1. Epidemiology of Obesity
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL MEDICINE
YERRA.MRUDULA SUNEEYAM
GROUP :- 4TH
SEMESTER:- 9TH
SUBMITTED TO :- Dr. YRYSOVA M.
BAKIRBAEVNA
Asst. Professor
ISM (IUK)
3. Defining obesity
“Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.”
- World Health Organization(WHO).
Primary Screening Measure
Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / height(m)2
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
4. Defining obesity(CONT.)
Adults
• BMI ≥ 30.0 is obese
• 25.0-29.9 is overweight
• 18.5-24.9 is normal
• < 18.5 is underweight
Children/Adolescents
• Sex/age-specific BMI
• BMI ≥ 95th percentile is
obese
• 85th to less than 95th
percentile is overweight
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html
6. Prevalence of obesity globally
Adults (18+)
• 13% obese
• 600 million
• 39% overweight
• 1.9 billion
Children (under 5)
• 6.7% overweight or
obese
• 43 million
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/publications/overweight_obesity/en/
7. Prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
Adults (20+)
• 34.9% obese
• 78.6 million
• 70% overweight or
obese
Children/Adolescents (2-19)
• 17% obese
• 12.7 million
• 33% overweight or obese
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/subtypingobesity.pdf
9. Prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
Past Targets: Healthy
People 2010
• 15% of adults
• 5% of children
Current Targets: Healthy
People 2020
• 30.5% of adults
• 14.5% of children
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/nutrition-and-
weight-status/objectives
10. Incidence of obesity
• No official measures of U.S. obesity incidence
currently
• Would require accurately identifying the
population at risk (non-obese) at a given point in
time, as well as new cases
• Potential for prospective cohort studies to estimate
• Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class
of 1998-1999
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/IOMEvaln.pdf
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/nejmEditObesityinChildren.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476431
11. • Higher prevalence for American Indians, Alaska
Natives, other Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiians,
Pacific Islanders vs. non-Hispanic whites
• Suggestion from WHO Western Pacific Region that
BMI cutoffs may need to be lower for some Asian
populations due to increased risk for poor health
outcomes
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
ATTRIBUTES ASS. WITH OBESITY
12. AGE
Adults (20+)
• 39.5% ages 40-59
• 35.4% ages 60+
• 30.3% ages 20-39
Children/Adolescents
• 20.5% ages 12-19
• 17.7% ages 6-11
• 8.4% ages 2-5*
*down from 13.9% in less than a decade
(2003/2004 – 2011/2012)
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
14. Genetics
• Family history of obesity
• Other conditions, such as Cushing’s disease
or polycystic ovary syndrome
• Potential gene variants affecting hunger or
metabolism, interacting with environmental
influences.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
15. Income
• Higher incomes associated with decreased risk of
obesity in women, but increased risk in non-
Hispanic black men and Mexican-American men.
• Being at or below the poverty line is associated
with higher rates of obesity among children.
• 9 of 10 states with the highest obesity rates are
among the poorest.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
The Weight of the Nation: Part 1 – Consequences (HBO Documentary)
16. Education
• Women with college degrees have lower risk of
obesity compared to those with less education.
• No educational difference noted for men.
• Generally, obesity rates are lower for children if
head of household has college degree versus
not finishing high school.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
17. Geography & culture
• Higher prevalence of obesity in rural areas
• Risk for obesity among immigrants increases with
time spent in the U.S.
• States with highest rates of obesity also have
lowest physical activity rates for adults
• Unhealthy food and physical activity environments
• Limited food access, availability, affordability.
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2016/activity&health_IOMNov.pdf
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
18. Adverse behaviors
• Diets high in calories, added sugars, fast food
• Average daily calorie intake for adults: 2,234
• Low physical activity
• Only 19% of Americans meet minimum guidelines
• Television or other media
• Sedentary activity
• Increased exposure to food/beverage marketing
• Over 7.5 hours daily for older children/adolescents
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/variables_ChildrenwithCD.ppt
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2013/IO)MObesitypstr.pdf
19. Other risk factors
• Maternal smoking
• Extreme birthweight (low or high)
• Not being breastfed
• Disabilities
• Medications (steroids, antidepressants).
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/variables_ChildrenwithCD.ppt
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2016/activity&health_IOMNov.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
20. Morbidity associated with obesity
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Stroke
• Hypertension
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Some cancers
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-
obesity-statistics.aspx#b
21. Mortality
• More deaths globally associated with
obesity/overweight than underweight
• 2.8 million per year
• ~300,000 deaths each year in the U.S. may be
caused by obesity
• Hard to obtain true estimates without taking age
and cohort effects into account
• Current figures are likely underestimated
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/obesity_text/en/
http://thecommunityguide.org/obesity/index.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23948004
