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2. METAL IONS IN BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEM-
ESSENTIAL AND
TRACE ELEMENTS
PRESENTED BY,
SREEJA.N.S

3. INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION
 The basic needs of all living organisms are
essentially the same.
 They require some elements in larger
quantities and some of them in traces, which
are important for the growth and
development.
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4. CRITERIA FOR ESSENTIALITY:
 The element must be absolutely necessary
for supporting normal growth and
reproduction.
 The requirement of the element must be
specific.
 The element must be directly involved in the
metabolism of living organisms.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMETALS
1) Essential Metals:
Eg: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mo, Zn, Fe, Cu etc.
2) Beneficial Metals:
Eg: Li, V,Cr,Ni, Sn etc
 They form insoluble hydroxides and
phosphates.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
 Most living matter consists bulk elements—
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
sulphur. They are the building blocks of our
body.
 Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium,
chlorine, and phosphorus—are called macro
minerals.
 Remaining essential elements called trace
elements and are present in small amounts.6

7. THE TRACE ELEMENTS
 Difficult to detect low levels of some of the
essential elements, so the trace elements
were relatively slow to be recognized.
 Many compounds of trace elements are
toxic.
 Dietary intakes of elements range from
deficient to optimum to toxic with

8. IMPORTANCE AND RELATIVE
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS
 The lighter elements(up to z=35) are
mainly important.
 Among non-metals iodine is the
heaviest one.
 The important biometals involved in
metalloproteinase and metalloenzymes
appear mainly from first transition
series.
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9.  The approximate chemical abundance of
some metals in sea water and human
plasma tabulated below.
Table 1
Approximate chemical abundance of some transition metals
(including Zn)
in sea water and human plasma.
Fe Zn Cu Mo Co Cr V Mn Ni
Sea water in
10-8 mol/dm3
0.00
5-2
8 1 10 0.7 0.4 4 0.7 0.5
Human
plasma in
10-8mol/dm3
2200 170
0
16
00
10
00
0.0
02
5.5 18 11 4.5

10. Table 2
Distribution of some non –transition
metals and some common anions in blood
–plasma and sea water.
Na+ Mg2+ Ca2+ K+ HPO4
2- Cl- SO4
2-
Sea water in
10-3mol/dm3
470 50 10 10 0.001 55 28
Blood
plasma in
10-3mol/dm3
140 1 3 4 1 100 1

11. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
1)IRON(Fe):
 Present in Hb,myoglobin ,enzymes etc.
 3-5g total content of body.
 While 75% is in blood. Rest is in bone
marrow, muscles etc.
 10mg/d.
 SOURCES:
 Food, plants, fruits etc.

13.  Functions:
 Responsible for electron transfer
reactions.
 Activates enzymes.
 Tissue growth and blood haemoglobin.
 Maintain the pressure of cellular
respiration.
 DEFICIENCY:
 Anemia.

14. 2) IODINE(I):
 SOURCES:
 Common salt sea food
 FUNCTIONS:
 Important constituent of thyroxin.
 Biosynthesis of iodinated hydrides.
 Present in hormones (T3,T4 etc.)
 DEFICIENCY:
 Goitre, Hypothyroidism.

15.  3)ZINC(Zn):
 Essential element for all organisms.
 SOURCES:
 Sea food, milk, meats liver etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Present in large number of enzymes.
 Essential for tissue repairing and wound
healing.
 Maintains normal concentration of vitamin
A in plasma.

16.  DEFICIENCY:
 Growth retardation.
 Skin lesions.
 Loss of body hair.
 Inhibition of sexual maturation etc.
 FI
Skin lesions. Loss of hair.

18. 4)MANGENESE(Mn):
 It absorbs in the form of Mn2+ ions.
 SOURCES:
 Foods, fruits etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Activates enzymes involved in
photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen
metabolism.
 Converts nitrogenous waste product into
urea in liver.

19.  DEFICIENCY:
 Retarded growth.
 Skeletal abnormalities.
 In soil inhibit plant growth and lead to
infertility in mammals.

20. 5)CALCIUM(Ca):
 A common individual require 1-1.2gm/d.
 Absorbs in the form of Ca2+.
 SOURCES:
 Milk, egg beans, nuts etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Major constituent of bones, teeth etc.
 90% in the skeleton.
 Present in meristematic tissues, synthesis
of cell wall.

21.  Plays important role in regulating
metabolic activities.
 DEFICIENCY:
 Irritation, weakness of bones in Children
and osteoporosis in adults.

22. 6)POTASSIUM(K):
 Absorbed as K+ Ions.
 Intake about 4g/d for the normal
functioning of the body.
 SOURCES:
 Bananas, juices of orange and pineapple
etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Maintains anion - cation balance in cells.
 Protein synthesis.

23.  DEFICIENCY:
 Leads to diabetes
 Problems in blood sugar metabolism.

24.  7)SODIUM(Na):
 An essential element.
 5-10g of sodium chloride required for
adult.
 SOURCES:
 Salted foods, bread cheese, carrots, nuts
etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Na+ is the major cation of blood.
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26.  8)COPPER(Cu):
 Essential trace element.
SOURCES:
 Nuts , Fishes, liver of meats etc.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Important constituent of heamocyanin.
 Copper containing enzymes play important role
in pigmentation , functioning of brain , iron
metabolism etc.
 DEFICIENCY:
 Nephrosis.
 Fruits may split at the blossom(citrus fruits).

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