Synthesis of chelated mineral, types, their properties, bioavailability and their effect on production

1. By - Dr. Sarang Shankar Vajpeyee
Role of Chelated Minerals in Livestock
& Poultry Production

2. Categories of Essential Minerals
Macro Minerals
(found in concentrations > 100 ppm)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Sodium (Na)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Potassium (K)
• Sulfur (S)
Micro (Trace) Minerals:
(found in concentrations < 100 ppm)
• Manganese (Mn)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Selenium (Se)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Cobalt (Co)
• Copper (Cu)
• Fluoride (Fl)
• Iodine (I)
• Iron (Fe)

3. Introduction
 Minerals are essential nutrients for all animals. They have a wide range
of activities and functions within the body, in metabolism, reproduction, the
immune system, growth, development and repair of various tissues.
 Minerals are required in very small amounts in the diet and their uptake
from the digestive tract can be impaired by other dietary components or the
presence of ‘antagonists’.
 Natural feedstuffs such as corn, wheat, soybean meal, etc. contain
essential trace elements, which are required by animals. But these trace
elements are often in a form which renders them unavailable to the animal.

4.  For example, the availability of copper for absorption is heavily
influenced by molybdenum, sulphur and iron.
.
 Presence of Anti nutritional factors
1. Phytate
2 . Oxalate
3. Mimosine
4.Gossypol
(Angel et al., 2002).

6. Increased Excretion
 In modern commercial practice trace minerals are being added to diets
with high safety margin, often exceeding requirements (Aksu et
al..,2012)
 It was found that about 94%of Zn ingested by broiler chicken is excreted
(Mohanna and Nys,1997)
 Fertilisation of soil with poultry manure introduces excess amount by
660% in comparison to plant requirements,and may cause phytotoxicity
((Mohanna and Nys,1998)

7. How to increase absorption
Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called
‘Chelates’.
Chelates :
“firmly bind a metal ion with an organic molecule (ligand) to form a ring
structure”. The resulting ring structure protects the mineral from entering
into unwanted chemical reactions.
Naturally occurring chelates :
Chlorophyll's
Cytochrome
Haemoglobin
Vitamin B12

8. • In Chelation, chelating ligand furnishes at least two donor groups to combine with the
metal.
• One of the donor groups generally comes from an amino group (NH2), forming a
complex covalent bond.
• The other donor group should come from the carboxyl group, (COOH), and forms an
ionic bond.
• A minimum of two donor ligands must be used.
Metal Chelate

9. what exactly happens
Inorganic mineral
Typically in oxide or sulfide form,
Ionized in the stomach’s Ph
The electrically charged forms of the minerals
Reacts with other products of digestion. .

10. How chelates are absorbed
 Chelates are stable, electrically neutral complexes, which protect trace
minerals from chemical reactions during digestion that would render the
mineral unavailable to the animal.
 Complexes with naturally occurring organic ligands must form if
absorption is to occur. However, the formation of insoluble, unavailable
substances may also result, especially in the small intestine, when
pancreatic bicarbonate restores a higher, more neutral ph.
 Added minerals precomplexed with organic ligands thus are used to
increase bioavailability and uptake. The chelated mineral reaches the
plasma intact and separates at the site of action.

11. How to prepare a chelate
By reaction
mineral salt +
enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide
Controlled
condition
Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point
Form Ring

12. Technology for preparation of chelated minerals
Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by centrifuge
and ultrafiltration
Chelation process
Removal of unbound mineral
Drying, grinding and storage
Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003

13.  A true chelate that is stable requires at least five bonds which form a ring.
 The mineral must be bonded in the chelate ring by two of the elements of
the ligand
 It must have a molecular weight that is less than 1500 daltons in order to
penetrate the body cell membranes as an intact chelate.
 Stability of the chelate compared to analogus complexes is known as
chelating effect
(Stancev et al..,2004)
A Chelate must have these properties:

14. Classification of organic minerals
1.Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
2.Metal Aminoacid Complex
3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate
4.Mineral proteinnates
5.Mineral polysaccharide complex

15. Complexation and Chelates
 Metalic ion + Ligand Complex
 complex may be as simple as only one bond
 Or complex contain many bond - Chelates
Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3
(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)
Metal Complex Cu
NH3

16. Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product resulting from
complexing a soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid. Minimum metal
must be declared, When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be
declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine
complex etc.
Classification of organic minerals
Examples are:
Copper lysine complex
Zinc lysine complex
Ferric methionine complex
Manganese methionine complex
Zinc methionine complex

17. – Product resulting from complexing of a soluble metal salt (such as
copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s). Minimum metal
content must declared when used as a commercial feed ingredient.
Metal Aminoacid Complex
Examples are:
• Copper amino acid complex
• Zinc amino acid complex
• Magnesium amino acid complex
• Iron amino acid complex
• Calcium amino acid complex
• Potassium amino acid complex
• Manganese amino acid complex

18. Metal Aminoacid Chelate – From the reaction of a metal ion from a
soluble metal salt with amino acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal
to one to three (preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate
covalent bonds.
Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150. The minimum
metal content must be declared.
Examples are:
Calcium amino acid chelate
Cobalt amino acid chelate
Copper amino acid chelate
Iron amino acid chelate
Magnesium amino acid chelate
Manganese amino acid chelate
Zinc amino acid chelate

19. Metal proteinate
The product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with partially
hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal
proteinate.
Examples are:
Copper proteinate
Zinc proteinate
Magnesium proteinate
Iron proteinate
Cobalt proteinate
Manganese proteinate
Calcium proteinate

20. Metal Polysaccharide Complex
The product resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide solution
declared as a ingredient as the specific metal complex
Examples are:
Copper polysaccharide complex
Iron polysaccharide complex
Zinc polysaccharide complex
Magnesium polysaccharide complex

21. Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition
Main Objectives :
1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among
minerals.
2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals
3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals
4. Performance improvement.
5. Advantagenious especially during times of high nutritional demand,
such as pregnancy, weaning, or other reproductive stress, rapid
growth, environmental stress or health stress.
.

22. 5.Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)
6. over all animal welfare
7. Improvement in animal products quality
8. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes
and feed.
9. Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

23.  The activity of GSH, GSH-Px, SOD and MDA increased gradually with
the organic minerals
 A number of feeding trials under practical conditions have shown
significant benefits in the performance of livestock (improvement in
liveweight and feed conversion ratio, better egg yolk quality (poultry),
increased milk yield and improved milk composition (dairy animals), and
overall improvement on egg production and egg hatchability (breeder
hens)
 The milk yield and fat corrected milk (FCM) were significantly
increased (P < 0.05) for both the ZnMet rations compared with inorganic
Zn ra-tion.

24. Greater bioavailability compared to
inorganic trace minerals
Studies from the University of Florida compare different organic zinc products with
each other and a control.
In the first study,
• KeyShure zinc was the only zinc source that was significantly more bioavailable
than zinc sulfate ( Cao et. al. 2000. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2039-2054)
In a second study
• The comparisons were based on zinc deposition in bone and the concentration of
intestinal cell enzymes associated with zinc uptake
(Cao et al. 2002. Animal Feed Science and Technology 101:161-170) .

25. Reduced Excretion
• Improved mineral retention and benefits to the environment:
• Research papers have shown that chelated minerals, once absorbed, have
higher retention in body tissue.
• Keyshure organic zinc was shown to be retained better than zinc oxide in
bone and mucosa of poultry (J. Animal Science 2000
78: 2039).
• We can lower the supplementation of trace minerals in the diet and thereby
lower excretion and environmental contamination,
(Creech B. L., et al Journal of Animal Science 2004)
.

26. Manganese (HMTBa)2was about 150% as available as the manganese from
manganous oxide
(Dibner, et al., 2004; Yan and Waldroup, 2006)

27. Effect of trace mineral source on animal performance

28. Influence of inorganic forms of microelements and bioplex on shell quality
and capacity of laying hens
Indicator of the production Inorganic Organicbioplex(cu,mn,zn)
Egg mass, g 62.25 62.75
Shell mass, g 5.71 5.90
Shell thickness,mm 0.361 0.366
Cracked eggs,% 3.56 2.98
Laying, % 8O.13 210
Shell firmness, N 29.45 29.99
Yildiz et al., 2011; Ao and Pierce, 2013; Invernizzi et al., 2013

29. Influence of inorganic forms of microelements and bioplex on
production parameters of heavy line parents
Features Inorganic Organic- bioplex(Ca,Zn, Mn)
Total productionof egg/hen 109.5 110.96
Eggs for incubation/hen 98.33 101.27
Consumption(kg/hen) 24.76 25.10
Eggfertility 86.80 87.39
Chicken/hen 85.35 88.50
El-Samee et al., 2012; Solomonand Bain, 2012;

32. Conclusion ;-
• Organic trace minerals offer a means of protecting and ensuring the
supply of minerals.
• Organic trace minerals permits a reduction of at least 33% in supplement
rates in comparison with inorganic minerals ,without compromising
performance.
• It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.

33.  Use of chelated minerals can reduce the excretion of minerals in faeces
and reduce detrimental effects of intensive poultry production in the
environment.
 Use of chelated minerals in poultry nutrition is now established as a
better alternative to inorganic sources.

34. References
1. Chelated minerals in livestock nutrition by Roy, R. K. Misger,
F. A.
2. New generation of organic trace minerals: a considerable step
in the nutrition of farm animals.by I. Parker, D Keller, S.
3 . Chelated trace minerals benefit layer performance. By Parker, D
4 . Internet

35. Thank you