DETAILED ANALYSIS TILL JANUARY 2017

1. CTBT and NPT
By -Sarthak Jain

2. CONTENTS
• CTBT
• ITS IMPORTANCE
• CTBTO
• VERIFICATION REGIME
• WHY THE TREATY HAS NOT BEEN INTO FORCE
YET?
• CURRENT STATUS
• NPT

3. CTBT
• Signed by 183
• Rectified by 166
• Negotiated at the conference on disarmament
in Geneva and adopted by the UNGA.
• 24th sep. 1996
• COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY

4. WHY IMPORTANT?
• Last barrier on the way to develop NW
• Curbs new NW and improvement of existing
NW designs
• Legally binds a nation against nuclear testing
• Prevents human suffering and environment

5. What is the difference between
signature and ratification?
• The signature to a treaty indicates that the country accepts the
treaty. It commits not to take any actions that would undermine
the treaty’s purposes. A treaty is signed by a senior representative
of a country such as the president or the foreign minister.
• The ratification symbolizes the official sanction of a treaty to make
it legally binding for the government of a country.
• process involves the treaty’s adoption by the legislature of a
country such as the parliament. It also includes the submission of
the so-called instrument of ratification to the treaty’s depository,
which for the CTBT is the UN Secretary-General. Only then is the
process of ratification officially concluded.
• The ratification of a treaty may require the adjustment of a
country’s legislation, reflecting its commitments under the treaty.

6. INDIA’S NUCLEAR TEST
POKHRAN 1998
"My views have not changed after I became
defense minister, ... I agree with our decision
not to sign the CTBT or NPT (Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty). We should not only keep
the nuclear option open, but also think about
exercising this option to make nuclear
weapons"

7. • PM Atal B. Vajpayee
• DM George Fernandez
RUSSIA’S DILEMMA
Tests conducted by India(Pokhran) followed by
Pakistan’s NT at Chagai hills in Balochistan,
Placed Russia in a difficult situation.
Memb. Of P-5 and co-architect of CTBT and
NPT,not accepting the one view of P-5 countries
of global acceptance of both treaties at the same
time it values relations with India.

8. CTBTO
The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization was established
on 19 November 1996 with its seat in Vienna. Its
main purpose is to make the necessary preparations
for the effective implementation of the CTBT
CURRENT TREATY STATUS
MEMBER STATES 183
TOTAL RECTIFICATION 166
ANNEX 2 RECTIFICATION 36
LATEST STATE SIGNATORY NIUE(9 APR 2012)
LATEST RECTIFYING STATE MYANMAR(21 SEP 2016)

9. • Has over 260 staff from over 70 countries
• Headed by the Executive Secretary, Lassina
Zerbo from Burkina Faso.
• Main tasks are the promotion of the Treaty
and the build-up of the verification regime so
that it is operational when the Treaty enters
into force.
• Annual budget is around US$130,000,000 or
€120,000,000.(880,11,65,092 Indian Rupee)
• It also establishes a verification regime to
monitor adherence to the Treaty.

10. VERIFICATION REGIME
• The CTBT verification regime is a unique,
comprehensive system, consisting of
• The International Monitoring System(IMS),
• International Data Centre (IDC) and on-site
inspections (OSI).

11. WORKING
• Global alarm system spans the entire globe
• Its 337 Monitering facilities are located in 89
countries from all continents covering territorial
and water bodies.
• IN Vienna International Data Centre (IDC) and
Global satellite system for data transmission
helps in transmitting analysied information to
member countries
• When an event occurs the stations detect info.
Like time,location,magnitude.

12. • Data is transferred by Global Satellite
communication network which comprises of 5
satellites covering the entire globe at a height of
approx. 36000km .
Data analysis
• About 85% of these facilities are already
established and send data to the IDC for analysis.
All raw data and the analysis reports are made
available to Member States.
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea detonated nuclear
devices on two occasions, in October 2006and in May
2009. On both occasions, the CTBT verification regime was
capable of detecting the explosions in a fast and reliable
manner.

13. How many tests have been conducted and by
whom between 1945-96?
COUNTRY NO. OF TESTS
U.S.A over 2000
SOVIETS (700+)
CHINA (45)
UK (45)
FRANCE (200+)

14. After 1996 countries which
carried out nuclear explosions
-
• India in 1998
• Pakistan in 1998
• DPRK in 2006&2009
MDNWT –Tsar bomb
(Soviet RDS 220 Hydrogen bomb)

16. WHY THE TREATY HAS NOT BEEN INTO
FORCE YET?
• The Treaty’s entry into force depends on 44 specific States that must have
signed and ratified the Treaty. These States had nuclear facilities at the
time the Treaty was negotiated and adopted. As of August 2011, 35 of
these States have ratified the Treaty. Nine States still need to do so:
• China,
• the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
• Egypt,
• India,
• Indonesia,(36th country) Feb 6 2012
• Iran,
• Israel,
• Pakistan and the United States.
• India, North Korea and Pakistan have not yet signed the Treaty.
• All 44 States are listed in the Treaty’s Annex 2.

17. Why India refused to sign CTBT?
• India finds CTBT a threat to national security because of its -
1. Discriminatory in nature as US which has already conducted
more than 2000 tests suddenly realizes that here was no need to
test nuclear devices any more.
2. No time-bound disarmament schedule for nuclear weapon states
3. CTBT would not help towards nuclear disarmament since it only
banned nuclear explosive testing, but not other activities related to
nuclear weapons, such as sub-critical (non-nuclear explosive)
experiments, or computer simulations.

18. CURRENT STATUS

19. • INDIA signed a civil nuclear deal with japan.
• Will open door for japanese companies to set up
nuclear reactors in India, will come into effect
once Japan's parliament ratifies it.
• India was confident of its clearance.
• India has signed civil nuclear deal with Russia,
South Korea, Mangolia, France, Namibia,
Argentina, Canada, Kazakhstan and Australia.
• Similar to deal signed with US
• Add’s japans concerns on security and safety
• CTBTO will establish 2 new stations in Ecuador.
• RN24 and IS 20.(mar 2016)

20. Hydrodynamic experiment conducted
in Nevada
• Hydrodynamic experiments such as Leda
involve non-nuclear surrogate materials that
mimic many of the properties of nuclear
materials

21. NPT
• March 1970
• 190 (191 with North Korea)
• 2 categories: NWS & NNWS
• Non signatories
• 1st jan 1967
• 1991 South Africa

22. ARTICLE Comprehend that
1 NWS agree not to help NNWS develop or acquire nuclear
weapons
2 NNWS permanently promise to give up the pursuit of such
weapons
3 tasks the International Atomic Energy Agency with the inspection of the
non-nuclear-weapon states' nuclear facilities.
establishes safeguards for the transfer of fissionable materials between
NWS and NNWS.
4 "fullest possible exchange" of such nuclear-related information and
technology between NWS and NNWS
"inalienable right" of NNWS to research, develop, and use nuclear
energy for non-weapons purposes
5 NNWS access to NWS research and development on the benefits of
nuclear explosions conducted for peaceful purposes.( As the perceived
utility of peaceful nuclear explosions has diminished over time, the
relevance of this clause has lost much of its practical value)
6 commits the NWS to "pursue negotiations in good faith on effective
measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date
and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control."
7 allows for the establishment of regional nuclear-weapon-free-
zones.
8 requires a complex and lengthy process to amend the treaty,

23. • NUCLEAR WEAPON FREE ZONES
BAN ON
• FINANCE
• STOCKPILING
• DEVELOPMENT/PRODUCTION
• USE
• TRANSFER

24. • *North Korea January 10, 2003
• Article X of the
• originally announced its decision to withdraw
March 12, 1993
• not yet a definitive legal opinion as to
whether North Korea is still a party to the NPT.