Here, describe the TCP/IP model

1. TCP/IP Model

2. The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of
communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer
networks.

3. The TCP/IP model consists of five layers:
1. Application layer
2. Transport layer
3. Internet layer
4. Network access layer

4. Application layer:
•HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. This protocol allows us
to access the data over the world wide web. It transfers the data in the form
of plain text, audio, video. It is known as a Hypertext transfer protocol as it
has the efficiency to use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid
jumps from one document to another.
•SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a
framework used for managing the devices on the internet by using the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
•SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. The TCP/IP protocol
that supports the e-mail is known as a Simple mail transfer protocol. This
protocol is used to send the data to another e-mail address.

5. •DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address is used to
identify the connection of a host to the internet uniquely. But, people prefer
to use the names instead of addresses. Therefore, the system that maps the
name to the address is known as Domain Name System.
•TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. It establishes the
connection between the local computer and remote computer in such a way
that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.
•FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard internet
protocol used for transmitting the files from one computer to another
computer.

6. Transport Layer:
TCP Protocol
TCP enables applications to communicate with each other as though they
were connected by a physical circuit. TCP sends data in a form that appears
to be transmitted in a character-by-character fashion, rather than as discrete
packets. This transmission consists of the following:
•Starting point, which opens the connection
•Entire transmission in byte order
•Ending point, which closes the connection.
TCP attaches a header onto the transmitted data. This header contains
many parameters that help processes on the sending system connect to
peer processes on the receiving system.
TCP confirms that a packet has reached its destination by establishing an
end-to-end connection between sending and receiving hosts. TCP is
therefore considered a “reliable, connection-oriented” protocol.

7. SCTP Protocol
SCTP is a reliable, connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides
the same services to applications that are available from TCP. Moreover,
SCTP can support connections between systems that have more than one
address, or multihomed. The SCTP connection between sending and
receiving system is called an association. Data in the association is
organized in chunks. Because SCTP supports multihoming, certain
applications, particularly applications used by the telecommunications
industry, need to run over SCTP, rather than TCP.
UDP Protocol
UDP provides datagram delivery service. UDP does not verify connections
between receiving and sending hosts. Because UDP eliminates the
processes of establishing and verifying connections, applications that send
small amounts of data use UDP.

8. Internet Layer
1.IP – stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets
from the source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in
the packet headers. IP has 2 versions:
IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most of the websites are using currently.
But IPv6 is growing as the number of IPv4 addresses are limited in number
when compared to the number of users.
2.ICMP – stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is encapsulated
within IP datagrams and is responsible for providing hosts with information
about network problems.
3.ARP – stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find the
hardware address of a host from a known IP address. ARP has several
types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP and Inverse ARP.

9. Network Access Layer
•A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
•A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer
defined in the OSI reference model.
•It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.
•This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between
two devices on the same network.
•The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram
into frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into
physical addresses.
•The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25, frame
relay.

10. References
www.google.com
www.javatpoint.com
www.geeksforgeeks.org
https://docs.oracle.com