, cognitive evaluation theory, self-concordance theory, job engagement theory, goal-setting theory, self-efficacy theory, reinforcement theory, equity theory, organizational justice theory, and expectancy theory. The document also discusses using fear as a motivator.

1. Motivation
• Motivation – is a process, that account for
individual’s intensity, directions and
persistence of efforts toward attaining a
goal.
Motivation – concern any goal, but we will focas on
organizational goals

2. Early Theory of Motivation
In the 50-th four theories of motivation were
developed, but now there are questions as
to their validity
1. Hierarchy of Needs Theory (A.Maslow)
2. Theory X and Theory Y (D. McGregor)
3. Two Factors Theory (Hertzberg)
4. McClelland Theory of Needs

3. Contemporary Theory of Motivation
5.
6.
7.
Self-Determination Theory
Cognitive-Evaluation Theory (hypothesizes that extrinsic
rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task ).
Self-Concordance Theory (considers how strongly peoples’
reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and
core values)
8. Job Engagement
9. Goal-Setting Theory
10. Self-Efficacy Theory (also known as social cognitive theory or
social learning theory )
11. Reinforcement Theory
12. Equity Theory
13. Model of Organizational Justice
14. Expectancy Theory
15. Discussion: Fear as Motivator