mechanism of action of toxin binders and available binders in market

1. TOXIN BINDERS
Submitted by-
Devi Prasad Behera
L-2016-V-05-M

2. BRIEF POINTS :
• Loss in production of livestock enterprises is largest due to
mycotoxins.
• Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus
are the most common mycotoxins found in feeds.
• Of the major forms of aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 is the most common and
biologically active component.
• These are small and quite stable molecules which are extremely
difficult to remove or eradicate
• One of the strategies for reducing the exposure to mycotoxins is to
decrease their bioavailability by including various mycotoxin-adsorbing
agents in the compound feed

3. OCCURRENCE OF
MYCOTOXINS :
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION MYCOTOXINS CONTAMINATING FEED
STUFFS
WINTER condition with high moisture Vomitoxin, Zeralenone, ochratoxin, T-2
toxin, Fumonisins
WARM AND HUMID conditions Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin (produced by
Aspergillus species only) and
fumonisins

4. MAXIMUM LIMIT :
COUNTRIES PRODUCT LIMIT(ppb) SPECIES
UNITED STATES Milk 0.5 Humans
Any food , except milk 20 Humans
Feed 20 All species
INDIA Animal feeds 50 Poultry and
livestock

5. IMPACT OF MYCOTOXINS :
• Reduced immune response
• Reduced feed intake
• Reduced nutrient absorption
• MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
• Residues in meat / Eggs
• Condemnations / Downgrading Bruising
• Loss of salable product (i.e. liver, gizzard erosion)
• Reproduction (loss in fertility & hatchability)
• Decreased serum concentrations of total protein, cholesterol and
triglyceride
• Reduction in T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte and WBC counts

6. ANALYSIS :
 Magnitude of toxicity varies with:
- Mycotoxin type
- Mycotoxin concentration
- Young >> older
- Nutritional factors
 Aflatoxin negative effects lower in birds consuming:
- Higher protein
- Higher methionine

7. CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINS-
 Nutritional modifications :
– Methionine, Selenium and vitamin
- Mycotoxin get detoxified in liver utilising glutathione(selenium containing
compound),which is composed of cysteine(derivative of methionine)
 Herbal mould inhibitors :
– aqueous extract of garlic, onion, turmeric and neem
- exert anti-fungal activity
 Chemical detoxification :
– ammonia, sodium bisulfite , peroxide acids , bases and gases
- concerning safety and palatability of feed
 Application of mineral clays : Aluminosilicates (Adsorbing agents)
 Microbial degradation : rumen microbes
 Natural and Organic binder : Esterified glucomannan

8. CURE
1) To reduce mycotoxin absorption and bioavailability by using various
mycotoxin binders.
Widely used - aluminosilicates like clay , bentonite , zeolite, aqueous sodium
calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and activated charcoal.
2) Degradation of mycotoxins into non-toxic metabolites by using indigestible
complex carbohydrates
Ex- (bacterium and yeast cell walls), enzyme, vitamin, amino-acid and
synthetic polymers like cholestralamine, polivinyl-polypyrrolidone polymers
(PVPP).
In-vitro studies on the binding capacity of many adsorbents,
HSCAS and MOS has shown that these are the most effective
choice.

9. 1) ALUMINOSILICATES
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS)
• Studies indicate that HSCAS clay can adsorb AFB1 with high affinity and high
capacity.
• These are large molecular weight compounds that binds the mycotoxins in
contaminated feed without dissociating in the gastrointestinal tract of the
animal.
• It binds through different types of interactions like hydrophobic binding,
hydrogen bridges, electrostatic attraction or repulsion, and coordination
bonds.
• In this way the toxin-adsorbing agent complex passes through the animal and is
eliminated via faeces.
• HSCAS @ 1.0 % of the feed (10 Kg per ton) diminishes adverse effects
• Effective against Aflatoxin only
• It can markedly reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins in poultry

10. ALUMINOSILICATES
 Phylosilicates:
- Having high surface area than other silicates.
- Generally Phylosilicates have high CEC(Cationic exchange capacity)
which may disturb the nutrients like Vitamins and trace elements.
 Tectosilicates:
- These are the first kind of silicates used in animal feeds.
- Having optimal CEC and higher adsorption capacity for polar toxins like
Aflatoxin and Fumonisin.

11. 2) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL :
 It is a broad-spectrum adsorber
 Usually adsorb a variety of molecules at the same time.
 The two principal physical properties of activated carbons, upon which their
properties depend on that are surface area and pore structure.
 It is an established adsorbent of bacterial endotoxins, putrefactive toxins,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphate insecticides, synthetic
herbicides and fungicides, synthetic drug overdoses, alkaloids and
mycotoxins.
 Activated Charcoal was found to reduce ochratoxin absorption and is
efficacious in preventing T2 toxicosis.

12. 3) Cross linked insoluble polyvinyl
pyrrolidone homopolymer (PVPP) :
 PVPP is a non-nutritive adsorbent
 It is called as “SWELLING POLYMER”.
 After entering into the intestinal environment its surface is increased by 3-5
folds.
 PVPP is well known to form complexes with a wide variety of substances
mainly through the mechanism of hydrogen bonding.
 These complexes are very stable in common solvents like water, alcohols etc.
which means that bound toxins can be excreted with the faeces safely from
the animal body.

13. 4) YEAST CELL WALLS (MOS) :
 Cell walls derived from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
 Yeast cell walls consist almost entirely of proteins and carbohydrates
 carbohydrate fraction is composed primarily of glucose, mannose, and N-
acetyglucosamine
 Glucans and mannans, the two main sugars, are found in about equal
concentrations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 Yeast mannan chains of various sizes are exposed on the external surface and
are linked to cell wall proteins
 The cell walls harbouring polysaccharides, proteins and lipids exhibit numerous
different and easy accessible adsorption centres.
 Effective against aflatoxin , ochratoxin and T-2 toxin

14. IDEAL FEATURE OF A GOOD BINDER :
 Ability to bind wide range of mycotoxins
 Low effective inclusion rate in feed
 Rapid and uniform dispersion in the feed during mixing
 Heat stability during pelleting , extrusion and during storage
 No affinity for vitamins, minerals or other nutrients
 High stability over a wide pH range
 Bio-degradability after excretion

15. PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN MARKET :
Venky’s
Virbac
Zydus
Neospark

16. VENKY’S
TRADE NAME COMPOSITION DESCRIPTION DOSE PRESENTATION
BIO-BANTOX
(POWDER)
Phyllosilicates Broad Spectrum Mycotoxin
Adsorbent
Feeding Direction
Through Feed :
- 1.0 kg/ton of feed
at Moisture < 15%
- 1.5 kg/ton of feed
at Moisture >15%
1 kg, 5 kg, & 25
kg bag.
BIO-BANTOX™PLUS
(POWDER)
dipolar
phyllosilicates
Clay is purified
looking into net adsorption of
specific mycotoxins  creates
more points where the electrical
charges of clay
can coincide with the electrical
charges of mycotoxins 
increasing the NET adsorption of
mycotoxins and Pesticides.
- 1.0 kg/ton of feed
at Moisture <15%
- 1.5 kg/ton of feed
at Moisture >15%
1 kg & 25 kg

17. VIRBAC
TRADE
NAME
COMPOSITION DESCRIPTION DOSE PRESENTATION
TOXIMAR
(POWDER)
Natural
Hydrated
Sodium Calcium
Aluminium
Silicates
(HSCAS)
- Broad
Spectrum
Mycotoxin
Adsorbent
- Inhibition of
bacterial
growth by
reducing pH
of feed
Moisture level in
feed :
- Upto 15% -
1 kg / ton of feed
- Above 15% -
1.5 to 2 kg / ton
of feed
5 kg

18. ZYDUS
TRADE NAME COMPOSITION DOSE PRESENTATION
TOXIWIN-ES
(POWDER)
HSCAS with oxides of sodium,
calcium, magnesium and iron,
Organic acids (acetic acid, propionic
acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid),
MANNAN-OLIGOSCCHARIDES &
Activated charcoal
500 g /ton of feed 10 Kg
TOXIWIN
(POWDER)
HSCAS with oxides of sodium,
calcium, magnesium and iron
500 g / ton of feed 10 Kg

19. NEOSPARK
TRADE NAME COMPOSITION DESCRIPTION DOSE PRESENTATION
ULTRASIL-TCF HSCAS with Organic
Acids Propionic, Acetic,
2, 4-hexadienoic,
benzene carboxylic acid,
isobutyric acid together
with Gentian violet and
1,2 dihydroxy propane
- Good acidifiers
- Organic acid useful
as preservatives and
mould inhibitors
- Propionic acid helps
to eliminate
salmonella in feed
TOXINS-
Up to 500 ppb:
0.5 kg /ton of feed
501 to 750 ppb:
1.0 kg /ton of feed
750 to 1000 ppb:
2.5 kg /ton of feed
5 Kg,10 Kg & 25
kg.
US CURATOX-FS Mixed silicates, Cross
linked insoluble PVPP,
MOS, Activated
Charcoal, XMB
Factors, Organic Acids
(Mould Inhibitors)
along with Lipotropic
factors
- Contains seven factors
with their beneficial
effects
- 500 gm per tonne
of feed for regular
prevention purpose.
- dose can be
increased from 1.0
to 1.5 Kg depending
on the severity of
contamination
5 Kg,10 Kg & 25
kg.

20. THANK YOU …