This presentation describes the importance of hydrocarbons, compare renewable vs. non-renewable energy and the recovery process of hydrocarbons.

1. Understanding the importance of Hydrocarbons & its Recovery Process
Black Gold the Worlds most concentrated form of Energy
Muhammmad Shoaib
Student no. 2015730558
GraduateSchoolofWaterResources,SungkyunkwanUniversity
© subnoir
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2. Contents:
Section-1 (Importance of hydrocarbons)
1.1 Importance of Hydrocarbons
1.2 Non-renewable vs. renewable energy
Section-2 (Process of Recovery)
2.1 pre-drilling phase
2.2 Drilling components
2.3 Drilling Fluids
2.4 Casing & Cementing
2.5 Drive Mechanism
2.6 General Information
Objective:
To understand the Importance of Hydrocarbons, the basic steps involved in the
process of recovering Hydrocarbons.
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3. 1.1. Importance of Hydrocarbons
 1 Barrel Oil = 42 gallons = 158 Liters
 The Energy contains in one barrel Oil = 6.1*10^6 KJ
 On average a human being produces 5 KJ per min,
in one hour 300 KJ, In one day of eight hour of
work a normal adult produces 2400 KJ of Energy
 A normal fit adult will take around 2542 days to
produce the same amount of energy as of 1 Barrel of
Oil.
 One barrel Oil Produces 1,700 Kilowatt hours
Fig 1. Oil Barrel
©Shell.com
Section-1 (Importance of Hydrocarbons)
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4. 1.2 Non-Renewable vs. Renewable energy
1.2.1 NON-RENEWABLE:
PROS:
 Most concentrated form of energy.
 Cheap and easy to use.
 A small amount of nuclear energy produce large amount of power.
 Non-renewable have little or no competition at all.
 They are considered as cheap when converting from one type of
energy to another.
CONS:
 Not Environmental Friendly.
e.g. Global Warming
 A finite amount is available.
Fig 2. World Energy consumption by source
© conserve-energy
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5. 1.2.2 RENEWABLE:
Cons:
 Initial costs are quite steep.
 Solar energy can be used during the day time only.
 Geothermal energy can also produces toxic
chemicals beneath the earth surface.
 Building dams for Hydroelectric across the river
which is quite expensive can affect natural flow
and affect wildlife.
 To use wind energy, you have to rely on strong
winds therefore you have to choose suitable site to
operate them.
pros:
 Environmental Friendly
 Infinitely available
Fig 3. Solar Panel
Fig 4. Wind Turbine
© conserve-energy
© conserve-energy
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6. 2.1.1 Geological Survey:
A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the
geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of
creating a geological map or model.
2.1.2 Drilling Permission:
Prior to the commencement of drilling operations, a person
who has been issued a drilling permit must notify by certified
mail any local government and any landowner whose surface
rights will be affected by drilling operations.
2.1.3 Access Road:
An access road is required so can all the working team and
officials can access the drilling site.
© Populamechanis
Figure 5. Geological Layers
© topoilfieldservices
Figure 6. Access Road
Section-2 (Recovery process)
2.1 Pre-Drilling Phase
“Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks beneath the earth
surface.”
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7. 2.2.1 Drilling rig:
After the well and access road have
been sited and constructed, the
operator moves in a rig and starts the
drilling phase of operations.
2.2.2 Drill String:
The Drill string is then lowered to start
the drilling.
2.2.3 Drill Bits:
Drill bit crushes the earth surface and
makes hole in the earth with the rotary
power provided by drill string and
ultimately by generators.
© foxoildrlling
Figure 7. Drilling Rig
Figure 8. Drill String & Drill bit
© Univ of Aberdeen
Figure 9. Drill String in Operation
2. 2 Drilling Components
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8. 2.3 Drilling Fluids:
Drilling fluids must be used when drilling wells with a rotary
rig.
 The moving fluid cools and lubricates the bit.
 Removes the rock cuttings that would otherwise collect
at the bottom of the wellbore.
2..3.1 Operators select a drilling fluid based on:
 Its compatibility with the rock formations being drilled
through,
 Need to control down hole pressures and
cost.
“On average the cost of drilling mudis around
400,000US$ to800,000US$”
© binder science
Figure 10. Drilling Fluid
© rigzone
Figure 11. Drill Cuttings
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©blinder science

9. 2.4 Casing:
A good casing and cementing
program is essential to protect
groundwater quality and
provide well control.
Casing is heavy metal pipe that
is used to prevent the borehole
from caving in.
2.4.1 Cementing:
Once the casing is cemented
into place it also plays an
important role in preventing
fluid migration and protecting
freshwater aquifers.
© rigzone
© geologie vsb
© china cementing co
Figure 12. Casing
Figure 13. Casing Cementing Figure 14. Casing Types
“Around 80% of the total
drilling cost is the cost of
casing”
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10. 2.5.1 Solution gas drive:
This mechanism (also known as depletion
drive) depends on the associated gas of
the oil.
2.5.2 Gas cap drive:
In reservoirs already having a gas cap the
gas cap expands with the depletion of the
reservoir, pushing down on the liquid
sections applying extra pressure.
2.5.3 Aquifer (water) drive:
Water (usually salty) may be present below
the hydrocarbons. As the hydrocarbons
are depleted, the reduction in pressure in
the reservoir allows the water to expand
slightly.
2.5.4 Combination Drive:
Sometimes two or more drives act
together to produce hydrocarbons.
Figure 15. Solution Gas Drive
Figure 16. Gas Cap Drive
Figure 17. Water Drive
© halliburtion
© halliburtion
© halliburtion
2.5 Drive Mechanism
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11.  1 Barrel= 158.98 Liters
 The average production of an oil well is around 412 Barrels per day.
 The highest ever producing well ever discovered used to give the production of around 95,000 bbls per day.
(Baba Gurgur field near Kirkuk, Iraq. )
 By 2015, the most recent data available, we are drilling an average of 5,964 feet.
 The deepest well ever drilled is drilled by Exxon mobile in Sakhalin Russia which is 12,376 meter deep, which
is the equivalent to 15 times the height of the world tallest skyscraper the Burj Khalifa in Dubai
 On average it costs roughly $4-6 million to drill a well, and another $4-6 million to complete (frac + drill out
+ artificial lift) plus another $500K for surface facilities (tanks, treaters, etc.)
 In situations like that where one is drilling in the middle of no known oil production the odds of
getting a dry hole are probably more like 25 to 1 that you will get a dry hole.
2.6 General Information:
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12. http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/
http://www.slb.com/
http://www.halliburton.com/en-US/default.page
https://www.quora.com/How-much-does-it-cost-to-drill-and-frac-a-shale-gas-oil-well
https://www.rt.com/business/exxon-sakhalin-well-record-727
http://nsioil.com/i-always-find-oil/the-10-myths-of-investing-in-oil-wells
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
http://peakoilbarrel.com/bakken-1st-24-hour-prod-validity-verified/
http://peakoil.com/generalideas/how-much-energy-is-there-in-a-barrel-of-oil
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/
References
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