Here, I Discuss about the definition, Communication devices, Nic, Mac address, ip adress,transmission mode. types of computer network.

1. Basic Concepts of Computer
Networking

2. Index
1. Definition
2. Communication devices
3. NIC
4. MAC Address
5. IP Address
6. Data Transmission Mode
7. Types of Computer Network

3. What is Computer networking?
A computer network is a set of computers and devices sharing resources located on or
provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over
digital interconnections to communicate with each other.

4. Communication devices
NIC card:
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component without which
a computer cannot be connected over a network. There is a MAC Address in NIC
card.

5. HUB:
A hub is a common connection point, also known as a network hub, which is
used for connection of devices in a network. It works as a central connection for all
the devices that are connected through a hub.

6. Switch:
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a
computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the
destination device. A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses MAC
addresses to forward data at the data link layer of the OSI model.It also detect NIC
card.

7. Router:
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks
or subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these
networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing
multiple devices to use the same Internet connection. It detect IP address and MAC
address.

8. MAC Address:
A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier
assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in
communications within a network segment.

9. IP Address:
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of
rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.

10. IP Address Class range:
Class A – 1 to 126
Class B – 128 to 191
Class C – 192 to 223
Class D – 224 to 239
Class E – 240 to 255
There 127 is loop back address used for checking local network interface is working
or not.

12. Data transmission mode
Simplex:
In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and
receiver occurs in only one direction. The sender can only send the data, and the
receiver can only receive the data. The receiver cannot reply to the sender.

13. Half Duplex:
The communication between sender and receiver occurs in both
directions in half duplex transmission, but only one at a time. The sender and
receiver can both send and receive the information, but only one is allowed to send
at any given time.

14. Full Duplex:
In full duplex transmission mode, the communication between
sender and receiver can occur simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both
transmit and receive at the same time.

15. Types of Computer Networks
LAN(Local Area Network)
1. Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small
area such as building, office.
2. LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
3. It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network
adapters, and ethernet cables.
4. The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
Local Area Network provides higher security.

17. PAN(Personal Area Network)
1. Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
2. Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal
use is known as Personal Area Network.
3. Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the
Personal Area Network.
4. Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
5.Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network
are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

19. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
1. A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
2. Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
3. In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
4. The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-
3, ADSL, etc.
5. It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

21. WAN(Wide Area Network)
1. A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
2. A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
3. A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
4. The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
5. A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.

23. References
www.google.com
www.slideshare.net
www.tutorialspoint.com
www.javapoibt.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.geeksforgeeks.org