Emerging energy technology sustainable approach

Emerging Energy Technology
- Sustainable Approach
ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2

First Impression: 2014
© Krishi Sanskriti
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ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2
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Emerging Energy Technology
- Sustainable Approach
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Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 (i)
Preface
19th April, 2014
From the Desk of Editor………………
On behalf of organizing committee, I extend my heartiest and warmth welcome to
the distinguished delegates and participants of the International Conference on
“Innovative Trends in Applied Physical, Chemical, Mathematical Sciences and
Emerging Energy Technology for Sustainable Development”(APCMET-2014)
being held at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, on 19th and 20th April, 2014,
organized by Krishi Sanskriti. Surely, this Conference will help a lot to increase your
knowledge bank. The conference is a source of powerful influence as it draws upon
the expertise from various disciplines and also able to bring together leading
authorities from academia, industry, R&D Institutions and sustainable management
societies for focusing on innovative trends in Applied Physical, Chemical,
Mathematical Sciences and Emerging Energy Technology in order to achieve
universal goal of sustainable development. The importance of this conference lies in
the fact that during this duration, the feasibility of certain policies for innovations
within the applied sciences and emerging energy technology as well as other applied
engineering subjects with a special emphasis in physical, chemical and mathematical
sciences in terms of harnessing eco-friendly technologies and its proper utilization in
order to achieve sustainable development will be explored.
This conference will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas,
approaches, developments and research projects in the area of theoretical as well as
applied aspects for sustainable development. The (APCMET-2014) committee
invited original Submissions from researchers, faculties, scientists and students that
illustrate analytical research results, review works, projects, survey works and
industrial experiences describing significant advances in the areas related to the
relevant themes and tracks of the conferences. This effort guaranteed submissions
from an unparalleled number of recognized top-level researchers. All the

Preface
Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 (ii)
submissions underwent a strenuous peer-review process which comprised expert
reviewers. Besides the members of the Technical Program Committee, external
reviewers were invited on the basis of their specialization and expertise. The papers
were reviewed based on their technical content, originality and clarity. The entire
process which includes the submission, review and acceptance processes was done
electronically. There were a total 194 submissions to the conference and the
Technical Program Committee selected 125 papers for presentation at the conference
and Subsequent publication in the form of edited book titled “Emerging Energy
Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach” published by Excellent Publishing
Hours, New Delhi. This small introduction would be incomplete without expressing
our gratitude and thanks to the General and Program Chairs, members of the
Technical Program Committees, and external reviewers for their excellent and
diligent work. Thanks to the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for providing
venue for this conference. Finally, we thank all the authors who contributed to the
success of the conference. We also sincerely wish that all attendees will get benefited
academically from the conference and wish them every success in their research
Endeavour.
Dr. G. C. Mishra
Editor

Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 (iii)
Contents
Preface i
1. Protection of Load through Ferrite Beads Using Marx Generator 1
Aman Jain, Manish Pratap Singh, Apoorv Shankar, Vikram Kumar
2. Mechanically Autonomous System for Efficient Coach Water Refilling in Indian Railways 6
Aman Kaushik
3. Performance Analysis of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector 12
Amit Verma, Sunita Chauhan
4. Design and Implementation of SPWM and Hysteresis based VSI Fed Induction Motor 17
Amruta Pattnaik, Haymang Ahuja, Shubham Mittal, Nisha Kothari, Tushar Sharma
5. A Comparative Study on TiO2and SiOx Dielectric based MOS Capacitance 25
Ashik Some, Diksha Barnwal, Arnab Shome, Birojit Chakma,
Lalaram Arya, B.S. Thoma, Aniruddha Mondal
6. Cost- Benefit Analysis of Two-Dissimilar Units Warm Standby System Subject to
Electromagnetic Vibrations with Switch Failure 31
Ashok Kumar Saini
7. Study on Power System Planning in India 41
Dharmesh Rai, Vinod Kumar Yadav, Syed Rafiullah, Adesh Kumar Mishra
8. Effect of Reforms in Distribution Sector in Indian Power Scenario 48
J Sai Keshava Srinivas
9. Biogas- An Alternative Source of Energy 53
Mohd Junaid Khalil, Kartik Sharma, Rimzhim Gupta
10. Fuel Cell: the Future of the Electric Power System 60
Mamta Chamoli, Yuvika Chamoli
11. The State of Art of MEMS in Automation Industries 67
Anupriya Saxena, Man Mohan Singh and Indra Vijay Singh
12. Dynamic Economic Power Dispatch Problem Using Differential Evolution 72
Nandan Kumar Navin, Sonam Maheshwari
13. Emission Constrained Economic Load Dispatch Problem Using
Differential Evolution Algorithm 82
Nandan Kumar Navin
14. Pumped Storage Concept and its Potential Application in Nepalese
Hydropower Context – A Case Study of Chilime Hydropower Plant Rasuwa, Nepal 91
Niroj Maharjan, Sailesh Chitrakar, Nikhel Gurung, and Ravi Koirala
15. Super Capacitor Power System for Sounding Rocket Payloads 100
P.P.Antony, S. Saju, R.G.Hari kumar Warrier, B.Manoj Kumar
16. Recent Advances in Hydrogen Production 108
C. Bharadwaj Kumar, P. Sreedhar, J. Santoosh, S. S.Chaitanya.B, Y.Satya Prasad, M. Devika

Contents
Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 (iv)
17. Design of ADRC Load Frequency Controller for Three Area Power System 116
Pallavi Gothaniya
18. LQR Based LFC for Two Area Interconnected Power System with AC/DC Link 124
Pallavi Gothaniya
19. Real Time Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Ceramic Disc
for Low Voltage Appliances 133
Arpit Bansal, Akshita Jain, Rachit Agrawal, Pradeep Kumar, Ashutosh Gupta
20. Smart and Functional Materials in Technological
Advancement of Solar Photovoltaic’s 138
R.C.Sharma and Ambika
21. Sputtering Pressure Dependent Structural, Optical and Hydrophobic
Properties of DC sputtered Pd/WO3 thin films for Hydrogen Sensing Application 146
Sonam Jain,
, Amit Sanger, Ramesh Chandra
22. An Assessment of Perform Achieve and Trade Mechanism - A Case
Study of Industries in District Ropar, Punjab 155
Ravneet Kaur
23. Migration of Landfill Gas From the Soil Adjacent to the Landfill 165
M. J. Khalil, Rimzhim Gupta, Kartik Sharma
24. Self – Energy Generating Cookstove 173
Risha Mal, Rajendra Prasad, V.K. Vijay, Amit Ranjan Verma, Ratneesh Tiwari
25. Low Cost Wind Turbines using Natural Fiber and Glass Fiber Composites 179
Rohit Rai Dadhich¹, Ramniwas Bishnoi², Virwal Pritamkumar K.³, Sanjeev Kumar
26. Energy Security and Clean Use 185
Samarth Kohli, Sanjeev Kumar
27. Structural and Photocatalytic Behaviour of TiO2
and αααα-Fe2O3-TiO2 Nanorods 194
Shanmugapriya P, Pandiyarasan V, Sanju Rani, Rajalakshmi N
28. A Process Model to Estimate Biodiesel and Petro Diesel
Requirement and Mass Allocation Rule 201
Aprajita Chauhan, Shuchi Verma, Vinay K.Singh
29. A Study of Select Aspects for Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd 212
Surbhi Gupta
30. A Fully-Integrated Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converter
with higher Efficiency at Low Power 221
Swati Singh, Uma Nirmal
31. Preparation of CuInS2 and In2S3 Thin Film for Thin Film Solar Cell
Application Using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Technique 230
T Krishna Teja , Karthigeyan
32. Study of Nanoporous Silica Aerogel Composite for Architectural
Thermal Insulation Application 237
Thanuja M Y, Karthigeyan

Contents
Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 (v)
33. Potential of India for Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel 244
Vivek Pandey, Vatsal Garg, Niraj Singh, Deepak Bhasker, Partha Pratim Dutta
34. Antenna Design and Optimization for RFID tag using Negative µ and ε Material 251
Shankar Bhattacharjee, Rajesh Saha, Santanu Maity
35. Analysis of CDM Projects: An Indian Anecdote 259
Namita Rajput, Vipin Aggarwal, Ritika Ahuja
36. Modeling and Simulation of Solar Cell Depending on
Temperature and Light Intensity 265
Shivam Dubey, Lipi Sarkar, Rishav Roushan, Santanu Maity
37. Carbon Trading Scenario in India: A Business that
Works for Global Environment 273
Namita Rajput, Vipin Aggarwal, Ritika Ahuja

Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 1
Protection of Load through Ferrite
Beads Using Marx Generator
Aman Jain1
, Manish Pratap Singh2
, Apoorv Shankar3
, Vikram Kumar4
1
B-26, Manavsthali Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-110096
2
B-66/445, HWP Colony, Rawatbhata, Via Kota, Rajasthan-323307
3
D1-602, BPCL Colony, Sector-56, Noida, UP-201301
4
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, UP
ABSTRACT
In this paper, two ferrite filters were designed. These filters were tested on a spectrum analyser.
Also, they were tested with a Marx Generator (5kV-50kV). These filters showed efficient
capability to protect the load from any unknown surge/spark.
1. INTRODUCTION
In 1989, Michael F. Stringefellow and John M. Wheeler invented a surge suppression circuit for
high frequency communication networks, having a primary line and a ground line. It included a gas
tube connected between the primary line and ground line, a bi-directional avalanche diode and one
or more ferrite beads connected in series between the primary line and ground line, and a metal
oxide varistor connected in series in the primary line.
In 2012, J. L. Kotny, X. Margueron and N. Idir introduced a high-frequency modelling method of
the coupled inductors used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters. These filters are intended
to reduce conducted emissions generated by power static converters towards the power grid.
The identification of the model parameters was based on the experimental approach. Simulation
results of the proposed model were compared to the experimental data obtained using the specific
experimental setup. These results made it possible to validate the EMI filter model and its
robustness in a frequency range varying from 9 kHz to 30 MHz.
In 1924, Erwin Otto Marx described an electric circuit called Marx generator. Its purpose is to
generate a high-voltage pulse from a low-voltage DC supply. Marx generators are used in high
energy physics experiments, as well as to simulate the effects of lightning on power line gear and
aviation equipment. The circuit generates a high-voltage pulse by charging a number of capacitors
in parallel, then suddenly connecting them in series.

Emerging Energy Technology perspectives-A Sustainable Approach
Experimental Setup 1
Fig. 1: Block Diagram Representation
Configuration 1: Single ferrite bead with two wound wire
connecting the positive terminal of function generator with one end of a wire on the bead and
connecting the other end of the other wire to the positive terminal of the CRO such that the ground
of function Generator and CRO were shorted along with the remaining ends of the two wires.
Fig. 2: Single ferrite bead with two wound wire.
Configuration 2: Tested the configuration of ferrite beads wherein one ferrite bead was connected
between the positive ends and the other conne
generator and CRO.
Fig. 3: Single wire wound two ferrite beads in series.
FREQUENCY
GENERATOR
FERRITE
FILTER
A Sustainable Approach - ISBN: 978-93-83083-73-2 2
Fig. 1: Block Diagram Representation of Ferrite Filter Circuit
Single ferrite bead with two wound wire configuration of ferrite beads
connecting the positive terminal of function generator with one end of a wire on the bead and
connecting the other end of the other wire to the positive terminal of the CRO such that the ground
were shorted along with the remaining ends of the two wires.
Fig. 2: Single ferrite bead with two wound wire.
Tested the configuration of ferrite beads wherein one ferrite bead was connected
between the positive ends and the other connected between the ground ends of the function
Fig. 3: Single wire wound two ferrite beads in series.
CROFERRITE
FILTER

Protection of Load through Ferrite Beads Using Marx Generator
Experimental Setup 2
Fig. 4: Block Diagram Representation of Setup to Test Filter Configurations
2. DESCRIPTION
High Voltage Power Supply: It is a small current high voltage power supply consisting of a 450v
inverter with an 18 stage voltage multiplier to get an output of about 7kV.
Fig. 5: High Voltage Power Supply
Here, the capacitors used are 100nF 400V film capacitors physically arranged like a ladder and 18
diodes connected in series. Supply from mains is first connected to 2M resistance to limit the
current value to a minimum amount (0.11 µA). A 0.5mA fuse is connected for protection of the
circuit.
Marx Generator: Output from the power supply (7kV) is connected to the Marx generator. It is a
park generator consisting of 10 RC stages which are charged in parallel and discharged in series
thus producing a high voltage spark at each spark gap simultaneously.
HIGH
VOLTAGE
POWER
SUPPLY
MARX
GENERATOR
FERRITE
FILTER
LOAD

Fig. 6: Marx Generator
Here 1M , 2W, 500V carbon film resistors and 1nF, 4kV ceramic capacitors are used as RC pairs.
Also, two 4.7M, 350kV metal glazed resistors are used at the input side. These resistors have a
ballasting effect. They are used to prevent a continuous arc forming across the first gap, thus
preventing further firing of the Marx generator.
Ferrite Filter: Two configurations of ferrite filters are considered. These two are described above.
The spark from the spark gap is passed through this filter to the load.
Load: This is a simple circuit consisting of a bulb charged by a simple battery.
Result: In experimental setup 1 (Fig. 1) the input from frequency generator is passed through the
two configurations of ferrite filters and the result is seen at CRO.
When configuration 1(shown in Fig. 2) is used the CRO shows attenuation at high frequencies
which is maximum at 12.29 MHz (as shown in Fig. 7).When configuration 2 (as shown in Fig. 3) is
used the CRO shows attenuation at high frequencies which is maximum at 12.18 MHz (as shown in
Fig. 8).
Fig. 7: CRO output at 12.29 MHz for configuration 1

Protection of Load through Ferrite Beads Using Marx Generator
Fig. 8: CRO output at 12.18 MHz for configuration 2
In experimental setup 2 (Fig 4) a Marx generator produces sparks through spark gaps. It is supplied
with a very high voltage dc supply of 5kV. The sparks produced are thrown on the test circuit
(load) through ferrite beads which acts as a filter.
The result of this setup is summarised below in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of final result
POWER SUPPLY
[kV]
MARX
GENERATOR [ kV]
FILTER LOAD
PROTECTION
5 50 Configuration 1 Yes
5 50 Configuration 2 Yes
3. CONCLUSION
Thus the two ferrite filters efficiently protected the load from the spark thus confirming that ferrite
beads can be used in electromagnetic compatibility applications.
There are various other fields where these filters can be used, including energy management
systems, computers, automatic lightning, AM radio equipment, factory automation equipment,
implantable medical devices, military/space electronic modules, radio controls, telecommunication,
television and monitors and various lab equipments.
REFERENCES
[1] Stringefellow F. Michael, Wheeler M. John Surge suppression circuit for high frequency communication
networks US Patent 1992; 5,124,873
[2] Kotny L. J, Margueron X, Idir N High-frequency model of the coupled inductors used in EMI filters
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012; Volume: 27 Issue: 6
[3] E. Kuffel, W. S. Zaengl, J. Kuffel High voltage engineering: fundamentals, Newnes 2000
ISBN 0-7506-3634-3, pages 63, 70

Mechanically Autonomous System for Efficient Coach
Water Refilling in Indian Railways
Aman Kaushik
Near Khadi Bhandar, Fatwaria Mohalla
V.P.O.Beri, District-Jhajjar, Haryana-124201
ABSTRACT
Indian Railways is the biggest railway system in the world having more than 10000 trains and
115000 Km railway tracks. Amount of water wasted in Indian railways at various Water
Refilling Stations for more than 2000 trains, given the water flow rate (which generally fills one
tank of the coach in 340 seconds) is over 50000 cubic meter or 1.3 million gallons per day. Here
a small and cheap SELF CLOSING refilling mechanism is devised with estimated cost of Rs.50
that fits with existing system that is present at all the refilling stations across our country. This
mechanism consists of a pipe (7cm long) having a Lid inside it that opens up opposite to the
water flow by leverage function provided by a steel wire. This wire runs parallelly with the
rubber pipe that is attached to the coach of the train. The worker just need to pull this wire and
attach it to a specially designed hook at the coach inlet which provides the constant holding
force responsible for opening of Lid against high pressure of water. As soon as train moves or
tank is filled, this hook detaches INSTANTANEOUSLY from the wire causing Lid to close. This
detachment does not depend upon the movement of direction of the train i.e. it will work when
the train moves forward or backward also. In addition the same mechanism will be able to save
thousands of liter of water wasted in refilling stations/junctions from where the train starts also
(i.e. train is fully filled with water before running). This process wastes more water while
refilling in mid-journey. Thus water leakage is prevented till the worker arrives to close the valve
(ultimately conserving millions of gallons of water per day). Thus this self-closing mechanism is
cheaper and very efficient for our railways.
Keywords: Conservation, Wastage, Water, Railways, Environment, Water Pollution
1. INTRODUCTION
Indian Railways is the biggest railway network in the entire world. We have more than 10000
trains running on 115000 Km railway tracks. Approximately 2000 trains run over distances of more
than 1000 Km. These are the trains which consume maximum quantity of water during the journey
as refilling is mandatory for such trains. The amount of water wasted during these refilling is more

Mechanically Autonomous System for Efficient Coach Water Refilling in Indian Railways
than 50000 cubic metre or 1.3 million gallons per day, given the water flow rate used for refilling
the train (which generally fills one tank of the coach in 340 seconds).
This makes Indian railways the biggest consumer of fresh water and also the source of its wastage.
2. MAIN REASONS OF WATER WASTAGE WHILE RE-FILLING:
Figure 1
There are primarily three main reasons for this wastage of water-
a) Less personnel to operate refilling. Normally only 3 or 4 personnel are allotted to do this work.
The general configuration of such long route trains is shown in Table-1 follows-
Table-1
So it is very much difficult for three persons to cover 467m long train.

Aman Kaushik
b) Carelessness of personnel responsible for refilling
c) Unfavorable conditions for fast response (Walking fast on Sleepers is very difficult)
3. COACH CONFIGURATION
The capacity of a normal Indian Coach Factory coach is 500L per tank as shown in the Figure-2:
Figure-2
A coach has four of these tanks (so the total capacity is 2000L per coach). Time required to fill one
coach in mid-journey is between 3 and 4 minutes depending upon the flow of water (varies
continuously). While the time required for filling the coach while shunting or before staring is
between 15 and 20 minutes.
4. SOLUTION
Design a self-closing mechanism which is independent of all the above stated problems and fully
autonomous and that fits with the existing setup of Indian Railways. The main working principle is
as shown in Figure-3:
Figure-3 Figure-4

Add an extra pipe assembly to the valve of the existing pipe of the shape as shown in Figure3.Here
this assembly contains a LID which opens up against the flow of the water while refilling. For
refilling to be done, we need a large holding force for the LID in this position against the huge
force of water that is trying to close this LID down thus blocking the flow of water. It is done using
an additional wire which is connected to this LID as shown in Figure-4. This additional wire runs
parallel with the main pipe which is connected to the coach inlet pipe on other end. Now first of all,
this main pipe is attached to the coach inlet and the additional wire that runs parallel to the refilling
pipe is hooked up using a rod to a specially designed groove on the coach inlet pipe as shown in
Figure-5.
Figure-5 Figure-6
The shape of this groove is designed such that it will detach the rod that runs parallel with the
refilling pipe and in turn stop the water flow as soon as the train moves in any direction i.e. whether

Aman Kaushik
forward or reverse. The whole system can be understood from Figure-6, where the location of each
and every part is shown is a confined space.
This solves one half of the problem i.e. when the train is refilled in mid-journey. Now for the cases
when the train is refilled before starting, a new problem arises i.e. there are many times when the
tank is full with water and starts over-flowing till the time the responsible person comes and closes
the valve. The solution of this problem is shown in Figure-7.
Here the On-Off Float type methodology is used to stop the flow from refilling pipe. As the level of
water rises inside the tank, the float rises and thus pulls the wire that is connected with the hook or
the groove. The inner shape of this hook or groove and its working methodology is as shown in
Figure 8:
Figure-8

So with the above mentioned techniques, all the water wastage problem while refilling the train can
be solved.
Material Specifications: a) Lid- Steel/Aluminium alloy
b) Additional Wire- Steel
c) Float for tank-Plastic
d) Pulleys- Plastic/wood
Main Features: a) Self Closing of fully autonomous.
b) Compatible with existing system of Railways.
c) Fully mechanical (any worker can tinker and modify according to need in non-availability of
material in order to avoid wastage during that time)
d) Very simple working (easy for non-trained people also, no need of extra training).
e) Fully efficient in saving water throughout the country.
Advantages: a) Very cheap (can be manufacture within Rs.70)
b) Easy to manufacture and install.
c) Rugged construction which is fit for public use and can sustain rough man-handling.
d) Eco-friendly system.
e) Highly efficient.
REFERENCES
[1] Alexander Vorontsov, Vasily Volokhovsky, Igor Morin: Strength assessment of working capacity of
steel wire ropes.
[2] Siniga Dunda and Trpimir Kujundzic: Tensile strength of steel ropes of diamond wire saws.
[3] Seok-Myeong Jang, Jang-Young Choi, You, Dae-Joon, Han-Wook Cho: The influence of mechanical
spring on the dynamic performance of a moving-magnet linear actuator with cylindrical Halbach
array, Industry Applications Conference, 2005. Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of
the 2005, 2132 - 2139 Vol. 3, 0197-2618
[4] Information on www.indianrailways.gov.in
[5] Information on www.wikipedia.com

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Solar
Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector
1
School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, NIT Kurukshetra, India
*Electrical Engg. Deptt., NIT Kurukshetra, India
ABSTRACT
The idea of combining photovoltaic and solar thermal collector to provide electrical and heat
energy is not new, however it is an area of limited attention. Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal‘s have
become a focus point of interest in the field of solar energy. Integration of both (Photovoltaic
and thermal collector) provide greater opportunity for the use of renewable solar energy. This
system converts solar energy into electricity and heat energy simultaneously. Theoretical
performance analyses of hybrid PV/T’s have been carried out, also the temperature of water (as
a heat carrier) have been calculated for different seasons.
Keywords: Solar energy; Photovoltaic-Thermal; Seasonal performance Analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is one of renewable energy sources which have potential for future energy application.
Solar energy can generally be divided into two parts-The Photovoltaic technology which derived
from solar cell and convert into electricity and Thermal solar technology which derived from the
thermal collector and convert the solar energy into heat. Photovoltaic solar cells capable of
changing some part of solar energy into electricity while the rest of the solar energy become
waste[1].For both theoretical and practical reasons ,not all of the solar radiation energy falling on a
solar cell can be converted into electrical energy. A specific amount of energy is required to
produce a free electron and a hole in the semiconductor material .For example, in silicon the energy
minimum is 1.1 eV and this is available in radiation having a wavelength of 1.1 micrometer.
Consequently infrared radiation of longer wavelength has no photovoltaic effect in silicon but is
largely observed as heat .Energy in excess of that needed to free a bound electron is simply
converted into heat. The efficiency of the heated photovoltaic panel that exposed to sunlight will be
decreased [6]
The latest research in this field of solar energy was to gain heat energy and decrease the
temperature of photovoltaic panel simultaneously. Electrical energy and heat energy are collected
separately. Photovoltaic-thermal collectors are to design to collect heat. If the temperature will

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector
reduce then definitely the efficiency of PV will increase. Water or air can be used as heat carrier.
Here we used the water. This warm water can be further used for low temperature application.
Florschetz suggest a model propose by Hottel-Whillier to analysis PV/T system [2].Bhargava [3]
and Prakash[4] reported on effect of mass flow rate, air ducting sizing and the width of collector
absorber used to the performance of the PV/T system.
Othman [5] reported the double pass PV/T collector with fins absorber shows better performance.
The objective of this paper to increase the efficiency of the PV module as well as used the waste
heat for low temperature application.
Experimental Set-up
The setup consists of the water based Spiral flow PV/T collector generates electricity and produce
hot water simultaneously. The water based PV/T collector consists of spiral type tube upper part of
which consists photovoltaic cells, as the absorber gets heat up this heat will be absorbed by the
water by the conduction and it can increase the efficiency of the collector .The schematic diagram
and specification of the spiral flow type Photovoltaic-Thermal collector is shown in fig.1 and table
1
PV Cells
Cool
Water in
Warm
out
Fig.1 Schematic dia. of Spiral-flow PV/T Table 1: Specification of PV/T collector
2. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In order to assess the system’s performance, we should know the average solar insolation. This can
be found using the following formula [7];
Avg. Solar Irradiance = Normal solar irradiance (1367 W/m²) × cos (z) (1)
Area of PV/T 1×1=1m
2
Max Power (Pmax) 80W
Open Circuit Voltage(Voc) 21 V
Max Power current(Ipm) 4.63 A
Efficiency (ῆ)
Solar Radiation =1000 W/m-
2
Cell temperature = 25o
C
8 %

Where,
Cos (z) = sin δ sin φ + cos δ cos φ cos [(LAT- 12) ×15] (2)
δ = 23.45 sin [(360/365) × (284+n)] (3)
Where, n= no. of days
LAT = Standard time ± 4(Standard time Longitude – longitude of location) + (equation of time
correction) (4)
Location of Kurukshetra is 29.96°N, 76.83°E. The average values of solar insolation for this
location using the above formula for various seasons are calculated.
Avg. Solar Irradiation (W/m²)
Seasons 9:00 to
11:00
11:00 to 13:00 13:00 to 15:00
Summer (Mar-Jun) 1027.61 1231.35 1133.16
Monsoon (Jul-Sep) 854.5 1064.3 943
Winter (Dec-Feb) 634.38 839.38 758.82
Table 2: Value of Avg. solar irradiation for different seasons in different time periods
To find the total heat available to the PV/T in summer (March-June) for time period 9:00-
11:00 a.m:
A = 1×1 = 1 m²
Q = Ib rb × A = 1027.61 W (5)
This is the amount of power available to the PV/T collector. PV cells convert only 8% of this
power into electricity; the remaining power available in the form of heat and this heat increase the
temperature of PV/T .increasing temperature decrease the efficiency of the PV cell .To maintain the
temperature at the normal ambient temperature we can extract this heat from PV by the use of
water as heat carrier
We can determine the temperature of warm water also as.
Q´ = 1027.61×0.92 = 945.4 W
This is the amount of heat available to the absorber. Using this heat for 2 hours i.e. 9:00-11:00 a.m.
for 2.8 Kg of water at 35°C (room temperature of water in summer), we can determine the
temperature of warm water attained in the system [8];

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector
Q´ = mass of water× [Cpw (100-Tw) + Latent heat of vaporization + Cps (Ts - 100)] / (2×60×60) (6)
945.4 = {2.8×1000[4.18 (100-35) + 2257 + 2 (Ts – 100)]} / (2×60×60)
Therefore, Ts = 51.1°C
For summer in 11:00a.m-13:00p.m time period, here we used the 3.3 Kg of water
Ts = 71.4°C
For summer in 13:00p.m-15:00p.m time period, here we used the 3.1Kg of water
Ts = 46.2°C
In a similar way, Ts can be found for monsoon and winter season to ascertain the steam
temperature. However, in case of monsoon season (July-September), the room temperature of
water is taken as 25°C and 10°C for winter season (December-February).
3. CONCLUSION
Thus, from the table below we can conclude that maximum solar intensity is received during
summer season and also, the amount of warm water obtained highest in this season.
And it will also increase the efficiency of the PV cells by extracting the extra heat from the panels
through the water as heat carrier.
Table 3 Various Values of PV power and temperature of water at different season
Summer(Mar-Jun) Monsoon(Jul-Sep) Winter(Dec-Jan)
9:00-11:00 11:00-
13:00
13:00-
15:00
9:00-
11:00
11:00-
13:00
13:00-
15:00
9:00-
11:00
11:00-
13:00
13:00-15:00
Avg.
Irradiance
(W/m²)
1027.61 1231.35 1133.16 854.5 1064.3 943 634.3 839.38 758.82
Total power
available to
PV panel (W)
1027.61 1231.35 1133.16 854.5 1064.3 943 634.3 839.38 758.82
Q´ (Watts) 945.4 1132.84 1042.5 786.1 1065.2 867.56 583.6 772.22 698.11
Mass of water
(Kg)
2.8 3.3 3.1 2.3 3.1 2.6 1.7 2.2 2
Temp. of
warm water
(Ts in °C)
51.1 71.4 46.2 45.1 51.7 16 19.2 47 38
Avg. temp. of
warm water
(Ts2 in °C)
56.2 37.6 34.73

4. NOMENCLATURE
Cpc = Specific heat of coolant, KJ/Kg °C
Cps = Specific heat of steam, KJ/Kg °C
Ts = Temperature of steam, °C
Cpw = Specific heat of water, KJ/Kg °C
Tw = Temperature of water at room temperature, °C
Z = Zenith angle
δ = Declination angle
Φ = Latitude
LAT = Local Apparent Time (hours)
Ib = Beam Radiation, W/m2
rb = Tilt factor
A = Area of PV/T panel, m2
Q = Heat incident on PV/T collector, Watts (W)
Q΄ = Heat received by the absorber tube, Watts (W)
REFERENCES
[1] Othman M Y, Ibrahim A, Ruslan M H, Sopian K, 2013 “ Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) – The future
energy technology”, Renewable Energy Vol. 49,pp. 171-174
[2] Cox CH, Raghuraman P. Design considerations for ﬂat-plate photovoltaic/thermal collectors. Solar
Energy 1985; 35:227.
[3] Bhargava AK, Garg HP, Agarwal RK. Study of a hybrid solar system- solar air heater combined with
solar cell. Solar Energy 1991; 31(5):471
[4] Prakash J. Transient analysis of a photovoltaic-thermal solar collector for co-generation of electricity&
hot air/water. Energy Conversion Management 1994; 35(11):967
[5] Tonui JK, Tripanagnostopoulos. Performance improvement of PV/T solar collectors with natural air ﬂow
operation. Solar Energy 2008; 82(2008).
[6] G.D.Rai,”Non-conventional sources of energy “Khanna Publisher, fourth edition, pp-178-190
[7] S.P. Sukhatme, 1996, “Solar Energy-Principles of thermal collection and storage”, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishers, Second Edition, pp. 74-93
[8] Sharma S.D., Buddhi D., Sawhney R.L., Sharma A., 2000, “Design, development and performance
evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for evening cooking in a solar cooker”, Energy Conversion and
Management, Vol. 41, pp. 1497-1508.

Design and Implementation of SPWM and
Hysteresis based VSI Fed Induction Motor
Amruta Pattnaik1
, Haymang Ahuja1
, Shubham Mittal2
, Nisha Kothari3
, Tushar Sharma4
1
EEE, NIEC, FC-26, Shastri park, Delhi-53
1,2,3,4
B.Tech, EEE, NIEC, FC-26, Shastri Park, delhi-53
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the performance analysis of three phase induction motor drive fed by a PWM
voltage source inverter. Here we are using two types of (PWM) techniques, one is sinusoidal pulse
width modulator (SPWM) and another one is hysteresis band pulse width modulation (HBPWM)
techniques. This paper work deals mainly with the performance analysis of three phase induction
motor fed by PWM voltage source inverter in terms of phase current of inverter, rotor and stator
current , speed ,electromagnetic torque developed and total harmonic distortion in line and phase
voltage of inverter .For the implementation of the proposed drive the MATLAB/SIMLINK
environment has been used. There so many types of PWM techniques, in which SPWM and
HBPWM are one of them. The HBPWM approach has been selected for the research, since it has
the potential to provide an improved method of deriving non-linear models which is
complementary to conventional techniques. And the SPWM method, which involves the
modulation of conventional sinusoidal reference signal and a triangular carrier signal, is used here
to produce pulse width modulated output. The performance analysis of the inverter has been done
using the parameter total harmonic distortion implemented with help of FFT block.. The impact of
the PWM techniques on the performance of the inverter fed to an induction motor has been done in
terms of the waveforms for inverter phase voltage, line voltage, line current, stator current, rotor
current, rotor speed and electromagnetic torque developed by the motor.
Keywords: Induction Motor (IM) drive, MATLAB/SIMULINK, VSI, sinusoidal pulse width
modulation (SPWM), hysteresis Pulse Width Modulation, THD.
1. INTRODUCTION
Power electronic has changed rapidly during the last thirty years and the numbers of application
has been increasing, mainly due to the development of the semiconductors devices and the
microprocessor technology.[1]The dc-ac converter, also known as the inverter. The filter capacitor
across the input terminals of the inverter provides a constant dc link voltage. The inverter therefore
is an adjustable-frequency voltage source. The configuration of ac to dc converter and dc to ac
inverter is called a dc- link converter.[2]

Three phase induction motors are widely used motors for any industrial control and automation. It
is often required to control the output voltage of inverter for the constant voltage /frequency (V/F)
control of an induction motor.[2] PWM (pulse width modulation) based firing of inverter provides
the best constant of an inductor motor. Amongst the various PWM techniques, the sinusoidal PWM
and hysteresis band PWM are one of them.
In this paper we analysis the performances of induction motor in open loop. Here we used three
phase voltage source inverter which is SPWM and hysteresis PWM techniques with power IGBT is
described.[7]
2. INVERTER
Power inverter are devices which can convert electrical energy of DC from into that of AC.
Inverters can be broadly classified into two types based on their operation :
1. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
2. Current Source Inverter (CSI)
A voltage source inverter is commonly used to supply a three-phase induction motor with variable
frequency and variable voltage for variable speed applications. A voltage fed inverter (VFI) or
more generally a voltage source inverter (VSI) is one in which the dc source has small and
negligible impedance. [fig.1].The voltage at the input terminal is constant. A current source
inverter is fed with the adjustable current from dc source of high impedance that is from a constant
dc source. A voltage source inverter employing thyristor as switch, some types of forced
commutation is required ,while the VSI made up of using GTO’s, Power transistor, power
MOSFET or IGBT self commutation with base or gate drive signal for their controlled turn ON and
turn OFF.[2].
Figure1: Two Level Six Pulse Inverter

Design and Implementation of SPWM and Hysteresis based VSI Fed Induction Motor
PWM Techniques Used To Implement Inverter
Pulse width modulation is a technique in which a fixed input dc voltage is given to the inverter and
a controlled ac output voltage is obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF periods of the inverter
components. This is most popular methods of controlling the output voltage and thi
termed as the pulse width modulation technique.[6] PWM is an internal control methods and it
gives better results than an external control methods. There are number of PWM methods for
variable frequency voltage -sourced inverter. A suitable PWM
obtain the required output voltage in the side of the inverter [2]. There are many effective
techniques used to implement the three phase inverter is the Pulse Width Modulation Technique.[7]
Here we are using two types of PWM techniques as given below.
1. Sinusoidal pulse width Modulation(SPWM)
2. Hysteresis band Pulse Width Modulation(HBPWM)
1. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
In sinusoidal PWM three phase reference modulating signal are compared against a common
triangular carrier to generate the PWM signals for the three phases as per diagram given below [fig
2].
Fig 2. SPWM waveforms
A Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation technique is also kno
sub harmonic method, is very popular in industrial applications.[5] In this technique a high
frequency triangular carrier wave is compared with the sinusoidal reference wave determines the
switching instant. When the modulating signal is a sinusoidal of amplitude A
nt Inverter
is a technique in which a fixed input dc voltage is given to the inverter and
a controlled ac output voltage is obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF periods of the inverter
components. This is most popular methods of controlling the output voltage and this method is
termed as the pulse width modulation technique.[6] PWM is an internal control methods and it
gives better results than an external control methods. There are number of PWM methods for
sourced inverter. A suitable PWM technique is employed in order to
obtain the required output voltage in the side of the inverter [2]. There are many effective
techniques used to implement the three phase inverter is the Pulse Width Modulation Technique.[7]
PWM techniques as given below.
Sinusoidal pulse width Modulation(SPWM)
Hysteresis band Pulse Width Modulation(HBPWM)
three phase reference modulating signal are compared against a common
triangular carrier to generate the PWM signals for the three phases as per diagram given below [fig
Fig 2. SPWM waveforms
technique is also known as the triangulation, sub oscillation,
sub harmonic method, is very popular in industrial applications.[5] In this technique a high
frequency triangular carrier wave is compared with the sinusoidal reference wave determines the
he modulating signal is a sinusoidal of amplitude Am, and the amplitude

of triangular carrier wave is Ac, then the ratio m=Am/Ac, is known as the modulation index. It is to
be noted that by controlling the modulation index one can control the amplitude of applied output
voltage.[10]
2. Hysteresis band Pulse Width Modulation
The basic principle of HB PWM technique is that the sinusoidal reference of desired magnitude and
frequency is compared with the triangular signal of fixed width hysteresis band. For hysteresis
control the phase output current is fed back to compared with the reference current iref. An upper
tolerance band and lower tolerance band, taken as +/-0.5% of, iref also assigned in order to define an
acceptable current ripple level. Whenever the phase current exceeds the upper band, the upper
switch of that leg will be turned ON while the lower switch will be turned OFF. If phase current
falls below the lower band, the upper switch will be turned OFF whereas the lower switch will be
turned ON[11 ].The hysteresis band PWM has been used because of its simple implementation, fast
transient response, direct limiting of device peak current and practical insensitivity of dc link
voltage ripple that permits a lower filter capacitor[11]
Three Phase SPWM and Hysteresis band Induction Motor Drive
Three phase voltage fed PWM inverters are growing very rapidly for many drive applications such
as megawatt industrial drive etc. The main reason for using this drive is that the large series voltage
between the devices is shared and improvement of the harmonics quality at the output as compared
to the two level inverter. Now- a -days GTO devices replaced by IGBTs because of their rapid
evolution in voltage and current ratings and also higher and better switching frequency [1]. In most
variable speed drives PWM VSI are used. Usually machine design tools only consider the
fundamental harmonics of the starter voltage when calculating the losses. These losses are caused
by harmonics of the voltage and the current due to the PWM. A number of algorithms for PWM

voltage generations are discussed are present. Here we are using SPWM and hysteresis band PWM
technique based voltage source inverter fed to an induction motor and compare the performance of
both types of PWM technique in open loop.[4] The result has been given in fig [7] & [8].
Analysis of Three Phase PWM VSI
Simulation is done on a three phase induction motor fed by a PWM inverter developed in
MATLAB /SIMULINK environment. The fig 4. Shows the SIMULINK diagram of the developed
model. The basic circuit of the proposed scheme consist of a three phase induction motor as wound
rotor type having ratings 3HP, 240V, 50Hz. The three phase induction motor drive is fed by three
phase PWM based VSI inverter. For VSI we are using six IGBT switches in a bridge form and fed
by DC voltage of 300V.
Figure4: Simulink Model for SPWM and Hysteresis PWM Based VSI Fed Induction Motor
Generation of Gating Pulses By SPWM
The gating pulses for the six IGBTs of three legs are generated. The generation of these pulses is
carried out by sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique as per fig [5].
-K-
rpm
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
powergui
v+
-
Voltage Measurement2
g
C
E
T6
g
C
E
T5
g
C
E
T4
g
C
E
T3
g
C
E
T2
g
C
E
T1
Out1
Out2
Out3
Out4
Out5
Out6
Subsystem
Scope
i
+
-
Current Measurement2
11.9
Constant
m
A
B
C
a
b
c
Tm
Asynchronous Machine
SI Units
<Rotor current ir_a (A)>
<Rotor current ir_b (A)>
<Rotor current ir_c (A)>
<Stator current is_a (A)>
<Stator current is_b (A)>
<Stator current is_c (A)>
<Electromagnetic torque Te (N*m)><Electromagnetic torque Te (N*m)><Electromagnetic torque Te (N*m)>
<Rotor speed (wm)><Rotor speed (wm)>

Generation of Gating Pulses By HB PWM
The gating pulses for the six IGBTs of three legs are generated. The generation of this pulses is
carried out by hysteresis band pulse width modulation technique as per fig [6].
Figure 6: Simulink Model of Generating Of Gating Pulse By HBPWM
Simulation Results of the SPWM AND HB PWM Fed Induction Motor Drive
Results are obtained by simulating the circuit. Here we analyse SPWM and HB PWM motor and
inverter performance
6
Out6
5
Out5
4
Out4
3
Out3
2
Out2
1
Out1
Out1
Out2
Out3
Out4
Subsystem
Rel ay2
Relay1
Rel ay
NOT
Logi cal
Operator2
NOT
Logi cal
Operator1
NOT
Logi cal
Operator
Convert
Data T ype Conversi on8
Convert
Data T ype Conversion7
Convert
Convert
Convert
Convert
Convert
Convert
Convert
Data T ype Conversi on
1
4
3
6
5
2

Comparison Of THD Of Line Current For SPWM AND HB PWM Techniques
Table:1 Comparison of VSI voltage and current of SPWM and HysteresisPWM technique
3. CONCLUSION
The paper presents performance analysis of three phase induction motor fed by PWM voltage
source in under modulating range. For this purpose the MATLAB/SIMULINK approach has been
used for the implementation of the proposed drives. The three phase inverter has been
implemented. The performance analysis of the inverter has been done using the parameter total
harmonic distortion implemented with help of FFT block. The THD has been calculated for the line
S. No. PWM Techniques Line Current THD
(%)
Line Voltage THD
(%)
1 SPWM 8.26 31.97
2 HB PWM 4.71 31.98

current and line voltage [table 1] . The main advantage of this approach is that it shows the
performance of the motor as well as of the voltage source inverter based on different PWM
techniques. There is appreciable improvement in THD in inverter line current in HB PWM
technique, as compared to SPWM technique as given in table 1.
The motor speed is zero initially and increased to the final value as the time increase. Initially the
electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is highly oscillatory and after the transient time it
settles down to the vale which is equal to the load torque.
REFERENCES
[1] Sharma A.K,Saxen ,DTushar, Islam Shirazul&Yadav.Karun, “performance Analysis Of Three Phase
PWM Voltage Source Inverter Fed three Phase Induction Motor Drive”, International Journal of
Advance Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IJAEEE) 2013.
[2] Sharma C.S, NagwaniTali, “Simulation and Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive”,
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)” , February 2013.
[3] Zope H Pankaj, Bhangle G Pravin, Sonare Prashant, Suralkar S.R “Design and Implementation of carrier
based Sinusoidal PWM Inverter” ,(IJAEEE) October2012.
[4] Houdsworth J.A and Grant D.A, “The use of Harmonics distortion to increase output voltage of a three
phase PWM inverter” , IEEE Trans. Industry Appl., vol. IA-20, pp. 1124-1228, sept./oct. 1984.
[5] “Performance of Sinusoidal pulse Width Modulation based three phase inverter “. International
Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Technology for Rural Area (EFITRA) 2012 Proceedings published
in International Journal of Computer Application (IJCA).
[6] Kazmierkowski M.P., Krishnan R., and Blaabjerg F.,”Control in power electronics selected problem” ,
Academic Press, California, USA. 2002.
[7] Kerkman R.J., Seilbel B.J., Bord D.M. , Rowan T.M. , and Branchgate D. ,”A Simplified inverter model
for on-line control and simulation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicant., Vol. 27, NO. 3, pp.567-573. 1991.
[8] Dong G., “Sensorless and efficiency optimized induction motor control with associated converter PWM
schemes” ,phD Thesis, Faculty of Gradute School, Tennessee technological University, Dec.2005.
[9] “Modeling and Simulation of Modified Sine PWM VSI Fed Induction Motor Drives.” International
journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol.3, Issue 2, July- September 2012.
[10]“Understanding FACTS: concept and technology of flexible AC transmission system “, by Narain G.
Hingorani, LaszolGyugyi.
[11]“MODERN POWER ELECTRONIC AND AC DRIVES”, by Dr.Bimal K. Bose, publication year.2001.

A Comparative Study on TiO2and SiOx Dielectric
based MOS Capacitance
Ashik Some1
, Diksha Barnwal1
, Arnab Shome1
, Birojit Chakma1
, Lalaram Arya1
,
B.S. Thoma1
, Aniruddha Mondal1
1
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NIT Agartala, Jirania, Tripura, 799046
ABSTRACT
The TiO2 and SiOx dielectric based n-MOS and p-MOS devices were fabricated by using e-beam
evaporation technique on Si <100> substrates (33.5 cm for n-Si and 30 cm for p-Si). The
TiO2 and SiOx (99.999% pure, MTI USA) have been evaporated to fabricate the 50 nm thin films
(TF) on the Si substrates. The deposition rate was kept constant at 1.2 Ao
/s for both TiO2 and
SiOx material. The upper electrodes of diameter 1.5 mm were made of silver (Ag) and aluminium
(Al) metal on TiO2 and SiOx thin film (TF) respectively. The Capacitance-Voltage (C-V)
measurements were carried out on the TiO2 and SiOx based MOS devices using LCR meter
(HIOKI, 3532-50). The maximum accumulation capacitance of 7.4 pF and 6.5 pF were
measured for TiO2 based n-MOS and p-MOS respectively at 1 MHz. The carrier concentration
of 5.9 × 1018
/m3
for n-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag device and 1.29 × 1021
/m3
for p-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag device were
calculated. The accumulation capacitance of 5.0 pF was measured for SiOx based p-MOS device
and the carrier concentration was measured 1.5 × 1019
/m3
. Finally, compared to SiOx MOS
device the TiO2 based MOS device has larger capacitance, which may reduce the device leakage
current. Therefore, the TiO2 based high dielectric material may allow the device shrinking
process for the fabrication of modern devices.
Keywords: MOS, TF, Schottky Contact, Ohmic Contact, TiO2, SiOx
1. INTRODUCTION
With the advancement in technology, the downscaling of devices is increasing the leakage current
[1] and with continuing decrease of the gate dielectric thickness in conventional silicon MOS
devices. The thin dielectric layer reduces the Vth which results in an increase of leakage current [2].
The simple relationship between the thickness of dielectric (d) and oxide capacitance (Cox),
d= ῆA/Cox (1)
does not hold for thin oxides. Lot of techniques have been employed to reduce the device leakage
current [3,4]. A common technique of using high dielectric thin oxide increases the capacitance and

Ashik Some, Diksha Barnwal, Arnab Shome, Birojit Chakma, Lalaram Arya, B.S.Thoma, Aniruddha Mondal
hence decreases the leakage current. The Schottky contact on the high dielectric oxide layer again
decreases the leakage current compared to Ohmic contact [5]. In case of thin oxide layer, it is very
difficult to measure the device capacitance at lower frequencies due to presence of noise [6].
Therefore, the higher frequencies are preferable to characterize the thin oxide layer based MOS
devices. Also, Capacitance (C)–Voltage (V) measurement technique is a powerful technique to find
out the MOS device quality for further improvements. This aforementioned method can be used to
calculate the important parameters like carrier concentration (Nb), flat band voltage (Vfb) as well as
other parameters easily.
In this report we have fabricated the n-MOS and p-MOS devices by using high dielectric TiO2 and
low dielectric SiOx oxide layer as gate oxide on Si substrate. The contacts were made Ohmic for i)
n-Si/SiOx TF/Al contact (p-MOS), and Schottky for ii) n-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact (p-MOS), iii) p-
Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact(n-MOS) devices. The use of Schottky contact based devices lead to
decrease in leakage current compared to Ohmic contact devices in which tunneling occurs [7,8].
The room temperature C-V was measured for the devices and compared. The flat band voltages
(Vfb) and carrier concentration (Nb) were also calculated.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
The MOS devices were fabricated on 1cm×1cm cleaned p-type and n-type Si<100>substrate inside
e-beam evaporator at a base pressure of 10-5
mbar. High purity TiO2 TF and SiOx TF (99.999%
pure, MTI USA) of thickness 50 nm were deposited separately on two substrates n-Si and p-Si at a
constant deposition rate of 1.1-1.2 A°
/s. Silver (Ag) and Aluminum (Al) are deposited as the gate
electrode through Aluminium (Al) mask hole, having an area of 1.77×10-6
m2
on TiO2 TF and SiOx
TF respectively. The capacitance through the devices were measured by using LCR meter (HIOKI,
3532-50).The carrier concentration was calculated from 1/C2
v/s V graph and flat band voltage
(Vfb) obtained directly from C-V curve.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig. 1 shows the graphs of C-V measurement for the three fabricated MOS devices done at
frequency 1MHz at room temperature with the help of LCR meter (HIOKI, 3532-50). It can be
seen from C-V curves of 50nm TF (Fig. 1) that the measured capacitance is dependent on both
frequency and bias voltage. Each curve has three different regions of accumulation, depletion and
inversion with a considerable shifting of voltage axis towards the negative bias due to the presence
of interface states which is in equilibrium with semiconductor [9]. AC measuring signal frequency
(1 MHz) is so high that the inversion layer charge Qi cannot follow high frequency (HF) variation
w.r.t changes in gate voltage (Vg) and thus assumed to be constant for a given DC bias [10]. The
gate capacitance (Cg) in inversion at HF becomes

A Comparative Study on TiO2and SiOx Dielectric based MOS Capacitance
Cg= (
ଵ
஼೚ೣ
+
௑೏೘
ఌ೚ఌೝ
)-1
. (2)
Cg given by this equation is Cmin at HF. The flatband (Vfb) voltages shown in the graphs have been
calculated by using equations Debye length,
λD = ට
ఌೞ௞்
௤మே್
(3)
and flatband capacitance,
CFB=
஼೚ೣఌೞ஺/ఒವ
஼೚ೣାఌೞ஺/ఒವ
(4)
Where Nb is the calculated carrier concentration [11], shown in Table1.
Fig. 1. a) Schematic diagram of fabricated MOS device. Capacitance versus voltage
characteristics at 1MHz frequency for b) n-Si/SiOx TF/Al contact (p-MOS), c) n-Si/TiO2
TF/Ag contact (p-MOS), d) p-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact (n-MOS)
Si (n or p type) substrate
Dielectric (TiO2 or SiOx) TF
Metal (Ag or Al)
contact
50 nm
150 nm
(a) -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Cp(pF)
Volts
p-Si/ SiOx TF(50 nm)/ Al contact (150 nm) at 1 MHz
(b)
Vfb = 5.5 volt
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Cp(pF)
Volts
n-Si/ TiO2
TF (50 nm)/ Ag contact (150 nm) at 1 MHz
(c)
Vfb = -2 volt
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Cp(pF)
Volts
p-Si/ TiO2 TF (50 nm)/ Ag contact (150 nm) at 1 MHz
(d) Vfb = 8.5 volt

Fig. 2 shows the 1/C2
v/s V characteristics. These characteristics have been used to find the carrier
concentration. The concentration (Nb) is given by
Nb=
ଶ
௘×ఌೝ×ఌ೚×௠
(5)
where the dielectric permittivity (ῆr) of SiOx is 3.9 and of TiO2 is 80 [12] and m is the slope
obtained from 1/C2
v/s V characteristics graphs. Three readings of Nb are obtained for three
different values of slopes and their average is done to obtain final values for each graph.
Fig. 2. 1/C2
v/s V characteristics graphs at 1MHz frequency for a) n-Si/SiOx TF/Al contact (p-
MOS), b) n-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact (p-MOS), c) p-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact (n-MOS)
-10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
1/(C^2)
Voltage(Volts)
n-Si/ SiOx TF (50 nm)/ Al contact (150 nm) at 1Mhz
(a)
-10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.025
0.030
0.035
1/(C^2)
Voltage(Volts)
n-Si/ TiO2 TF (50 nm)/ Ag contact (150 nm) at 1 MHz
(b)
-10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.018
0.021
0.024
1/(C^2)
Voltage(Volts)
p-Si/ TiO2 TF (50 nm)/ Ag contact (150 nm) at 1 MHz
(c)

A Comparative Study on TiO2and SiOx Dielectric based MOS Capacitance
From 1/C2
v/s V characteristics, the obtained concentration of carriers is mentioned in the Table1.
Table 1.Comparison of concentration, Vfb for a) p-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact (n-MOS), b) n-Si/TiO2
TF/Ag contact (p-MOS), c) n-Si/SiOx TF/Al contact (p-MOS)
4. CONCLUSION
The effect of introducing a high-k dielectric material (TiO2) with a Schottky contact w.r.t a low-k
dielectric material (SiOx) with an Ohmic contact has been studied. The presence of Schottky
contact reduces the tunneling and high-k dielectric is used to increase the value of capacitance thus
allowing shrinking of device with minimum leakage current and an increase in capacitance as
observed in C-V characteristics resulted in increased switching time.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to NIT Agartala for financial support.
REFERENCES
[1] Narendra S G, Chandrakasan A. Leakage in nanometer CMOS technologies, 2006 Newyork
[2] Alvarado U, Bistué G, Adin I.Low Power RF Circuit Design in Standard CMOS Technology, 2011;
Heidelberg: 307
[3] Jhaveri R, Nagavarapu V, Woo J C S. Effect of Pocket Doping and Annealing Schemes on the Source-
Pocket Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2011; 58(1):80-86
[4] Roy K, Mukhopadhyay S, Mahmoodi M H. Leakage Current Mechanisms and Leakage Reduction
Techniques in Deep-Submicrometer CMOS Circuits IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2003; 91(2):305-327
[5] Husain M K, Li X V, Groot C H D. High-Quality Schottky Contacts for Limiting Leakage Currents in
Ge-Based Schottky Barrier MOSFETs IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2009; 56(3):499-504
[6] RichterC A, HefnerA R, VogelEM.A comparison of Quantum-Mechanical Capacitance-Voltage
Simulators, IEEE Electron Device Lett., 2001; 22 : 35-37.
[7] Matsuzawa K, Uchida K, Nishiyama A. Simulations of Schottky barrier diodes and tunnel transistors,
Computational Electronics, 1998; 163-165
Type
Concentration[/
m3
]
Vfb from graph
[volts]
Flatband Capacitance,
Cfb [pF]
p-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact
(n-MOS)
1.37×1019
8.5
7.27
n-Si/TiO2 TF/Ag contact
(p-MOS)
6.26×1018
-2
6.26
n-Si/SiOx TF/Al contact
(p-MOS)
1.56×1019
5.5
4.6

[8] Park Y, Ahn K S; Hyunsoo K. Carrier Transport Mechanism of Ni/Ag/Pt Contacts to p-Type GaN. IEEE
Electron Device Lett. 2012; 59(3):680-684
[9] Dhar J C, Mondal A, Singh N K,Chinnamuthu P.Low Leakage TiO2 Nanowire Dielectric MOS Device
Using Ag Schottky Gate Contact. IEEE T Nanotechnol. 2013; 12:948-950
[10]Walstra S V, Sah C T. Thin oxide thickness extrapolation from capacitance-voltage measurements. IEEE
Electron Device Lett. 1997; 44:1136-1142
[11]Srivastava V M. Capacitance-Voltage Measurement for Characterization of a Metal-Gate MOS Process.
Int J of Recent Trends in Engineering 2009;1(4):4-7
[12]Groner M D, George S M High-k dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition: capacitor and gate
applications 2003; USA:327

Cost- Benefit Analysis of Two-Dissimilar Units
Warm Standby System Subject to Electromagnetic
Vibrations with Switch Failure
Ashok Kumar Saini
Banwari Lal Jindal Suiwala College, Tosham (Bhiwani) Haryana, INDIA
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present a two-unit dissimilar warm standby systems subject to electromagnetic
vibrations(denoted as EM vibrations) with switch failure .The EM vibrations and failure rates
are constant whereas the repair time distributions are taken to be arbitrary. The EM vibrations
are non-instantaneous and cannot occur simultaneously in both the units and when there are
EM vibrations within specified limit of a unit, it operates as normal as before but if these are
beyond the specified limit the operation of the unit stop automatically so that excessive damage
of the unit is avoided and the EM vibrations goes on, some characteristics of the stopped unit
change which we call failure of the unit. We have calculated MTSF, Availability ,the expected
busy time of the server for repairing the failed unit under EM vibration in (0,t], the expected
busy time of the server for repair of dissimilar units by the repairman in(0,t], the expected busy
time of the server for repair of switch in (0,t], the expected number of visits by the repairman for
repairing the different units in (0,t], the expected number of visits by the repairman for repairing
the switch in (0,t] and cost analysis. Special case by taking repair time distribution as
exponential are discussed and graphs are drawn.
Keyword- dissimilar units, warm standby, switch failure, EM vibrations
1. INTRODUCTION
We present a two-unit dissimilar warm standby systems subject to EM vibrations with switch
failure .The EM vibrations and failure rates are constant where as the repair time distributions are
taken to be arbitrary. The EM vibrations are non-instantaneous and cannot occur simultaneously in
both the units and when there are EM vibrations within specified limit of a unit, it operates as
normal as before but if these are beyond the specified limit the operation of the unit stop
automatically so that excessive damage of the unit is avoided and when the EM vibrations goes on,
some characteristics of the stopped unit change which we call failure of the unit.
For example, when a satellite launched into its orbit around the earth there is a region of
electromagnetic field. When the satellite passes through such field some equipment present in the

Ashok Kumar Saini
satellite might be disturbed due to electromagnetic vibrations in the space which may deviate the
satellite from the orbit causing it directionless for a while. To control this situation it is possible
with the help of sensors that for some time the working of the equipment under the influence of
electromagnetic vibrations may stop and the sensors again detect where and when electromagnetic
field finished after which in the satellite, through the sensor control unit , the working of the
equipment under influence of electromagnetic vibrations starts immediately. It is assumed that all
the sensors system is perfectly working whenever needed.
2. ASSUMPTIONS
1. The system consists of two dissimilar warm standby units. The EM vibration and failure
time of units and switch failure distributions are exponential with rates λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4
respectively whereas the repairing rates for repairing the failed system due to EM
vibrations and due to switch failure are arbitrary with CDF G1 (t) & G2 (t) respectively.
2. The operation of units stops automatically when EM vibrations occurs so that excessive
damage of the unit can be prevented.
3. The EM vibrations actually failed the units. The EM vibrations are non-instantaneous and
it cannot occur simultaneously in both the units.
4. The repair facility works on the come first serve (FCFS) basis.
5. The switches are imperfect and instantaneous.
6. All random variables are mutually independent.
Symbols for states of the System
Superscripts O, WS, SO, F, SFO
Operative , Warm Standby, Stops the operation , Failed, Switch failed but operable respectively
Subscripts nv, uv,ur, wr, uR
No EM vibration, under EM vibration, under repair, waiting for repair, under repair continued
respectively
Up states – 0,1,2,9 ; Down states – 3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11
States of the System
0(Onv , WSnv)

Cost- Benefit Analysis of Two-Dissimilar Units Warm Standby System Subject to Electromagnetic
One unit is operative and the other unit is warm standby and there are no EM vibrations in both the
units.
1(SOnv , Onv)
The operation of the first unit stops automatically due to EM vibrations and warm standby units
starts operating.
2(Fur , Onv)
The first unit fails and undergoes repair after the EM vibrations are over and the second unit
continues to be operative due to EM vibrations in it .
3(FuR , SOuv)
The repair of the first unit is continued from state 2 and in the second unit stops automatically due
to EM vibrations.
4(Fur , SOuv)
The first unit fails and undergoes repair after the vibrations are over and the other unit also stops
automatically due to EM vibrations.
5(FuR , Fwr)
The repair of the first unit is continued from state 4 and the other unit is failed due to EM
vibrations in it & is waiting for repair.
6(Onv , Fur)
The repair of the first unit is completed & it starts operation and the second unit which was waiting
for repair undergoes repair.
7(SOuv , SFOnv,ur)
The operation of the first unit stops automatically due to EM vibrations from state 0 and during
switchover to the second unit switch fails and undergoes repair.
8(Fwr , SFOnv,ur)
The repair of the switch is continued from state 7 and the first unit fails after EM vibrations and is
waiting for repair.
9(Onv , SOuv)
The first unit is operative and the warm standby dissimilar unit comes under the EM vibrations.

Ashok Kumar Saini
10(SOnv , Fur)
The operation of the first unit stops automatically due to EM vibrations and the second unit fails
and undergoes repair after the EM vibrations are over.
11(Fwr , FuR)
The repair of the second unit is continued from state 10 and the first unit is failed and waiting for
repair.
The operation of the first unit stops automatically due to EM vibrations and the second unit fails
ndergoes repair after the EM vibrations are over.
The repair of the second unit is continued from state 10 and the first unit is failed and waiting for

Transition Probabilities
Simple probabilistic considerations yield the following expressions :
p01 =
஛ଵ
஛ଵା ஛ଶ ା ஛ସ
, P07 =
஛ଶ
p09 =
஛ସ
, p12 =
஛ଵ
஛ଵା ஛ଷ
, p14 =
஛ଷ
஛ଵା ஛ଷ
P20= G1
*
( λ1) , P22
(3)
= G1
*
( λ1) , P72 = G2
*
( λ4) , P72
(8)
= G2
*
( λ4)= P78
Also other values can be defined.
We can easily verify that
P01 + P07 + P09 = 1, P20 + P22
(3)
= 1 , P22
(3)
= 1,
P60= 1 , P72+ P72
(8)
+ P74 = 1 , P9,10= 1 , P10,2 + P10,2
(11)
= 1 (1)
And mean sojourn time are
µ0 = E(T) = ‫׬‬ ܲሾܶ > ‫ݐ‬ሿ݀‫ݐ‬
ஶ
଴
(2)
Mean Time To System Failure
We can regard the failed state as absorbing
ߠ଴ሺ‫)ݐ‬ = ܳ଴ଵሺ‫)ݐ‬ሾ‫ݏ‬ሿߠଵሺ‫)ݐ‬ + ܳ଴ଽሺ‫)ݐ‬ሾ‫ݏ‬ሿߠଽሺ‫)ݐ‬ + ܳ଴଻ሺ‫)ݐ‬
ߠଵሺ‫)ݐ‬ = ܳଵଶሺ‫)ݐ‬ሾ‫ݏ‬ሿߠଶሺ‫)ݐ‬ + ܳଵସሺ‫)ݐ‬ , ߠଶሺ‫)ݐ‬ = ܳଶ଴ሺ‫)ݐ‬ሾ‫ݏ‬ሿߠ଴ሺ‫)ݐ‬ + ܳଶଶ
ሺଷ)
ሺ‫)ݐ‬
ߠସሺ‫)ݐ‬ = ܳଽ,ଵ଴ሺ‫)ݐ‬ (3-5)
Taking Laplace-Stiltjes transform of eq. (3-5) and solving for
ܳ଴
∗ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N1(s) / D1(s) (6)
Where
N1(s) = ܳ଴ଵ
∗ ሺ‫)ݏ‬ { ܳଵଶ
∗ ሺ‫ܳ )ݏ‬ଶଶ
ሺଷ)∗
ሺ‫)ݏ‬ + ܳଵସ
∗ ሺ‫} )ݏ‬ + ܳ଴ଽ
∗ ሺ‫ܳ )ݏ‬ଽ,ଵ଴
∗ ሺ‫ )ݏ‬+ ܳ଴଻
∗ ሺ‫)ݏ‬
D1(s) = 1 - ܳ଴ଵ
∗ ሺ‫)ݏ‬ ܳଵଶ
∗ ሺ‫ܳ )ݏ‬ଶ଴
∗ ሺ‫)ݏ‬
Making use of relations (1) & (2) it can be shown that ܳ଴
∗ሺ0) =1 , which implies

Ashok Kumar Saini
that ߠଵሺ‫)ݐ‬ is a proper distribution.
MTSF = E[T] =
ௗ
ௗ௦
ܳ଴ଵ
∗ ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = (D1
’
(0) - N1
’
(0)) / D1 (0)
s=0
= ( ߤ଴ +p01 ߤଵ + p01 p12 ߤଶ + p09 ߤଽ ) / (1 - p01 p12 p20 )
where
ߤ଴ = ߤ଴ଵ + ߤ଴଻ + ߤ଴ଽ , ߤଵ = ߤଵଶ + ߤଵସ , ߤଶ = ߤଶ଴ + ߤଶଶ
(3)
, ߤଽ = ߤଽ,ଵ଴
Availability analysis
Let Mi(t) be the probability of the system having started from state I is up at time t without making
any other regenerative state belonging to E. By probabilistic arguments, we have
The value of M0(t), M1(t), M2(t), M4(t) can be found easily.
The point wise availability Ai(t) have the following recursive relations
A0(t) = M0(t) + q01(t)[c]A1(t) + q07(t)[c]A7(t) + q09(t)[c]A9(t)
A1(t) = M1(t) + q12(t)[c]A2(t) + q14(t)[c]A4(t) , A2(t) = M2(t) + q20(t)[c]A0(t) + q22
(3)
(t)[c]A2(t)
A4(t) = q46
(3)
(t)[c]A6(t) , A6(t) = q60(t)[c]A0(t)
A7(t) = (q72(t)+ q72
(8)
(t)) [c]A2(t) + q74 (t)[c]A4(t)
A9(t) = M9(t) + q9,10(t)[c]A10(t) , A10(t) = q10,2(t)[c]A2(t) + q10,2
(11)
(t)[c]A2(t) (7-14)
Taking Laplace Transform of eq. (7-14) and solving for ‫ܣ‬መ଴ሺ‫)ݏ‬
‫ܣ‬መ଴ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N2(s) / D2(s) (15)
Where
N2(s) = (1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 22
(3)
(s)) { ‫ܯ‬෡ 0(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ‫ܯ‬෡ 1(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො09(s) ‫ܯ‬෡ 9(s)}+ ‫ܯ‬෡ 2(s){ ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ‫ݍ‬ො42(s) +
‫ݍ‬ෝ07(s)ሺ ‫ݍ‬ො72(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො 73
(8)
(s)) + ‫ݍ‬ො 09 (s) ‫ݍ‬ො 9,10 (s)( ‫ݍ‬ො 10,2 (s) +‫ݍ‬ො 10,2
(11)
(s))}
D2(s) = (1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 22
(3)
(s)) { 1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 46
(5)
(s) ‫ݍ‬ො60(s) ( ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ‫ݍ‬ො 44 (s) + ‫ݍ‬ො07(s) ‫ݍ‬ො74(s))
- ‫ݍ‬ෝ20(s){ ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ‫ݍ‬ෝ12(s)+ ‫ݍ‬ො07(s)( ‫ݍ‬ො 72(s)) + ‫ݍ‬ො 72
(8)
(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො 09 (s) ‫ݍ‬ො 9,10 (s)
( ‫ݍ‬ො 10,2 (s) +‫ݍ‬ො 10,2
(11)
(s))}
The steady state availability
A0 = lim௧→ஶሾ‫ܣ‬଴ሺ‫)ݐ‬ሿ = lim௦→଴ሾ‫ܣ ݏ‬መ଴ሺ‫)ݏ‬ሿ = lim௦→଴
௦ ேమሺ௦)
஽మሺ௦)
Using L’ Hospitals rule, we get
A0 = lim௦→଴
ேమሺ௦)ା௦ ேమᇱሺ௦)
஽మᇱሺ௦)
=
ேమሺ଴)
஽మᇱሺ଴)
(16)
Where
N2(0)= p20(‫ܯ‬෡0(0) + p01‫ܯ‬෡1(0) + p09 ‫ܯ‬෡9(0) ) + ‫ܯ‬෡2(0) (p01p12 + p07 (p72

+ p72
(8)
+ p09 ))
D2
’
(0) = p20{ ߤ଴ + p01 ߤଵ + (p01 p14 + p07 p74 ) ߤସ+ p07 ߤ଻ + p07 ߤ଻ + p09(ߤଽ + ߤଵ଴)
+ ߤଶ { 1- ((p01p14 + p07 p74 )}
ߤସ = ߤ ସ଺
ሺହ)
, ߤ଻ = ߤ଻ଶ + ߤ ଻ଶ
ሺ଼)
+ ߤ
଻ସ
, ߤଵ଴ = ߤଵ଴,ଶ + ߤ ଵ଴,ଶ
ሺଵଵ)

The expected up time of the system in (0,t] is
ߣ௨(t) = ‫׬‬ ‫ܣ‬଴
∝
଴
ሺ‫ݖ݀)ݖ‬ So that ߣ௨
෢ ሺs) =
୅෡బ ሺୱ)
ୱ
=
ேమሺௌ)
ௌ஽మሺௌ)
(17) The expected down time of
the system in (0,t] is
ߣௗ(t) = t- ߣ௨(t) So that ߣௗ
෢ ሺs) =
ଵ
ୱమ − ߣ௨
෢ ሺs) (18)
The expected busy period of the server for repairing the failed unit under EM vibration in
(0,t]
R0(t) = S0(t) + q01(t)[c]R1(t) + q07(t)[c]R7(t) + q09(t)[c]R9(t)
R1(t) = S1(t) + q12(t)[c]R2(t) + q14(t)[c]R4(t) , R2(t) = q20(t)[c]R0(t) + q22
(3)
(t)[c]R2(t)
R4(t) = q46
(3)
(t)[c]R6(t) , R6(t) = q60(t)[c]R0(t)
R7(t) = (q72(t)+ q72
(8)
(t)) [c]R2(t) + q74 (t)[c]R4(t)
R9(t) = S9(t) + q9,10(t)[c]R10(t) , R10(t) = q10,2(t) + q10,2
(11)
(t)[c]R2(t) (19-26)
Taking Laplace Transform of eq. (19-26) and solving for ܴ଴
෢ሺ‫)ݏ‬
ܴ଴
෢ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N3(s) / D2(s) (27)
Where
N2(s) = (1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 22
(3)
(s)) { ܵመ 0(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ܵመ 1(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො09(s) ܵመ 9(s)} and D2(s) is already defined.
In the long run, R0 =
ேయሺ଴)
஽మᇱሺ଴)
(28)
where N3(0)= p20(ܵመ0(0) + p01ܵመ1(0) + p09 ܵመ9(0) ) and D2
’
(0) is already defined.
The expected period of the system under EM vibration in (0,t] is
ߣ௥௩(t) = ‫׬‬ ܴ଴
∝
଴
ሺ‫ݖ݀)ݖ‬ So that ߣ௥௩
෢ ሺs) =
ୖ෡బ ሺୱ)
ୱ
The expected Busy period of the server for repair of dissimilar units by the repairman in (0,t]
B0(t) = q01(t)[c]B1(t) + q07(t)[c]B7(t) + q09(t)[c]B9(t)
B1(t) = q12(t)[c]B2(t) + q14(t)[c]B4(t) , B2(t) = q20(t)[c] B0(t) + q22
(3)
(t)[c]B2(t)
B4(t) = T4 (t)+ q46
(3)
(t)[c]B6(t) , B6(t) = T6 (t)+ q60(t)[c]B0(t)
B7(t) = (q72(t)+ q72
(8)
(t)) [c]B2(t) + q74 (t)[c]B4(t)
B9(t) = q9,10(t)[c]B10(t) , B10(t) = T10 (t)+ (q10,2(t) + q10,2
(11)
(t)[c]B2(t) (29-36) Taking
Laplace Transform of eq. (29-36) and solving for ‫ܤ‬଴
෢ ሺ‫)ݏ‬
‫ܤ‬଴
෢ ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N4(s) / D2(s) (37)

Ashok Kumar Saini
Where
N4(s) = (1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 22
(3)
(s)) { ‫ݍ‬ො01(s) ‫ݍ‬ො14(s)ሺ ܶ෡ 4(s) + ‫ݍ‬ො46
(5)
(s) ܶ෠ 6(s)) +‫ݍ‬ො 07
(3)
(s) ‫ݍ‬ෝ74(s)( ܶ෡ 4(s)
+ ‫ݍ‬ො 46
(5)
(s) ܶ෠ 6(s))+ ‫ݍ‬ො09(s) ‫ݍ‬ෝ09,10(s) ܶ෡ 10(s) )
And D2(s) is already defined.
In steady state, B0 =
ேరሺ଴)
஽మᇱሺ଴)
(38)
where N4(0)= p20 {( p01 p14 + p07 p74) (ܶ෠4(0) +ܶ෠6(0)) + p09 ܶ෠10(0) } and D2
’
The expected busy period of the server for repair in (0,t] is
ߣ௥௨(t) = ‫׬‬ ‫ܤ‬଴
∝
଴
ሺ‫ݖ݀)ݖ‬ So that ߣ௥௨
෢ ሺs) =
୆෡బ ሺୱ)
ୱ
(39)
The expected Busy period of the server for repair of switch in (o,t]
P0(t) = q01(t)[c]P1(t) + q07(t)[c]P7(t) + q09(t)[c]P9(t)
P1(t) = q12(t)[c]P2(t) + q14(t)[c]P4(t) , P2(t) = q20(t)[c]P0(t) + q22
(3)
(t)[c]P2(t)
P4(t) = q46
(3)
(t)[c]P6(t) , P6(t) = q60(t)[c]P0(t)
P7(t) = L7(t)+ (q72(t)+ q72
(8)
(t)) [c]P2(t) + q74 (t)[c]P4(t)
P9(t) = q9,10(t)[c]P10(t) , P10(t) = (q10,2(t) + q10,2
(11)
(t))[c]P2(t) (40-47)
Taking Laplace Transform of eq. (40-47) and solving for
ܲ଴
෢ ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N5(s) / D2(s) (48)
where N2(s) = ‫ݍ‬ෝ07(s ) ‫ܮ‬෠ 7(s) ሺ 1 - ‫ݍ‬ො 22
(3)
(s)) and D2(s) is defined earlier.
In the long run , P0 =
ேఱሺ଴)
஽మᇱሺ଴)
(49 )
where N5(0)= p20 p07 ‫ܮ‬෠4(0) and D2
’
The expected busy period of the server for repair of the switch in (0,t] is
ߣ௥௦(t) = ‫׬‬ ܲ଴
∝
଴
ሺ‫ݖ݀)ݖ‬ So that ߣ௥௦
෢ ሺs) =
୔෡బ ሺୱ)
ୱ
(50)
The expected number of visits by the repairman for repairing the different units in (0,t]
H0(t) = Q01(t)[c]H1(t) + Q07(t)[c]H7(t) + Q09(t)[c]H9(t)
H1(t) = Q12(t)[c][1+H2(t)] + Q14(t)[c][1+H4(t)] , H2(t) = Q20(t)[c]H0(t) + Q22
(3)
(t)[c]H2(t)
H4(t) = Q46
(3)
(t)[c]H6(t) , H6(t) = Q60(t)[c]H0(t)
H7(t) = (Q72(t)+ Q72
(8)
(t)) [c]H2(t) + Q74 (t)[c]H4(t)
H9(t) = Q9,10(t)[c][1+H10(t)] , H10(t) = (Q10,2(t)[c] + Q10,2
(11)
(t))[c]H2(t) (51-58)
Taking Laplace Transform of eq. (51-58) and solving for ‫ܪ‬଴
∗ሺ‫)ݏ‬
‫ܪ‬଴
∗ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N6(s) / D3(s) (59)
Where
N6(s) = (1 – ܳ 22
(3)*
(s)) { ܳ∗
01(s)ሺ ܳ∗
12(s)+ ܳ∗
14(s)) + ܳ∗
09 (s) ܳ∗
9,10 (s)}

D3(s) = (1 - ܳ 22
(3)*
(s)) { 1 - (ܳ∗
01(s) ܳ∗
14 (s) + ܳ∗
07(s) ܳ∗
74(s)) ܳ46
(5)*
(s) ܳ∗
60(s)}
- ܳ∗
20(s){ ܳ∗
01(s) ܳ∗
12(s)+ ܳ∗
07(s)( ܳ∗
72(s)) + ܳ∗
72
(8)
(s) +
ܳ∗
09 (s) ܳ∗
9,10 (s) ( ܳ∗
10,2 (s) +Q 10,2
(11)*
(s))}
In the long run , H0 =
ேలሺ଴)
஽యᇱሺ଴)
(60 )
where N6(0)= p20 (p01 + p09) and D’3(0) is already defined.
The expected number of visits by the repairman for repairing the switch in (0,t]
V0(t) = Q01(t)[c]V1(t) + Q07(t)[c]V7(t) + Q09(t)[c]V9(t)
V1(t) = Q12(t)[c]V2(t) + Q14(t)[c]V4(t) , V2(t) = Q20(t)[c]V0(t) + Q22
(3)
(t)[c]V2(t)
V4(t) = Q46
(3)
(t)[c]V6(t) , V6(t) = Q60(t)[c]V0(t)
V7(t) = (Q72(t)[1+V2(t)]+ Q72
(8)
(t)) [c]V2(t) + Q74 (t)[c]V4(t)
V9(t) = Q9,10(t)[c]V10(t) , V10(t) = (Q10,2(t) + Q10,2
(11)
(t))[c]V2(t) (61-68)
Taking Laplace-Stieltjes transform of eq. (61-68) and solving for ܸ଴
∗
ሺ‫)ݏ‬
ܸ଴
∗
ሺ‫)ݏ‬ = N7(s) / D4(s) (69)
where N7(s) = ܳ∗
07 (s) ܳ∗
72 (s) (1 – ܳ 22
(3)*
(s)) and D4(s) is the same as D3(s)
In the long run , V0 =
ேళሺ଴)
஽రᇱሺ଴)
(70)
where N7(0)= p20 p07 p72 and D’3(0) is already defined.
Cost Benefit Analysis
The cost-benefit function of the system considering mean up-time, expected busy period of the
system under vibrations when the units stops automatically, expected busy period of the server for
repair of unit & switch, expected number of visits by the repairman for unit failure, expected
number of visits by the repairman for switch failure.
The expected total cost-benefit incurred in (0,t] is
C(t) = Expected total revenue in (0,t] - expected total repair cost for switch in (0,t]
- expected total repair cost for repairing the units in (0,t ]
- expected busy period of the system under vibration when the units automatically stop in (0,t]
- expected number of visits by the repairman for repairing the switch in (0,t]
- expected number of visits by the repairman for repairing of the units in (0,t]
The expected total cost per unit time in steady state is
C =lim௧→ஶሺ‫ܥ‬ሺ‫)ݐ/)ݐ‬ = lim௦→଴ሺ‫ݏ‬ଶ
‫ܥ‬ሺ‫))ݏ‬
= K1A0 - K2P0 - K3B0 - K4R0 - K5V0 - K6H0

Ashok Kumar Saini
Where
K1 - revenue per unit up-time,
K2 - cost per unit time for which the system is under switch repair
K3 - cost per unit time for which the system is under unit repair
K4 - cost per unit time for which the system is under EM vibrations when units automatically stop.
K5 - cost per visit by the repairman for which switch repair,
K6 - cost per visit by the repairman for units repair.
3. CONCLUSION
After studying the system, we have analysed graphically that when the failure rate, EM vibration
rate increases, the MTSF and steady state availability decreases and the cost function decreased as
the failure increases.
REFERENCES
[1] Barlow, R.E. and Proschan, F., Mathematical theory of Reliability, 1965; John Wiley, New York.
[2] Dhillon, B.S. and Natesen, J, Stochastic Anaysis of outdoor Power Systems in fluctuating environment,
Microelectron. Reliab. .1983; 23, 867-881.
[3] Gnedanke, B.V., Belyayar, Yu.K. and Soloyer , A.D. , Mathematical Methods of Relability Theory,
1969 ; Academic Press, New York.
[4] Goel, L.R., Sharma, G.C. and Gupta, Rakesh Cost Analysis of a Two-Unit standby system with different
weather conditions, Microelectron. Reliab, 1985; 25, 665-659.
[5] Goel,L.R. ,Sharma G.C. and Gupta Parveen , Stochastic Behaviour and Profit Anaysis of a redundant
system with slow switching device, Microelectron Reliab., 1986; 26, 215-219.

Study on Power System Planning in India
Dharmesh Rai1
, Vinod Kumar Yadav2
, Syed Rafiullah3
, Adesh Kumar Mishra4
1
Student, Department of EEE, Galgotias University, U.P, India.
2
Department of EEE, Galgotias University, U.P, India.
3
4
ABSTRACT
This paper discuss the important aspects and issues related with power system planning in India.
To Enhance the facilities of power system, one must to assess load forecasting. Future load
growth in the face of uncertainties associated with future load forecasting, the type and
availability of fuel for generating units, the complexity of interconnection between different
agents and opportunities to exploit new technologies. In which manner we get suitable reliability
that can assurance a continuous power flow with reasonable and acceptable cost. The proposed
work will try to show the most tiring and main problems and issues that face electric power
system in India and effects the decision making process.
Keywords: Planning, Reliability, Cost, Load, Interconnection
1. INTRODUCTION
Power system planning is a process in which the aim is to decide on new as well as upgrading
existing system element to adequately satisfy the loads for a foreseen future. In India, power
system planning has become more difficult, but more important to provide the necessary
information to enable decision to be made today about many years in the future.
In this paper, we will consider power system planning where it is necessary to treat the system as a
whole and choose the part in the system so that they give the required technical performance and
are also economically justified. Under such a situation, the effort will be to make the system
economical and not only one particular part of the system such as generation, transmission or
distribution.
This framework should be flexible, not rigid with broad objectives of finding a plan which
guarantees a desired degree of a continuous, reliable and least cost service. Good service or, in
other words, acceptable reliability level of power system usually requires additions of more
generating capacity to meet the expected increase in future electrical demands.

However, In India with vast, separately populated areas reliability–cost tradeoffs exist between
satisfying the fast load growth by investment in additional generating capacity for isolated systems
or building transmission networks to interconnect these systems and transfer power between their
load centers in case of emergencies and power shortages. Therefore, reliability and cost constraints
are major considerations in power system planning process.
2. GENERATION PLANNING
When the planning requirements have been determined, the next problem is to determine the type
and size of generation station that will be required to supply power and energy. The selection of a
site for the location of the generating stations depends on many factors including the cost of
transmitting the energy to the consumers, of transporting fuel to the stations, the viability of sound
foundations, the cost of land, the availability of cooling after and the avoidance of atmospheric
pollution. Steam station should be located at the coal pits or as near the coal as possible to avoid
transport cost and time of transport. For most economical distribution and the lowest cost of power
and energy, the power station should be located at the center of gravity of load, if a suitable site is
available. There is a trend for in the size of generator unit to be used in large power systems. This
reduces the cost per kw and improves the efficiency of the station.
Careful choice should be made of the composition and characteristics of the generation plant and it
should be possible to continue studies every time a new event occurs such as energy crisis which
may affect the conclusions reached. The choice of sitting new thermal and unclear plants is studies
as optimization problem using linear programing. The points considered are costs of production,
transport and interaction with the environment to the minimum.
3. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING
The major transmission requirements of a power system and their associated cost are much
influenced by the location of future generation capacity. The object of transmission planning is to
select the most desirable transmission network for each of the generation expansion patterns under
consideration. Both economics and reliability are considered in the problem. The application of a
digital computer in automated transmission planning allows the system planner to consider and
investigate many alternatives quickly. The ultimate selection of generation expansion plan is ten
done by considering transmission planning allows the system planner to consider and investigate
many alternatives quickly. The ultimate selection of generation expansion plan is then done by
considering transmission as an integral part of the total cost.
A basic problem in transmission line planning is the determination of transmission adequacy under
the forced outage of various systems components. A more consistent approach to transmission

Study on Power System Planning in India
planning would be to consider the reliability. The investment in transmission improvement is made
t the desired location in the system, in terms of an acceptable risk level at the loading point.
The transmission system planned to satisfy the bus voltage and line loadings under normal
operating condition may be adequate only if high risk level are acceptable. The cost of transmission
improvements
Increase as higher reliability levels are expected. The use of quantitative reliability criterion
facilities optimum utilization of the investments in transmission improvements.
4. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
Since the system variable are quite complex, it is necessary to make a through analysis while
planning distribution system. The problem to be studied in the total system environment for the
purpose are (a) Selection of most economical combination of subtransmission and distribution
voltage levels, (b) Determination of the economical sizes of substations, and (c) Combination of
different methods of regulating voltage. Some of the important factors that should be considered
are the actual geographical distribution of lads, configuration of the existing system, step by step
expansion of the distribution system with time, and load growth and comparative reliability of the
various arrangement.
5. RELIABILITY EVALUATION
The degree of performance of the elements of the bulk electric system that results in electricity
being delivered to customers within accepted standards and in the amount desired. Reliability may
be measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects on the electric supply
Reliability is one of the most important criteria which must be taken into consideration during all
phases of power system planning, design and operation. Reliability is Ability of a system to
perform its intended function. (a)Within a specified time period, (b) Under stated condition.
Reliability criterion is required to establish target reliability levels and to consistently analyze and
compare the future reliability levels with feasible alternative expansion plans. One capacity related
reliability index, known as the loss of load expectation (LOLE) method. This method computes the
expected number of days per year on which the available generating capacity is not sufficient to
meet all the period load levels and can be evaluated as: (1)
where p(Ok) is the probability of loss of load due to the kt
severe outage of size Ok; tk is the time
duration of that severe outage Ok will take; n is the total number of severe outages occurred during
that period considered. Any outage of generating capacity exceeding the reserve will result in a
curtailment of system power. Therefore, another power related reliability index, known as the

expected power not served (ENS), is also used to complement the LOLE index, and can be defined
as:
Where (ENS)k is the energy not served due to severe k
6. RELIABILITY EVALUATION
In power system cost-benefit analysis, the outages cost (OC) forms a major part in the total system
cost. These costs are associated with the power demanded but cannot be served by the system d
to severe outages and is known as the expected power not served (e(ENS)). Outages cost will be
borne by the utility and its customers. The utility outages cost includes loss of revenue, loss of
goodwill, loss of future sales and increased maintenance an
utility losses are small compared to the losses incurred by the customers when power interruptions
occur. A residential consumer may suffer a great deal of anxiety and inconvenience if an outage
occurs during a hot summer day or deprives him from domestic activities and causes food spoilage.
For a commercial user, he will also suffer a great hardship and loss of being forced to close until
power is restored. Also, an outage may cause a great damage to an industrial custome
and disrupts the production process. Therefore, for estimating the outages cost, OC, is to multiply
the value of e(ENS) by an appropriate outage cost rate (OCR), as follows:
The total cost of supplying the electric power to the
generally increase as consumers are provided with higher reliability and customer outages cost that
will, however, decrease as the reliability increases. This total system cost (TSC) can be expressed
in the following equation:
The prominent aspect of outage cost estimation, as noticed in the above equation, is to assess the
worth of power system reliability and to compare it with the cost of system reinforcement in order
to establish the appropriate system reliability level that ensures both power continuity and the least
cost of its production.
7. ISOLATED AND INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM
Interconnection of electrical power systems is an effective means of not only enhancing the overall
system reliability but also reducing its operating reserve. The diversity existing between different
systems in regard to their load requirements and capacity outages will allow the systems to assist
expected power not served (ENS), is also used to complement the LOLE index, and can be defined
(2)
ed due to severe kth
outage of size Ok.
benefit analysis, the outages cost (OC) forms a major part in the total system
cost. These costs are associated with the power demanded but cannot be served by the system due
to severe outages and is known as the expected power not served (e(ENS)). Outages cost will be
borne by the utility and its customers. The utility outages cost includes loss of revenue, loss of
goodwill, loss of future sales and increased maintenance and repair expenditure. However, the
utility losses are small compared to the losses incurred by the customers when power interruptions
occur. A residential consumer may suffer a great deal of anxiety and inconvenience if an outage
day or deprives him from domestic activities and causes food spoilage.
For a commercial user, he will also suffer a great hardship and loss of being forced to close until
power is restored. Also, an outage may cause a great damage to an industrial customer if it occurs
and disrupts the production process. Therefore, for estimating the outages cost, OC, is to multiply
the value of e(ENS) by an appropriate outage cost rate (OCR), as follows:
(3)
The total cost of supplying the electric power to the consumers is the sum of system cost that will
generally increase as consumers are provided with higher reliability and customer outages cost that
will, however, decrease as the reliability increases. This total system cost (TSC) can be expressed
(4)
The prominent aspect of outage cost estimation, as noticed in the above equation, is to assess the
worth of power system reliability and to compare it with the cost of system reinforcement in order
e system reliability level that ensures both power continuity and the least
NNECTED POWER SYSTEMS
Interconnection of electrical power systems is an effective means of not only enhancing the overall
lity but also reducing its operating reserve. The diversity existing between different
systems in regard to their load requirements and capacity outages will allow the systems to assist

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