Albayanos Perception on the Online Media s Graphic Presentation of Tragedies.pdf

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ALBAYANOS’ PERCEPTION ON THE ONLINE MEDIA’S GRAPHIC
PRESENTATION OF TRAGEDIES
An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of
Bicol University College of Arts and Letters
Legazpi City
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements of the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism
CARULLO, CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C.
FAJARDO, ANGELA E.
GESTRE, ARDELINE F.
RAÑESES, MAXINNE ANGELA G.
MARCH 2019

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Republic of the Philippines
Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND LETTERS
Legazpi City
RECOMMENDATION FOR FINAL DEFENSE
The undergraduate thesis titled “Albayanos’ Perception on the Online
Media’s Graphic Presentation of Tragedies” prepared and presented by
CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C. CARULLO, ARDELINE F. GESTRE,
ANGELA E. FAJARDO MAXINNE ANGELA G. RAÑESES in partial fulfilment of
the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, is hereby submitted to the Thesis
Committee for consideration.
PROF. MA. APRIL MIER-MANJARES
Adviser
THESIS COMMITTEE
This undergraduate thesis titled “Albayanos’ Perception on the Online
Media’s Graphic Presentation of Tragedies” prepared and submitted by
CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C. CARULLO, ARDELINE F. GESTRE,
ANGELA E. FAJARDO MAXINNE ANGELA G. RAÑESES is hereby
recommended for final defense.
PROF. REY ANTHONY R. OSTRIA
Chairman
PROF. SHARON KAY C. JULATON PROF. NIÑO N. LUCES
Member Member

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Bicol University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND LETTERS
Legazpi City
RESULT/S OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION
Result/s of the oral examination for CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C.
CARULLO, ARDELINE F. GESTRE, ANGELA E. FAJARDO MAXINNE ANGELA
G. RAÑESES candidates for the degree, Bachelor of Arts in Journalism.
Thesis: ALBAYANOS’ PERCEPTION ON THE ONLINE MEDIA’S GRAPHIC
Place: Bicol University College of Arts and Letters Computer Laboratory
Date: March 1, 2019
Time: 12:00 – 1:00 pm
This is to certify that CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C. CARULLO,
ARDELINE F. GESTRE, ANGELA E. FAJARDO MAXINNE ANGELA G.
RAÑESES have passed the Final Defense with the final rating of _____.
Panel of Examiners Actions Taken
PROF. Rey Anthony R. Ostria
Chairman
PROF. Sharon Kay C. Julaton
Member
PROF. Niño N. Luces
Member

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Bicol University
College of Arts and Letters
Legazpi City
APPROVAL SHEET
Upon the recommendation of the thesis committee, this undergraduate
thesis titled “Albayano’s Perception on the Online Media’s Graphic
Presentation of Tragedies” prepared and submitted by Maxinne Angela G.
Rañeses, Christopher Dominus C. Carullo, Angela E. Fajardo, Ardeline F. Gestre
is hereby approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism.
PROF. SHARON KAY C. JULATON
Research Professor
PROF. ANACITO E. DEMATERA
Chair, Print and Broadcast Media Department
DR. LETICIA M. LOPEZ
Dean

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to all those who
have helped and contributed in conducting and completing to the success of this
research. It is with great pride and joy for the researchers to say that this study
would not have been done if it weren’t for them.
To their parents, Mr. Mark and Mrs. Mavis Rañeses, Mr. Jorge and Mrs. Ofelia
Fajardo, Mr. Ampon and Mrs. Leila Gestre, Mr. Pio and Mrs. Ma. Caroline Carullo
for their undying love and support whether it be financially, emotionally, spiritually
or mentally. For guiding them all the way and for uplifting their spirits when they
are down and for never doubting the skills and intelligence.
To their families, who have been ever so supportive about helping the
researchers in finishing this study in every way that they can and for always
cheering them on with their endeavors.
To their thesis adviser, Mrs. Ma. April M. Manjares for her endless support,
advice, and guidance in making this study possible.
To their panel of examiners, Prof. Rey Anthony Ostria, Prof. Sharon Kay Julaton
and Prof. Niño Luces for their sharing their time and opinions in making this study
happen. To their comments, recommendations, and suggestions that helped in
developing this study in order to be more effective and efficient.
To the four hundred respondents who gave their time in sincerely answering the
questionnaires.

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To their friends and classmates who have been there since day one and until
today, thank you for the memories and friendship that the researchers will
cherish and for the amazing journey they had with them for the past 4 years of
their stay.
To Bicol University, for accepting them and molding them to the brilliant, open-
minded and achiever that they are now. The researchers would like to express
their heartfelt appreciation to the university that became their second home
where they expanded and grew in their horizon, equipped with the essential
needs of becoming a responsible and critical thinking individual that will soon be
part of a progressing nation.
Lastly, to God Almighty for always being in the researcher’s hearts and mind,
helping them make holistic decisions and for always being there when the
researchers are down. For is love which the researchers get their strength.

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ABSTRACT
Title: Albayano’s Perception on the Online Media’s Graphic
Presentation of Tragedies
Researchers: Carullo, Christopher Dominus Kyle C.
Fajardo, Angela E.
Gestre, Ardeline F.
Rañeses, Maxinne Angela G.
Type of Document: Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis
Images are used to guide readers in understanding the context of a news
story better. News stories provide images to give a visual presentation of its
story. Stories which include tragic content are usually accompanied with images
that contain graphic content. These kinds of content have various effects to those
who view them. Thus, the necessity of graphic visual materials that accompany
news stories on online media websites, as well as their effects on its viewers has
intrigued the researchers to pursue this study.
The study determined the perception of the Albayanos’ on the graphic
presentation of tragedies of the online media. To discern the study, the
researchers sought to evaluate and analyze the following areas: 1) the socio-
demographic profile of the respondents in terms of sex, age, and occupation; 2)
the frequency of their usage of online media websites; 3) the different online sites
used by the respondents to obtain news information on tragedy-themed stories;

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4) the level of importance of visuals that accompany tragedy-themed stories; and
5) the effects of graphic visual material on the respondents’ perception.
The method of research used in the study was a quantitative method. The
research design involved survey-questionnaires distributed to 400 millennials
who are residents of Legazpi City. To identify the sample size, the researchers
made use of Slovin’s formula, based on the population of millennials in the
province. The researchers used the fishbowl method to randomly select
barangays where the questionnaires were distributed.
Survey data showed that the respondents composed mostly of millennials
from 23 to 26 years old are male. There was also a greater number of
respondents who were employed compared to those who were self-employed
and unemployed.
The result of the study revealed that millennials use online sites to obtain
news information on tragedy-themed stories at least 3 to 4 days a week to as
frequent as 7 days a week.
It was further believed that among the online sites used to obtain tragedy-
themed news, ABS-CBN News was the most used by the respondents.
It can be concluded from the results of the study that graphic visual material is an
important part of tragedy-themed stories found online. The respondents believe
that images allow for a better understanding of the impact of tragedies to human
beings. It can also be concluded that these images affect them by helping their
viewers understand the content of the story better.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ii
RESULT OF ORAL EXAMINATION iii
APPROVAL SHEET iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Scope and Delimitation 4
Significance of the Study 4
Notes 6
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Related Literature 8
Review of Related Studies 12

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Synthesis of the State of the Art 15
Gap Bridged by the Study 16
Theoretical Framework 17
Conceptual Framework 20
Definition of Terms 22
Notes 24
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design 26
Sources of Data 26
Respondents 27
Instrumentation 28
Data Gathering Procedure 29
Statistical Treatment 29
Notes 31
CHAPTER 4 – ALBAYANOS PERCEPTION ON THE ONLINE MEDIA’S
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF TRAGEDIES
Demographic Profile of the Respondents 32
Online News Sites Used by the Respondents 38
Level of Importance of Visual Material to News on Online Media 40

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Effects of Visual Material to News on Online Media 44
Notes 48
CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 49
Conclusion 51
Recommendations 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY 53
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. Survey Questionnaire 59
APPENDIX B. Survey Questionnaire in Filipino 62
APPENDIX C. Sample Letter 66
APPENDIX D. Editor’s Certification 67
CURRICULUM VITAE 68

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Level of Importance of Visual Material to News 39
on Social Media
Table 2 Effects of Visual Material to News on Online Media 43

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm 19
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework 21
Figure 3.1 Sex of the Respondents 31
Figure 3.2 Age of the Respondents 33
Figure 3.3 Occupation of the Respondents 34
Figure 3.4 Frequency of Online Media Usage 35
Figure 4. Online Sites Used by the Respondents 37

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The internet continues to make a great impact on society. There are a
variety of actions that can be done through cyberspace, and millions of people all
over the world have access and depend on the internet. According to a UK-
based consultancy “We Are Social,” an approximate 67 million Filipinos are
active users of social media, hence the Philippines’ reputation as a global leader
in social media usage.
With the internet available for almost all humans, it has become an
avenue for interaction between people, and a place for information to be
exchanged. Technology has developed a new form of communication that no
longer requires the physical aspects of communication; it has paved the way for
convenient sharing and obtaining information without the actual presence of the
communicators in one location.
Journalism has also made its way to adapt to the new norm of
communication. From the traditional way of using pen and paper to present news
through print media, a new type of journalism has risen to cope with the age of
technology. Digital journalism or online journalism is the go-to strategy of news
organizations that face the dilemma of reallocating resources to attract new
readers and viewers while still trying to hold on to their existing, and usually
aging, print or broadcast audiences.

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Educational institutions have also adapted to present the evolution of
Journalism to communication students. Journalism education in the Philippines
includes the discussion of the multi-media character of the profession and the
need for the journalist to learn and understand all forms of journalism: print,
broadcast, and the new media to effectively broaden their audience reach.
Many news agencies have used social media as a strategy for presenting
news. Many print media companies in the Philippines, such as the Philippine
Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star, while still producing print
issues, have participated in the world of online journalism and created platforms
on the internet to further their reach. Broadcast news networks, such as ABS-
CBN, GMA, and CNN Philippines, have also applied this strategy of online
journalism.
However, in whichever form of journalism, whether print, broadcast or
online, visual presentations are essential when sharing information to make news
more credible and interesting to read. Text alone will not be able to capture
readers’ attention. Having an image to accompany a story gives the piece a
higher chance to be read and create a powerful impact on a viewer’s attitude.
There are ethics to be followed when presenting these images, whether
on print, broadcast or online media. One must be able to identify whether an
image is decent enough to be presented to a public where all kinds of people are
able to view it, as media correspondent David Folkenflik said in an interview.

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There is a notion that images have an ever-increasing power to shape
public sentiment. With the presence of citizen journalism, such ethics
surrounding sensitive topics are somehow disregarded in order to attract more
readers. This may have different effects on their audiences.
This study will focus on the impact of the presentation of human fatalities
caused by natural disasters, accidents, diseases, suicide and crime to the
audience of citizen journalists. The researchers will focus only on the visual
element of citizen journalism, including documentation, graphics, photographs,
video footages, and live reports.
Statement of the Problem
This research analyzed and determined the perception of Albayanos’ to the
graphic presentation of tragedy-themed stories online. Specifically, it answered
the following questions:
1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Gender
b. Age
c. Occupation
d. Frequency of Online Media Usage
2. What are the different online sites used by the respondents in obtaining the
news information on tragedy-themed stories?

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3. What is the level of importance of visuals that accompany tragedy themed
stories?
4. What are the effects of graphic visual material to respondents’ perception?
Scope and Delimitation
The study limited its scope in Legazpi City with identified respondents
exposed to the news on online media from October 2017 to November 2018.
Identified respondents are categorized as the millennials born between the years
from 1981 to 1997.
The visual materials that this study based on are limited to still images. Its
contents are graphic in nature to identify the perception of the respondents. The
sources of the news stories are limited to those digitally printed on the online
media platforms of news agencies.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will greatly benefit the following individuals:
Citizen Journalists – This research will help them realize the impact of
covering human fatalities on their audience, urging them to review their reports
and push their ethical sensibility. This will also help them in constructing
judgments in crucial situations.

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Journalists – The study will further help journalists see the importance of
ethics in terms of covering a story regarding human fatalities. This will also help
them develop their skills in becoming more sensitive in gathering and presenting
visuals on their news.
College professors – This research will help them expand their sources
for their topic lessons and can be a tool for discussions in the classroom setting.
It will also affect the way they teach their students about the relevance of ethics
in covering human fatalities.
Journalism students – The research will improve their decision-making
skills in covering a report, and expand their journalism ethics knowledge.
Viewers – This study will enlighten the viewers of the ethical standards
that journalists hold and should hold in constructing and presenting news. This
will also help them become more vigilant in choosing the programs that they will
watch and maximize their right to freedom of speech.
Future researchers – This study shall serve as a reference to future
researchers.

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Notes
Miguel R. Camus (2018). PH is world leader in social media usage. Inquirer.net
http://business.inquirer.net/246015/ph-world-leader-social-media-usage. Date
retrieved: February 15, 2018
Luke Holm (2017). Changing the Way Humans Communicate in the 21st
Century.
Owlcation.com. Date retrieved: September 4, 2017
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/How-the-Internet-is-Changing-the-Way-
Humans-Communicate-in-the-21st-Century
Paul Grabowicz (2014). The Transition to Digital Journalism. UC Berkeley
Graduate School of Journalism. Date retrieved: November 2018
multimedia.journalism.berkeley.edu/content_redistribution/
Danilo Araña Arao (2006). The Practice of Online Journalism in the Philippines:
Personal Observations. Bulatlat. Date retrieved: October 21, 2006
http://bulatlat.com/main/2006/10/21/the-practice-of-online-journalism-in-the-
philippines-personal-
observations/?fbclid=IwAR1GqHWV37Ju_eRxweyjZAJ0ZEUUzbg6WZlGaQXpp
Kv-Xhbw4RXBOz4yNKU
J. Cope, A. Fifrick, D. Holl, M. Martin, D. Nunnally, D. Preston, P. Roszkowski, A.
Schiess, A.Tedesco. University of Oklahoma. Image Impact in Print Media: A
Study of How Pictures Influence News Consumers.
D. Folkenflik. (2012). Documenting Tragedy: The Ethics of Photojournalism. Talk
of the Nation.

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A. Lyford and C. Payne, Visual Resources (2005). Photojournalism, Mass Media
and the Politics of Spectacle.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01973760500074034?src=recsys&
Date retrieved: September 2018
Similar Web (2019). Top Websites Ranking: Top website ranking for all
categories in the Philippines. https://www.similarweb.com/top-
websites/philippines. Date retrieved: February 1, 2019.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literature and studies that are related to the study. This
also presents the synthesis of the state of the art, and the theoretical and
conceptual frameworks, to fully understand the research, as well as the definition
of terms for better comprehension of the study.
Related Literature
The book written by Folkore Hanusch titled “Representing Death in the
News: Journalism, Media and Mortality” emphasizes how human fatalities
caused by accidents, disasters, among others are present in all forms of mass
media. It discussed that because death is an everyday occurrence in an
individual’s life, the media’s presentation of news related to the subject can
attract an audience. The arrival of new technologies even makes it easier for
people to access these kinds of news. The internet has become an avenue for
users to, not only view stories that include fatalities but also share stories of
events they do not usually encounter, including death. The arrival of photography
and television made accounts of death and dying more vivid. It clarified that
death is featured regularly in the news due to how disruptive it is. This is related
to the present study because human fatalities, considered as tragedy, especially
found online, is the focus of the research.

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As indicated by David D. Philipps, Ph. D., and Lundie L. Carstensen, M.S.,
in their journal entry “Clustering of Teenage Suicides after Television News about
Suicide” in The New England Journal of Medicine, context of experimentation
and imitation come about when suicide victims are viewed through media. After a
study was conducted to differentiate suicide rates before and after a television
broadcast of suicide, the results showed an increase in the number of students
who commit suicide after the broadcast. The study concludes that suicide
showed on television trigger additional suicide because of imitation. Showcasing
suicide may trigger emotions in the viewers and may result in additional deaths.
This is related to the present study as effects of tragedy is also included.
Although death makes news, a media practitioner must still observe certain
journalism ethics before reporting such topic. According to “The Handbook of
Journalism Studies,” there are codes of ethics that practitioners follow in order to
be allowed to report freely in return for responsible coverage of essential public
issues. A major task of journalism ethics is to be applied to ethical issues such as
accuracy and verification, independence and allegiances, and deception and
fabrication. However, other than the ethics necessary for the credibility of a news
story, the book also discusses a concept called ethics of care. It is stated in the
literature that the ethics of care attempts to restrain news media that is often
insensitive to story subjects. This is related to the present study as there are
certain ethics that are necessary when taking photographs for news stories,
which are the focus of the study.

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In the journal article by Richard Adelman and Lois Verbrugge titled “Death
Makes News: The Social Impact of Disease in Media Coverage,” it is explained
that although there are no restrictions in choosing photographs of death, it is
avoided to be sensitive, especially if the causes are medical such as diseases
and scientific reasons. This is related to the study as diseases are considered
tragedies.
As mentioned by Barbie Zelizer in the book of titled “About to Die: How
News Images Move the Public,” it is clarified that most photographs taken for
broadcast or print purposes including corpses and gore do not usually make it to
the final product. However, there is an alternative way to report a situation of
death without actually showing the deceased body. Photos and videos of “almost
dead” or the dying are what those inside the newsroom opt for instead of actual
photos of the dead. The decision is made in order for the news to be seen as
less offensive, less graphic, and as a more ethical move. This is related to the
study because it talks about graphic materials.
As the study will cover both text and images in online news which includes
tragedy, the journal article titled “A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals
and Text to Framing Effects” which is published in the Journal of Communication
gives a clearer picture of how images and text work in unison to generate
influence on readers. Visual material, when presented alone, generate stronger
framing effects than text. However, when images and text are presented
together, such as in a typical news report, they pave the way for better

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comprehension by viewers. This is related to the study since it tackles the effects
of images to news stories and their viewers.
In line with graphic material and visuals, the journal article titled “The
Evening's Bad News: Effects of Compelling Negative Television News Images on
Memory" in the Journal of Communication has stated that people remember
negative compelling images when presented as visual materials.
However, different reasoning is explained in “The Visibility of Disaster
Deaths in News Images” in the International Communication Gazette. According
to the journal article, the presence of visible deceased bodies in the news varies
in the culture of the area a news story reaches. Factors such as religious
traditions and societal levels of violence affect how human fatality is presented
and discussed in news programs, whether in print, broadcast, or online. The
present study confirmed that graphic images gave a negative effect on their
viewers.
The book of James Foust with the title “Online Journalism: Principles and
Practices of News for the Web” emphasized the advantage of online journalism.
It is discussed that the internet has become a convenient tool for journalism. It
has become a journalist’s medium. Not only does it embrace the traditional way
of journalism, such as photos, videos, texts and graphics, but has given
unparalleled possibilities such as real-time reports and further audience reach.
The present study also focuses on the news stories found online.

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Related Studies
In a study by Jack McLeod titled “Public Images of Mass Media News:
What Are They and Does It Matter?” the study examined whether or not the
public’s perception of media institutions and products are multidimensional and
whether the public’s image of media matters. In the study, they randomly
selected 512 adult residents of Dane County, Wisconsin, where they surveyed
them through the telephone. The results revealed that the public’s perception of
media is complex, multifaceted, and include more than a simple assessment of
credibility in terms of news information quality, patterning of news, negative
aspects of content, dependency, and control, special interests, and media as
non-essential. Results also suggested that the public's perception of the news
would be more positive if the stories were more patterned and meaningful. The
present study also seeks to identify the perception of its viewers.
As mentioned by Katey Thom, et al. in their study titled “Suicide Online:
Portrayal of Website-related Suicide by the New Zealand Media,” the count of
suicide has an effect in people’s suicidal behavior. And how it is presented online
has a positive and negative impact on people who sees the information. The idea
of having the internet allows people to exercise citizen journalism in the digital
world. However, people who call themselves “preventer” of suicide sometimes do
not understand the ethical values that should go alongside posting tragic
pictures, resulting in content being sensationalized. This is an in-depth study on
how media should thoroughly observe the proper way of presenting suicide in

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news. The present study sought to identify the effects of graphic images, be it
positive or negative.
A paper written by Tal Morse et al. titled “Covering the Dead” discussed
photojournalism and its relevant code of ethics. This paper was made through a
thorough discussion about how Israel’s government presented images of human
fatalities on local newspapers and television, following Israel news media's airing
of horrific images. Some of these are the killing of the Fogel family in 2011, and
in 1994 when a Palestinian suicide bomber and the death of 22 civilians was
captured on live television. This study tackled whether airing such graphic
content falls on the journalist’s shoulder. It stated that the decency of the content
must be put above all considerations before showing images of human fatalities
on the news to value the dignity of the victims.
As indicated by Daniel R. Bersak in his study titled “Ethics in
Photojournalism: Past, Present and Future” the code of ethics for
photojournalists has been put together for more than 150 years and many have
changed in terms of how a photojournalist value the code of ethics. With
technology, almost anyone can be a photojournalist. Citizen journalists can easily
take photos and send them to media outlets for publication. And with editors
being overwhelmed with photographs during and after major news events, they
would have less time in deliberating whether a photo is ethical or not. Every
journalist, citizen or not, should be aware of this code because it is what makes
the press a more truthful and reliable source of news. One must understand

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which images are appropriate to publish in order to maintain someone’s privacy,
among other concerns.
American Press Institute’s (API) study titled “How Millennials Use and
Control Social Media” states that in this digitally advanced world, social media
has become a platform used in acquiring news. Teenagers spend most of their
free time on social media that they also use this time in reading news on their
social media accounts. In fact, over 88% of them use Facebook as one of their
sources of information occasionally, while 83% use Youtube, and 50% use
Instagram. In the findings, millennials regularly get a wide range of news on the
internet on different types of topics and virtually everyone’s information, with this,
millennials actively participate and get interaction in news in ways traditional
media cannot. This is related to the study because the respondents of the
present study are also millennials.
In line with this, A. Mina et al. in their study, “The Level of Social Media
Literacy of Millennials in Legazpi City,” state that on average, most teens in Albay
(15-19 years old) are more exposed to social media than those who are older. It
also stated that the majority of the teens in Albay are always online, spending
most of their spare time on social media mainly Facebook, YouTube, and
Snapchat. The study stated that the people of Albay are below average in terms
of social media literacy. It also found that millennials should make use of their
time in understanding how to responsibly recreate the messages they consume
from different social media sites. The present study bases its findings on
millennial respondents who are active online, therefore making this study related.

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Denise Joven and Kimberly Villlegas’ study in 2017 titled “Shoot to Kill: A
Visual Semiotic Analysis of Humaneness in Online News Photographs”
discussed the presence of humaneness in the photographs of drug-related
killings in the Philippines from June 30 to December 31, 2016. It concentrated
more about the salience applied to sensitivity to privacy and graphic information,
particularly through photojournalistic techniques. Some of the photos they
examined were from Inquirer.net, ABS-CBN News, GMA News Online,
Philstar.com, Manila times, Manila Bulletin, InterAksyon, and Rappler. The study
found that there was not enough photographic coverage of drug-related killings
than coverage of other forms of media. Photojournalistic techniques were present
in terms of presentation and that the images were still considerably humane and
that those photojournalistic techniques are still identifiable through graphic
details. The present study also based the news stories on online media.
Synthesis of the State of the Art
This is the summary of related literature and studies about visual graphic
material found in news stories. It contains gathered data on its relevance,
necessity, and effect to its viewers.
The books of Hanusch, Boomgaaden, De Swert, de Vreese, Allan, and
Faust, as well as the studies of McLeo, Joven, and Villegas, confirm that there is
a presence of graphic visual images on news stories, especially in tragedy-

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themed studies. Their studies discussed that graphic images have a role in
presenting the fact of the news story.
Viewers respond in various ways when viewing certain graphic content
related to tragic news stories. This is supported by the books of Philipps,
Carstensen, Wahl-Jorgensen, and Hanitzsch, as well as the studies of Thom,
Edwards, Nakarada-Kordic, Morse, Taylor, Francis, and Bersak.
The books of Adelman, Verbrugge, Zelizer, Newhagen, Reeves, and
Hanusch discuss the effects of visual material to its viewers, specifically those
with graphic content. This is also discussed in the study conducted by the
American Press Institute.
The study of Mina, De Leon, Abejuela, Valladolid, and Mendez discussed
the participation of millennials in the online media and how they used online
media in collecting information. This study supported that most online media
users are the millennials, who are also the type of respondents of the present
study.
Gap Bridged by the Study
Related Literature and Studies indicate that the appearance of human
fatalities on the news online has a significant impact on the way people perceive
death throughout the course of time. The studies focused on how people
responded to negative images of human fatalities online and saw it as one of the
highlights of the news. The researcher’s purpose in this study was to find out

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whether the journalism code of ethics, in terms of presenting tragedy online, was
still being followed — bridging the idea that images of dead people are
considered a norm in news and to see if there have been ethical lapses in terms
of presenting such news.
The researchers also determined Albayanos’ viewpoint of death and
tragedy in online news, as well as how it affected their daily lives and how they
coped with similar situations. In connection with this study, the researchers also
found out if the selected communities of Albay accept this way of presentation.
Theoretical Framework
This study was based on the perception theory by Ann Marie Barry, which
made use of Gerbner’s General Model. Barry (2002) indicated that the fact that
visual perception is a complex system evolved over vast spans of time is
especially significant in terms of visual media. When we watch television or a
film, the phylogenetically primitive unconscious part of our brains sees what is
happening as reality and continues to learn from and respond to what it sees.
According to Foss and Littlejohn (2009) in the 21st century, visual modes
of communication will become more dominant and more important to cultural
functioning than verbal modes. Indeed, many developments in visual technology
throughout the 20th century have laid the groundwork for this revolution. Visual
media are more available, less expensive, and almost impossible to censor, and
the culture is constantly embracing the use of visual media for entertainment,

18
education, and communication. The sheer quantity of visual representations is
now such that the number of images encountered by an average person in an
average day could hardly be counted. Scholars commented on the increasing
visualization of communication throughout the 20th century, but the study of the
communicative function and rhetorical power of images has expanded
dramatically over the last two decades.
A basic assumption behind all types of perception theory is that the
physical world does not consist of coherent visual patterns that we humans
simply pick up with our eyes as we go through life. Rather, these patterns (which
we recognize as representational images) are constructed within the human
brain; they both reflect and reinforce individuals’ existing assumptions about the
nature of reality, and they are driven by social and cultural assumptions as much
as by the hard wiring of the human brain as stated in the Encyclopedia of
Communication Theory (Foss and Littlejohn, 2009).

19
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

20
Conceptual Framework
From tragedies like crime, crisis, and violence, the online media selects
stories which will be transformed into the online content and will be posted to
their websites as well as social media pages. Then, the news is presented in the
video, picture, and other visual formats. Upon release of the news stories with
visuals, the millennial audience process it, thus affecting their perception of the
environment or community and possibly affecting their day-to-day decisions.

21
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

22
Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of the study, the researchers gave several terms that
were defined conceptually and operationally, as used in the study.
Effects – a change resulted from an action.
Importance – the state of being of great value or significance.
Graphic – images that usually involve tragedies e.g. violence, great destruction
and distress.
Humaneness – having or showing compassion or benevolence
Journalism Ethics – a series of bylaws or moral values journalist follows in
terms of reporting or newsgathering, etc.
Media – the collective communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver
information or data. It is either associated with communication media, or the
specialized mass media communication businesses such as print, photography,
advertising, cinema, broadcasting, publishing, and point of sale.
Millennial Generation – generally refers to the generation of people born
between the early 1980s and 1990s. Anyone born between 1981 and 1996 (ages
22 to 37 in 2018) is considered a Millennial.

23
News – the presentation of a report on recent events in a newspaper, periodical,
radio, or television.
Online Journalism – a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content
is distributed via the internet.
Perception – a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something; a
mental impression.
Social Media – websites and applications that enable users to create and share
content, or to participate in social networking.
Tragedy – an event that causes great suffering, destruction, and distress such
as a serious accident, crime, or natural catastrophe.
Visual – a picture or display used to illustrate or accompany something.

24
Notes
Folkore Hanusch. (2010). Representing Death in the News: Journalism, Media,
and Mortality.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eLSADAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=
PP1&dq=death+in+the+news&ots=JDWy9t_-
UN&sig=HmSwDX2YUbv8B4a0aKL3z5Wb0Vg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dea
th%20in%20the%20news&f=false
David P. Phillips, Ph. D. & Lundie L. Carstensen, M.S. (1986). Clustering of
Teenage Suicides after Television News about Suicide.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM198609113151106
Barbie Zelizer (2010). About to Die: How News Images Move the Public.
Richard C. Adelman. & Lois M. Verbrugge. (2000). Death Makes News: The
Social Impact of Disease in News Coverage. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior Vol. 41No. 3 pp. 347-367.
Karin Wahl-Jorgensen & Thomas Hanitzsch (2009). The Handbook of Journalism
Studies.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-
JGOAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA295&dq=online+journalism+ethics&ots=EMBvvS
Z-
kO&sig=M54T9zC8E0RWnlwC83IqNToa_VQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=onlin
e%20journalism%20ethics&f=false
Hajo G. Boomgaarden, Knut De Swert & Claes H. de Vreese, (December 2015).
A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Framing Effects.
Journal of Communication Volume 65, Issue 6.
John E. Newhagen & Byron Reeves (1992). The Evening's Bad News: Effects of
Compelling Negative Television News Images on Memory. Journal of
Communication Volume 42, Issue 2.
Folkore Hanusch (2012). The visibility of disaster deaths in news images: A
comparison of newspapers from 15 countries. International Communication
Gazette Volume 74, Issue 7.
Allan Stuart (2007). “Citizen Journalism and the Rise of “Mass Self-
Communication””. Global Media Journal Australian Edition Issue 1 Volume 1.
James C. Foust (2005). Online Journalism: Principles and Practices of News for
the Web pp. 6.

25
Jack McLeod, (1986). Public Images of Mass Media News: What are They and
Does it Matter?
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED270775
Luke Goode (2009). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. Volume: 11
issue: 8, page(s): 1287-1305
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444809341393#articleCitationDow
nloadContainer
Anjamette Miña, Mary Lou De Leon Abejuela, Jemerlyn Valladolid, Claudine
Mendez. (2018). The Level of Social Media Literacy of Millennials in Legazpi City
American Press Institute. (2015). How Millennials use and control Social Media
https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-
research/millennials-social-media/
Denise Joven & Kimberly Villlegas, (2017). Shoot to Kill: A Visual Semiotic
Analysis of Humaneness in Online News Photographs.
http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/Shoot_to_Kill:_A_Visual_Semiotic_Analysis_
of_Humaneness_in_Online_News_Photographs_of_Drug-
Related_Killings_in_the_Philippines_from_June_30_to_December_31,_2016#.W
55OFOgzY2x
Francis, Morse, Tal, and Taylor of The London Schools of Economics and
Political Sciences (LSE) LSE Research Online (2014). Covering the Dead.
Journalism Studies, 15 (1). pp. 98-113.
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/55178/1/Morse_covering%20the%20dead.pdf
Daniel R. Bersak (2006). Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Presence and Future.
http://web.mit.edu/drb/Public/Bersak_CMS_Thesis_FINAL.pdf
Goran Bubaš (2001). Computer Mediated Theories and Phenomena: Factors
That Influence Collaboration on the Internet.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4b67/4ebefc2b1dcc18342d4758a20473789d95c
6.pdf
Nguyen Long (2008). Computer Mediated Communication and Foreign
Language Educatio: Pedagogical Features.
http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Dec_08/article02.htm
Ann Marie Barry (2002). Journal of Visual Literacy Volume 22 Number 1 pp. 95

26
Chapter 3
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter shall contain the different methods, sources of data, and
instrumentation used by the researchers to determine a conclusion accurately
and effectively.
Research Design
The researchers used a quantitative-descriptive research design. A
descriptive type of research design bases its findings on various approaches to
collect data. These approaches often are through the means of written or spoken
words, or visual representation of individuals. The researchers conducted a
survey by distributing questionnaires to the respondents to fully understand their
stand on the subject.
Through this method, the researchers was able to assess the perception
of the Albayanos on the presentation of graphic images in the news on the
internet.
Sources of Data
The researchers used primary and secondary sources to achieve a
conclusion to the study. The primary sources are the answers of the Albayanos
on the questionnaires given to them. Secondary sources will be through the form

27
of books, journals, articles, unpublished materials, and other reading materials
which contains similarities with the study.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were millennials, as the most inclined users
of online media. The researchers selected Legazpi City as the main source of
respondents as it is the capital of the province of Albay. The total population of
millennials in Legazpi City, 48,537 millennials who are residents of Legazpi City,
Albay. The researchers first identified the sample size based on the population of
millennials from the latest Philippine Statistics Authority survey which was
conducted in 2015. The researchers then used the fishbowl method to select
which barangays in Legazpi City to visit in order to conduct the survey. The
researchers distributed the questionnaires among the millennials who reside in
the selected barangays.
To identify the number of respondents, the researchers determined the
sample size through a procedure called Slovin’s formula, which is as follows:

28
Random sampling was used to select the respondents. Fishbowl method
was done in order to select which barangays shall be surveyed. The researchers
selected 10 urban barangays and 10 rural barangays. These enabled an equal
chance for every millennial citizen of Albay to be chosen as a respondent of the
study.
Instrumentation
The researchers made use of survey questionnaires to collect data from
their respondents. The questionnaires were designed based on the statement of
the problem of the study. The first part of the survey questionnaires identified the
socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The data gathered were their age,
sex, and occupation.
The second part was designed to measure how frequently they use online
news websites. The frequency of online media usage is measured on a weekly
basis, wherein there is an average of 10 hours of usage per day according to We
Are Social. Next, the respondents selected which websites they frequently visit or
have visited. The respondents then identified the level of importance of visual
material to online news stories by rating their importance based on their own
understanding. Lastly, the respondents selected which of the effects of graphic
visual images online are applicable to them through a checklist. For easier

29
understanding of the respondents, the questionnaire had a Filipino version with
English translations included.
Data Gathering Procedure
The first step of the researchers involved locating reading materials that
are related to the present study. The related studies and literature served as
guides in order to conduct the study systematically.
Before conducting the data gathering procedures, formal letters were sent
to authorities and respondents to secure permission as well as to ensure ease in
the conduction of the surveys and interviews. Questionnaires were also
formulated for respondents to fill them out.
After the data gathering, the data was analyzed and interpreted for a
conclusion.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers analyzed, summarized and interpreted the data through
descriptive statistics. The following are found to be beneficial to the study:
A. Weighted Mean – it depicts the respondent’s response and the
comparison of the totality of data. It will be utilized to measure what
particular response get the highest point.

30
Where:
Mw = Weighted mean
∑f = Weight of scale
N – Total number of respondents
B. Frequency Distribution – the number of responses or occurrences of the
subject of the study. It is done through simple one-by-one counting.
C. Five (5) Point Likert Scale – the rating scale used to determine the level
of importance of visual material on news on online media.

31
Notes
Will G Hopkins, (2000). Quantitative Research Design. Sportscience:
Perspectives/Research Resources. http://sportsci.org/jour/0001/wghdesign.html
Stephanie (2012). Slovin’s Formula: What is it and When do I use it?.
StatisticsHowTo.com. https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/how-
to-use-slovins-formula/

32
Chapter 4
Albayanos’ Perception on the Online Media Graphic
Presentation of Tragedies
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researchers through the
distribution of survey questionnaires in various areas of Legazpi City. The data
gathered include the demographic profile of the respondents such as their age,
occupation, and sex. The researchers also identified which online sites the
respondents use when viewing and reading news stories, as well as how
frequent they visit these sites. In addition, the effects of graphic images in news
to viewers shall also be identified through the answers of the respondents.
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Figure 3.1. Sex of the Respondents

33
Figure 3.1 shows the “Sex of the Respondents.” It revealed that out of 400
respondents, 52% are male and 48% are female.
The data is supported by the survey conducted by the Philippine Statistics
Authority in 2015 where it stated that of the total population in the Bicol region,
50.9% are male while 49.1% are female. This results in a sex ratio of 104 males
for every 100 females.
The study shows that there are more male respondents.

34
Figure 3.2. Age of the Respondents
Figure 3.2 shows the age of the respondents. It indicates that the
respondents who were between 23 to 26 years old form 35% of the total number
of respondents; 27 to 30 year-olds form 28%; 31 to 34 year-olds form 21%; and
35 to 38 year-olds form 17%.
This is supported by the article of Michael Dimock where he stated that
millennials were born from 1981 to 1996. This means that the people from the
ages of 23 to 38 years old are the ages of our respondent (Dimock, 2019).
The chart shows that the number of millennials who use online news
website decrease as they grow older. This is supported by a study by the Pew
Research Center that stated substantial differences in online media use by age.
The youngest adults stand out in their online media consumption.

35
Figure 3.3. Occupation of the Respondents
Figure 3.3 shows the occupation of the respondents. Among the
respondents, 5% are utility staffs; 2% are drivers; 6% are sales clerks; 5% are
vendors; 6% are security guards; 7% are cashiers; 3% are merchandisers; 6%
are tricycle drivers; 5% are teachers; and 11% are barangay health workers.
Furthermore, 13% of the respondents are self-employed and 31% are
unemployed.
This figure is supported by Mark Emmons, who said that millennials are
the largest segment in the workplace. It is stated that within the next two years,
50% of the workforce in the United States will be made up of millennials
(Emmons, 2018). In the Philippines, most of employed Filipinos are from the
millennial age group.

36
The chart shows that there is a higher number of employed millennials
compared to unemployed and self-employed. This is supported by the survey
conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority which concluded that 27% of the
workforce belong to the age range of 25 to 34 years old (Gavilan, 2018).
Figure 3.4. Frequency of Online Media Usage
Figure 3.4 shows the frequency of online media usage of the respondents.
When asked how frequently they use online news sites, it revealed that 29%
them answered Always (7 days a week); 29% answered Sometimes (3 to 4 days
a week); 23% answered Seldom (1 to 2 days); 18% answered Often (4 to 5

37
days); and 3% answered Never (0 days). The chart presents that most
millennials use online news websites 3-7 days a week.
The results corroborate with the study conducted by the American Press
Institute (API) which states that millennials obtain a wide range of news through
the internet, participating and getting interaction in ways traditional media cannot.
The results also prove the statistics of the study indicating that within two years,
there had been a 2.4% increase in the number of active online media users,
specifically the millennials.
The present study found that respondents of Albay spend at least three to
four days to as frequent as seven days a week when using or surfing the internet.
Therefore, they are exposed to a wide range of news.

38
Online Sites Used by the Respondents
Figure 4. Online News Sites Used by the Respondents
Figure 4 shows the online news websites used by the respondents. The
data reveals that ABS-CBN News ranked first with 256 of the respondents saying
they visit their site, followed by GMA News Online with 176; Inquirer.net with 132;
Manila Bulletin with 89; Philstar.com with 65; Rappler with 5; CNN with 4; and
Net25 with 1.
The news sites that show the top two frequency are ABS-CBN News and
GMA News Online — online platforms of national television networks. They are
followed by online platforms of print media. This is supported by the work of John
Newhagen and Clifford Nass where they studied the differences of the way
people judge the credibility of newspapers and television news, in which they

39
prefer television news over newspapers. The study suggests that the amount of
people becoming more aware of news from television rather than newspapers
correlates to the online websites they visit.
The present study implies that Albayanos still prefer the news sites of
national television networks.

40
Table 1
Level of Importance of Visual Material to News on Online Media
Level of Importance of Visual
Material to News on Social Media
Weighted Mean Adjectival Rating
Photographs tell us about people
and emotions, about how we deal
with celebration and suffering, about
understanding nature and the
physical environment.
4.08 Important
Images allow readers to better
understand the impact of tragedies
to human beings.
4.27 Very Important
Visuals establish the truth of events
that seem inconceivable.
4.04 Important
Graphic photographs are influential
in making plain to the people and to
the world the obscenities of
tragedies.
4.12 Important
Images affect the social and political
views of its audience.
4.16 Important
Photojournalism gives testimony in
the court of public opinion.
3.98 Important
Photographs have the power to
move the world, to change people's
attitudes, to stir their emotions and
stimulate action.
4.21 Very Important
Images aid the text to be more
understandable for its audience.
4.22 Very Important
Pictures dramatically and succinctly
sum up the essence of a situation
while also being informative and
revealing.
4.20 Important
The purpose of photographic
illustration is to entice the reader to
go beyond the illustration and read
the text that the illustration is
designed to interpret.
4.23 Very Important
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 4.15 Important
Legend:
Very Important – 4.21-5.00 Important – 3.41-4.20 Fairly Important –
2.61-3.40 Slightly Important – 1.81-2.60 Not Important – 1-1.80

41
Table 1 shows the level of importance of visual materials to news on
social media platforms. The respondents said that images are very important
because they allow readers to better understand the impact of tragedies to
human beings, have the power to move the world, to change people’s attitudes,
to stir their emotions and stimulate action, aid the text to be more understandable
for its audience, with the purpose of entice the reader to go beyond the
illustration and read the text that the illustration is designed to interpret.
According to the respondents, images are important because it talks about
people and emotions; how they deal with celebration and suffering; and
understanding nature and the physical environment. It also establishes the truth
of events that seem inconceivable; influences in making plain to the people and
to the world the obscenities of tragedies; affects social and political views of its
audience; gives testimony in the court of public opinion; and dramatically and
succinctly sums up the essence of a situation while also being informative and
revealing.
The respondents’ rating in the indicators “Images allow readers to better
understand the impact of tragedies to human beings” and “Images aid the text to
be more understandable for its audience” is supported by the claims in Howard
Chapnick’s book titled “Truth Needs No Ally” in which he stated the role and
importance of images in presenting events, including tragedies to the public. In
the book, the author said that images have profound effect on people's
understanding of the world in which they live and on their perceptions of

42
important social and political issues. It is implied that images are used for better
understanding of context.
The indicators which stated that the “purpose of photographic illustration is
to entice the reader to go beyond the illustration” and “read the text that the
illustration is designed to interpret,” as well as “dramatically and succinctly sum
up the essence of a situation while also being informative and revealing” are
supported by an article by Dana Jandhyata entitled “Visual Learning: Six
Reasons Why Visuals are the Most Powerful Aspect of e-Learning,” which states
that visuals help readers grasp concepts easily by stimulating imagination and
affecting their cognitive capabilities. Besides, the visual language is also known
to have the potential to stretch human bandwidth which comprises absorbing,
comprehending and analyzing new information. This means that images attract
readers to read the text which images accompany.
The indicators “photographs have the power to move the world, to change
people's attitudes, to stir their emotions and stimulate action” and “images affect
the social and political views of its audience” imply that visual material influence a
person’s attitude, emotions, and actions. This is supported by the book entitled
“About to Die: How News Images Move the Public” by Barbie Zelizer which said
that due to many images reflect unsettled public events, the difficult and often
contested planned violence, torture, terrorism, natural disaster, war, famine,
crime, epidemic, and political assassinations at the core of today's geopolitical
environment help clarify how the public forms sentiments about the larger world
(Zelizer, 2010).

43
The respondents’ rating in the indicators “Visuals establish the truth of
events that seem inconceivable,” “Graphic photographs are influential in making
plain to the people and to the world the obscenities of tragedies,” and
“Photographs tell us about people and emotions, about how we deal with
celebration and suffering, about understanding nature and the physical
environment” is supported by the dissertation “Image Impact in Print Media: A
Study of How Pictures Influence News Consumer” from the University of
Oklahoma which said that photographs in news stories bring readers directly to
the front of the action, and offer a front-row seat to the tragedy (Gallup, 2004).

44
Table 2
Effects of Visual Material to News on Online Media
Effects of Visual Material to News
on Online Media
Frequency Ranking
Tragedy in images create trauma to its
viewers.
274 7
Viewing tragedy in images influence
viewers to be cautious in accident
prone areas
277 6
Visual material that contains graphic
images violate the dignity of the
victims.
279 5
Visual material help viewers
understand the content of the story
better.
304 1
Audience have a sense of empathy
when viewing graphic visual material.
297 2
Graphic images and videos give
uneasy feelings to audience who are
sensitive to gruesome situations.
287 3
Readers are moved by the story better
when aided with graphic material.
280 4
Certain horrific imagery will offend
readers whose beliefs are affected by
the image.
201 10
Viewers can easily recall the story
through visual material.
240 9
Readers lose their ability to empathize
and evaluate tragedies due to seeing
too much graphic content in images.
258 8
Table 4 shows the effects of visual material to news on online media.
Ranked first was “Visual material help viewers understand the content of the

45
story better” with a frequency of 304, followed by “Audience have a sense of
empathy when viewing graphic visual material” with 297; “Graphic images and
videos give uneasy feelings to audience who are sensitive to gruesome
situations” with 287; “Readers are moved by the story better when aided with
graphic material” with 280; “Visual material that contains graphic images violate
the dignity of the victims” with 279; “Viewing tragedy in images influence viewers
to be cautious in accident prone areas” with 277; “Tragedy in images create
trauma to its viewers” with 274; “Readers lose their ability to empathize and
evaluate tragedies due to seeing too much graphic content in images” with 258;
“Viewers can easily recall the story through visual material” with 240; and
“Certain horrific imagery will offend readers whose beliefs are affected by the
image” with 201.
The majority of respondents agree that visual materials help viewers
understand the content of the story better, as well as easily recall information
when content is accompanied with images. It shows that the respondents prefer
stories aided with images for better understanding and interpretation. The results
of the study confirm points in the book of Ramirez entitled Philippine Journalism
Handbook which said that readers are moved by photos and remember them far
longer than words, furthermore making the art of photography as a complete
system of recording real time and space.
The results of the study also reveal that there is a mental effect to readers
who view graphic visual material that accompany tragedy-themed stories. It is
supported by the article of Carolyn Greogoire in the Huffington Post which stated

46
that according to some psychologists, exposure to negative and violent media
may have serious and long-lasting psychological effects beyond simple feelings
of pessimism or disapproval. The work of British psychologist Dr. Graham Davey,
who specializes in the psychological effects of media violence, suggests that
violent media exposure can exacerbate or contribute to the development of
stress, anxiety, depression and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Furthermore, the results of the study reveal that visual tragedy in images
influence viewers to be cautious in accident prone areas. This is contradicted by
the study of the International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences, which
stated that mass media campaigns have virtually no effect in terms of reducing
the number of road accidents, while adding that either both of those measures
ensures a reduction of over 10%. Interestingly enough, it is the local and
personally directed campaigns that show the biggest effect on road accidents.
The result of the study also reveal that graphic visual material violate the
dignity of the victims, which contradicts with Tal Morse, Taylor and Francis of The
London Schools of Economics and Political Sciences (LSE) LSE Research
Online, proving that censorship and sensibility of the content of the images, in
terms of presenting it on the news, falls on the journalist’s shoulder.
Moreover, the present study implies that audience have a sense of
empathy and are moved by the story when viewing graphic visual material,
supporting the article of Helen Lewis which stated that visual components of
news reportage elicit stronger emotional engagement on the part of audiences,
and imbued issues with stronger personal concern than texts.

47
The results are supported by the study of Dr. Lynell Burmark where he
said that unless words, concepts, ideas are hooked onto an image, they will go in
one ear, sail through the brain, and go out the other ear. Words are processed by
short-term memory, where it can only retain about seven bits of information.
Images, on the other hand, go directly into long-term memory, where they are
indelibly etched.

48
Notes
Philippine Statistics Authority Region V. 2015 Census of Population, Highlights.
Demographic Characteristics. rsso5.psa.gov.ph
Michael Dimock. 2019. Defining generations: Where Millennials end and
Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. pewresearch.org
Mark Emmons. 2018. Key Statistics about Millennials in the Workplace. Dynamic
Signal. dynamicsignal.com
Jodesz Gavilan. 2018. IN NUMBERS: What you need to know about the
Philippine labor sector. Rappler. rappler.com
John Newhagen, Clifford Nass, 1983. Differential Criteria for Evaluating
Credibility of Newspapers and TV News. Journalsim and Mass Communication
Quarterly.
Howard Chapnick. 1994. Truth Needs No Ally: Inside Photojournalism. University
og Missouri Press
Jaime B. Ramirez. 1983. Philippine Journalism Handbook: 3rd
Edition. National
Bookstore Publishers.

49
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and the researchers’
recommendations of the study.
Findings
This study focuses on the graphic visual material on online news sites. This
research identifies the level of importance of visual material, as well as the
effects of graphic images to its viewers.
A sample size of 400 was taken from the population of millennials in Legazpi
City. The following are the vital findings of the study:
1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
a. In terms of gender, the respondents were composed of 208 males (52%)
and 192 females (48%).
b. The age bracket of 23 to 26 years old had the greatest number of
respondents (35%) while the least number of respondents is the age
bracket of 35 to 38 years old (17%).
c. Among the 66% employed respondents, most of them were barangay
health workers (11%) and least of them were drivers (2%). The
unemployed form 44% of the general respondents.

50
d. In terms of the frequency of online media usage, the amount of
respondents who answered Always and Sometimes were tied at 29%.
Those who answered Never only come from 2% of the respondents.
2. Online News Sites Used by Respondents
The respondents were given options of the different online sites
accessible by the respondents in obtaining news information on tragedy themed-
stories. Among these sites, most of the respondents use ABS-CBN News. Thus,
it ranked first with a frequency of 256. This was followed by GMA News Online
with 176, ranking second. The least used website are InterAksyon and Net25,
with 1 of each.
3. Level of Importance of Visual Material to News on Online Media
The study measured the level of importance of visual material to news on
online media based on how the respondents rated the indicators which stated the
role of images to news. Upon getting the average responses of the respondents
with the aid of tabular presentation and weighted mean, the results revealed that
most respondents agree on how images allow readers to better understand the
impact of tragedies to human beings, as this indicator had a weighted mean of
4.27. The indicators in the next rank followed with only minimal differences.
These indicators stated that readers are enticed to go beyond the illustration and
read the text that the illustration is made to interpret; images aid the text to be
more understandable for its audience; images have the power to move the world,
change people’s attitudes, stir their emotions, stimulate action, and dramatically

51
and succinctly sum up the essence of the situation while also being informative
and revealing. The indicator with the least weighted mean of 3.98 stated that
photojournalism gives testimony in the court of public opinion.
4. Effects of Visual Material of News on Online Media
The researchers gathered the average responses of the respondents with
the aid of tabular and ranking presentation and found out the effects of visual
material of news on online media. The findings show that the respondents
believe the effects of visual material to themselves is that it helps them
understand the content of the story better. This indicator has the greatest number
of frequency, with 304 of the respondents agreeing with the statement. The
indicator with the least number of frequency stated that certain horrific imagery
will offend readers whose beliefs are affected by the image, with 201
respondents which placed it to 10th
in ranking.
Conclusions
From the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The number of respondents were dominated by male millennials from the
age bracket of 23 to 26 years old. There was a greater number of
employed respondents compared to self-employed and unemployed. Also,
the respondents use online media to gather news information at least 3 to
4 days a week or as frequent as 7 days a week.

52
2. Among the news websites the respondents use to view tragedy-themed
stories, ABS-CBN News has the greatest number of respondents who visit
the site.
3. Overall, the respondents rated the level of importance of visual material to
news on social media as “important” with an average weighted mean of
4.15, for the reason that most respondents agree on how images allow
readers better understand the impact of tragedies to human beings.
4. Results of the study indicate that the respondents believe that graphic
visual material helps in making the content of a story easier to understand.
From this, it can be assumed that visual material has a positive effect
when it accompanies news stories on online media.
Recommendations
In light of the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations were put forward:
1. Based on the study, graphic visual material is important to viewers. Thus,
the online media organizations should continue using graphic visual
material with their news.
2. ABS-CBN News may continue being informative, accurate, and correct, to
further increase the awareness and knowledge of the millennials about the
repercussions of tragedies.
3. It is suggested that journalists may include photos in their news stories to
help their readers understand the content easier.

53
4. The university may consider adding courses that will give students deeper
understanding on using graphic images in presentation of news and
produce more effective citizens of society.
5. Future researchers may conduct study with wide scope of respondents.

54
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16#.W55OFOgzY2x

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Analysis of Humaneness in Online News Photographs.

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Claudine. (2018). The Level of Social Media Literacy of Millennials in
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Journalism Studies, 15 (1). pp. 98-113.

60
APPENDIX A
Bicol University
Legazpi City
ALBAYANOS’ PERCEPTION ON THE ONLINE MEDIA’S GRAPHIC
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name (optional): __________________________________ Sex: [ ] Male [ ]
Female
Address (optional):
_______________________________________________________ Age: _______
Occupation: ____________________________
Instruction: Answer the following questions by checking the boxes that apply to
you.
I. Online Media
1. How often do you use news websites?
[ ] Always (7 days a week)
[ ] Often (5-6 days a week)
[ ] Sometimes (3-4 days a week)
[ ] Seldom (1-2 days a week)
[ ] Never (0 days a week)
II. What are the news websites do you visit?
[ ] Inquirer.net [ ] Philstar.com
[ ] GMA News Online [ ] Manilla Bulletin
[ ] ABS-CBN News [ ] Others, please specify:
_________________

61
Based on surveys by Pew Research Center from 2012-2018 http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-
media/
III. Level of Importance of Visual Material to News on Social Media
Instruction: Check the box of the level of importance of visual material to news online.
5 – Very Important 4 – Important 3 – Fairly Important 2- Slightly Important 1 –
Not Important
Level of Importance of Visual Material to
News on Social Media
5 4 3 2 1
Photographs tell us about people and
emotions, about how we deal with celebration
and suffering, about understanding nature
and the physical environment.
Images allow readers better understand the
impact of tragedies to human beings.
Visuals establish the truth of events that seem
inconceivable.
Graphic photographs are influential in making
plain to the people and to the world the
obscenities of tragedies.
Images affect the social and political views of
its audience.
Photojournalism gives testimony in the court
of public opinion.
Photographs have the power to move the
world, to change people's attitudes, to stir
their emotions and stimulate action.
Images aid the text to be more
understandable for its audience.
Pictures dramatically and succinctly sum

62
Based on Truth Needs No Ally: Inside Photojournalism by Howard Chapnick of the University of Missouri
(1994).
Based on Likert Scale Examples for Surveys by Sorrel Brown of Iowa State University Extension
https://www.extension.iastate.edu/Documents/ANR/LikertScaleExamplesforSurveys.pdf
IV. Effects of Visual Material to News on Online Media
Instruction: The items below contain statements which describe the effects of tragic visual
materials to news stories. Check the items you agree with.
1. Tragedy in images create trauma to its viewers. ________
2. Viewing tragedy in images influence viewers to be cautious in accident prone
areas.
3. Visual material that contains graphic images violate the dignity of the victims. ________
4. Visual material help viewers understand the content of the story better. ________
5. Audience have a sense of empathy when viewing graphic visual material. ________
6. Graphic images and videos give uneasy feelings to audience who are
sensitive to gruesome situations.
________
7. Readers are moved by photos and remember the story better when aided
with graphic material.
________
8. Certain horrific imagery will offend readers whose beliefs are affected by the
image.
9. Viewers can easily recall the story through visual material. ________
10. Readers lose their ability to empathize and evaluate tragedies due to seeing
too much graphic content in images.
________
Others, please specify: ____________________________________________
up the essence of a situation while also
being informative and revealing.
The purpose of photographic illustration is
to entice the reader to go beyond the
illustration and read the text that the
illustration is designed to interpret.

63
APPENDIX B
Bicol University
Legazpi City
Ang Pananaw ng mga Albayano sa Pagpapalabas ng Maseselan na Imahe sa Mga Kuwento
ng Trahedya Presentation Online
[Albayano’s Perception on the Online Media’s Graphic Presentation of Tragedies]
PALATANUNGAN
Pangalan (optional): _____________________________ Kasarian: [ ] Lalaki [ ] Babae
Address (optional): _______________________________________________________
Gulang: _______
Hanapbuhay: ____________________________
Panuto: Sagutin ang mga sumusunod na tanong sa pamamagitan ng paglagay ng tsek sa
inyong sagot.
V. Online Media
2. Gaano kadalas ang pag bisita mo sa mga news websites?
[ ] Madalas [7 beses sa isang linggo]
[ ] Katamtamang dalas [5-6 beses sa isang linggo]
[ ] Paminsan-minsan [3-4 beses sa isang linggo]
[ ] Hindi madalas [1-2 beses sa isang linggo]
[ ] Hindi [0 beses sa isang linggo]
VI. Ano ang mga news websites na iyong binibisita?
[ ] Inquirer.net [ ] Philstar.com
[ ] GMA News Online [ ] Manilla Bulletin
[ ] ABS-CBN News [ ] Iba pa… Pakisulat: _______________

64
VII. Antas ng Kahalagahan ng Biswal na Kagamitan sa News on Online Media
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek ang kahon kung sumasangayon ang inyong opinyon ukol sa
kahalagahan ng mga maseselan na larawan sa balita.
5 – Pinakamahalaga 4 – Mahalaga 3 – Katamtamang halaga 2- Konting mahalaga 1 –
Hindi mahalaga
Antas ng Kahalagahan ng Biswal na Kagamitan
sa News on Online Media
5 4 3 2 1
Ang mga larawan ng tao ay nagpapakita ng
emosyon, pagdiriwang, pagluluksa at pag-
uunawa ng kalikasan.
(Photographs tell us about people and emotions,
about how we deal with celebration and suffering,
about understanding nature and the physical
environment.)
Ang mga larawan ay tumutulong sa
mambabasa upang mauunawaan ang epekto
ng trahedya sa mga tao.
(Images allow readers better understand the
impact of tragedies to human beings.)
Ang mga larawan ay nagbibigay patunay sa
mga pangyayaring hindi kapani-paniwala.
(Visuals establish the truth of events that seem
inconceivable.)
Ang mga larawan ay nagpapakita kung gaano
kaselan ang isang trahedya.
(Graphic photographs are influential in making
plain to the people and to the world the obscenities
of tragedies.)
Ang mga larawan ay nag-iimpluwensya sa
mga pananaw ng mga tao.
(Images affect the social and political views of its
audience.)
Ang photojournalism ay testimonya sa korte

65
ng opinyon ng publiko. (Photojournalism gives
testimony in the court of public opinion.)
Ang mga larawan ay may kakayahang
baguhin ang pananaw at kaugalian ng mga
tao. Ito ay nakakaapekto sa kanilang mga
emosyon at magiging hakbang.
(Photographs have the power to move the world, to
change people's attitudes, to stir their emotions
and stimulate action.)
Tinutulungan ng mga larawan ang
mga mambabasa upang mas
maintindihan ang kwento.
(Images aid the text to be more understandable for
its audience.)
Ang mga larawan ay nagsisilbi bilang
isang buod sa teksto upang magbigay
ng impormasyon at pahayag.
(Pictures dramatically and succinctly sum up the
essence of a situation while also being informative
and revealing.)
Ang mga larawan ay nang-aakit sa
mambabasa na basahin ang buong
kwento.
(The purpose of photographic illustration is to
entice the reader to go beyond the illustration and
read the text that the illustration is designed to
interpret.)

66
VIII. Effects of Visual Material to News on Online Media
Panuto: Ang mga pangungusap sa ibaba ay naglalarawan ng epekto ng mga larawan ng
trahedya sa balita. Lagyan ng tsek ang mga puwang na ika’y sumasangayon.
11. Ang trahedya sa mga larawan ay nagdudulot ng trauma sa mambabasa.
(Tragedy in images create trauma to its viewers.)
12. Ang panonood ng trahedya ay nag-iimpluwensya sa mga manonood na
maging maingat sa mga lugar na madalas ang aksidente. (Viewing tragedy in
images influence viewers to be cautious in accident prone areas.)
13. Ang mga larawan na nagpapakita ng trahedya ay nakakaapekto sa dignidad
ng mga biktima. (Visual material that contains graphic images violate the dignity of
the victims.)
14. Ang mga larawan ay nakakatulong na mas maunawaan ang buong kuwento.
(Visual material help viewers understand the content of the story better.)
15. Ang mga manonood ay nakikiramdam sa mga biktima tuwing nakakakita ng
larawan ng trahedya. (Audience have a sense of empathy when viewing graphic
visual material.)
16. Ang mga imahe and bidyo ng trahedya ay nagbibigay na hindi kanais-nais na
emosyon sa mga manonood na sensitibo sa mga maseselan na sitwasyon.
(Graphic images and videos give uneasy feelings to audience who are sensitive to
gruesome situations.)
17. Ang emosyon ng mga nagbabasa ay mas napupukaw kapag ito ay may
kasamang mga larawan. (Readers are moved by the story better when aided with
graphic material.)
18. Ang mga maseselan na imahe ay nakakaapekto sa mga paniniwala ng
manonood. (Certain horrific imagery will offend readers whose beliefs are affected by
the image.)
19. Ang mga tauhan na naruroon sa trahedya ay maaaring maalala ang
pangyayari sa pamamagitan ng mga larawan. (Viewers can easily recall the story
through visual material.)
20. Dahil sa dami ng mga larawan ng trahedya, nasasanay na ang mga tao sa
pagtingin dito at nawawalan na ng kakayahang makiramdam. (Readers lose
their ability to empathize and evaluate tragedies due to seeing too much graphic
content in images.)
Iba pa… Pakisulat: _____________________________________________

67
APPENDIX C
Bicol University
Legazpi City
February 20, 2019
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
AB Journalism students of Bicol University are conducting a research
entitled “Albayano’s Perception on the Media’s Graphic of Tragedies
Themed Stories Online”. This study aims to identify how individuals perceive
the images that contain graphic content which are included in news stories
posted in social media by news organization.
The researchers shall provide samples of articles by news organizations
to give the respondents a clear view on what the study is about. We then invite
you to participate in our survey by filling out the questionnaire attached.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Christopher Dominus Kyle C. Carullo
Angela E. Fajardo
Ardeline F. Gestre
Maxinne Angela G. Rañeses
Researchers

68
Bicol University
Legazpi City
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the undersigned has edited the Undergraduate
Thesis entitled “ALBAYANOS’ PERCEPTION ON THE ONLINE MEDIA’S
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF TRAGEDIES” prepared and submitted by
Christopher Dominus Kyle C. Carullo, Angela E. Fajardo, Ardeline F. Gestre, and
Maxinne Angela G. Rañeses, in partial fulfilment for the Degree of Bachelor of
Arts in Journalism.
Mr. John Cyril L. Yee
Editor

69
Curriculum Vitae
CARULLO, CHRISTOPHER DOMINUS KYLE C.
Address: Cale, Tiwi, Albay
Email Address:
dcarullo14@gmail.com
Mobile Number: 09994473680
Personal Information
Age: 20
Sex: Male
Birthday: May 25, 1998
Parents: Pio Carullo
Ma. Caroline Carullo
Educational Background
Tertiary Level: Bachelor of Arts in Journalism
2015-2019
Secondary Level: Virgin of Carmel High School
Tigbi, Tiwi, Albay
2011-2015
Primary Level: Our Lady of Salvation College
Tiwi, Albay
2006-2015

70
Curriculum Vitae
FAJARDO, ANGELA E.
Address: 035 J. Reyes St., Brgy. Bitan-o,
Sorsogon, City
Email Address:
aegamafajardo@gmail.com
Age: 20
Sex: Female
Birthday: August 28, 1999
Parents: Jorge Fajardo
Ofelia Fajardo
2015-2019
Secondary Level: Sorsogon National High School
Sorsogon City
2011-2015
Primary Level: Sorsogon East Cenral School
Sorsogon City
2006-2015

71
Curriculum Vitae
GESTRE, ARDELINE FRANCHE
Address: Block 1 lot 15 Irosin Sorsogon
Email Address:
delyne09@gmail.com
Age: 20
Sex: Female
Birthday: July 9, 1998
Parents: Ampon Garay Gestre
Leila Franche Gestre
2015-2019
Secondary Level: Gallanosa National High School
Irosin Sorsogon
2011-2015
Primary Level: Irosin Child Development Centre
Irosin Sorsogon
2006-2015

72
Curriculum Vitae
RAÑESES, MAXINNE ANGELA G.
Address: 036 F. Aquende St., Washington Drive,
Legazpi City
Email Address:
maxinne.raneses@gmail.com
Age: 20
Sex: Female
Birthday: November 24, 1998
Parents: Mark Angelito Rañeses
Ma. Victoria Rañeses
2015-2019
Secondary Level: Aquinas University of Legazpi Science High School
Rawis, Legazpi City
2011-2015
Primary Level: St. Agnes’ Academy
Legazpi City
2006-2015

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