2. Introduction
The Unit Step Function(HeavisideFunction)
• In engineering applications, we frequently encounter functions
whose values change abruptly at specified values of time t. One
common example is when a voltage is switched on or off in an
electrical circuit at a specified value of time t.
• The value of t = 0 is usually taken as a convenient time to
switch on or off the given voltage.
• The switching process can be described mathematically by the
function called the Unit Step Function which is also known as
the Heaviside Unit Step function.
3. Heaviside’s Unit Step Function
• Definition: The unit step function is denoted as u(t) or H(t)
and is defined as
• That is, u is a function of time t, and u has value zero when
time is negative and value one when time is positive.
• Graphically it can be represented as :-
5. Shifted Unit Step Function
• In many circuits, waveforms are applied at specified intervals
other than t = 0.
• Such a function may be described using the shifted /delayed
unit step function.
• A function which has value 0 up to the time t = a and
thereafter has value 1 is known as shifted unit step function
and is written as
• Graphically it can be represented as
7. Unit Impulse Function
Rectangular Pulse
• A common situation in a circuit is for a voltage to be applied
at a particular time t = a and removed later, at t = b. We
write such a situation using unit step functions as
1 for a <t< b
• We can represent it graphically as :-
0 otherwise
u(t) =
t=a t=b0
1
u(t)
9. Representation of a function using
Heaviside’s Functions
• It is more convenient to represent a function with the help of
unit step function
• A function f(t) can be represented in different ways using
Heaviside’s function.
i. F(t).H(t)
ii. F(t).H(t – a)
iii. F(t – a).H(t)
iv. F(t – a).H(t – b)
v. F(t) from t = a to t = b
10. Case 1 : F(t).H(t)
• We know that 𝐻 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
• Therefore multiplying f(t) with H(t), we get
f t . 𝐻 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
• Hence by taking the product f(t).H(t) the part of f(t) to the left
of the origin is cut off.
• Example : Let 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡2
• f t . 𝐻 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
𝑡2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
11. Case 2 : F(t).H(t - a)
• We know that 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑎 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎
• Therefore multiplying f(t) with H(t - a), we get
𝑓 𝑡 . 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑎 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎
• Hence by taking the product f(t).H(t-a) the part of f(t) to
the left of the t = a is cut off.
• Example: Let 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡2
• 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝐻 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑡2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎
Here a = 2
12. Case 3 : F(t - a).H(t)
• We know the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎 is same as 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 only
difference is that the origin is shifted at a.
• Hence the shape of the curve remains unchanged.
• Therefore 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 . 𝐻 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 𝑎
𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒂 . 𝑯 𝒕 will represent the curve 𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒂 on the
right of origin.
13. Case 4 : F(t - a).H(t - b)
f(t - a).H(t - b) will give the part of the shifted curve f(t - a) to
the right of t = b cutting off the part before t = b
• Since f(t-a) is the curve f(t) with origin shifted to a.
• Here H(t-b) is zero before t = b and unity after t = b.
• Therefore 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎 . 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑏 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 𝑏
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 𝑏
14. Case 5 : Representation of the part of the
curve f(t) from t = a to t = b
• We see that H(t-a) is a unit function on the right of t=a and H(t-b)
on the right of t=b.
• So the function [H(t-a)- H(t-b)] is zero before t=a and after t=b.
• Therefore here H(t)= 𝐻 𝑡 =
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 𝑡 < 𝑏
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Hence the only remaining part of f(t). [H(t-a)- H(t-b)] is between
t=a and t=b called as filter function.
16. Where do we use it?
The function is commonly used in the mathematics of
control theory and signal processing.
Heaviside’s unit step function represents unit output of a
system with possible time lead or lag
It is used to calculate currents when electric circuit is
switches on.
It represents a signal that switches on at a specified
time stays switched on indefinitely.
17. How do we use it?
Heaviside functions can only take values 0 or 1, but we can also
use them to get other kinds of switches.
Example: 4uc(t) is a switch that is off until t = c and then turns on
and takes a value 4.
Now, suppose we want a switch that is on (with a value 1) and
then turns off at t = c.
We can represent this by 1 – uc(t) = {1 – 0 = 1} ; if 𝑡 < 𝑐
= {1 – 1 = 0} ; if 𝑡 ≥ 𝑐