2. Out line
Existing data and original data
Dimension of data collection methods
Types of data collection
Self-report techniques for quantitative
Advantages and disadvantages of self-report
Observation technique for quantitative
Advantages and disadvantages of observation
Biophysiologic measures
Types of biophysiologic measures
Advantages and disadvantages of biophysiologic measures
3. Objectives
At the end of lecture you can:
Differentiate between existing data and original data
List the type of data collection
Explore dimension of data collection methods
self-report, observation and biophysiologic measures
Advantages and disadvantages of each type of data collection
6. Structure the same information is gathered from all participants in a
comparable, prespecified way. Sometimes, however, it is more
appropriate to allow participants to reveal relevant information in a
naturalistic way.
Quantifiability Data that will be analyzed statistically must be
quantifiable.
7. Obtrusiveness Data collection methods differ in the degree to which
researchers are obtrusive in their efforts and participants are aware of
their status as study participants.
Objectivity Quantitative researchers generally strive for methods that
are as objective as possible.
In qualitative research, however, the subjective judgment of the
investigator is considered a valuable tool.
8. Major Types of Data Collection Methods
Data
Collection
Methods
self-reports
Observations
biophysiologic
measures
9. Self-report techniques
Self-reports are participants’ responses to questions posed by the
researcher, as in an interview.
Self-reports are appropriate when researchers know in advance exactly
what they need to know.
10. Direct observation of people’s behaviors, characteristics, and
circumstances is an alternative to self-reports for certain research
questions.
biophysiologic measures to assess important clinical variables.
11. self-reports
A lot of information can be gathered by questioning people
instrument:
1- questionnaire
open-ended questions
closed-ended questions
2- interview schedule
12. Questionnaire
Closed-ended questions
fixed-alternative questions.
response alternatives
The alternatives may range from a simple yes or no to complex
expressions of opinion. The purpose of such questions is to ensure
comparability of responses and to facilitate analysis.
open-ended questions
allow participants to respond to questions in their own words.
13.
14. Instrument Construction
1- researchers must carefully monitor the wording of each question for clarity,
sensitivity to respondents’ psychological state, absence of bias, and reading level.
2- Questions must be sequenced.
3- Draft instruments are usually critically reviewed by peers or colleagues and then
pretested with a small sample of respondents.
A pre-test is a trial run to determine whether the instrument is
useful in generating desired information.
The development and pretesting of self-report instruments can
take many months to complete.
16. Scales and other forms
A scale is a device that assigns a numeric score to people along a
continuum, like a scale for measuring weight.
The most common scaling technique is the Likert scale, which consists
of several declarative statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a
topic.
17.
18. summated rating scales A person’s total score is determined by summing
item scores.
the semantic differential (SD) for measuring attitudes
is respondents are asked to rate concepts (e.g., dieting, exercise) on a series
of bipolar adjectives, such as good/bad, effective/ineffective,
important/unimportant. Respondents place a check at the appropriate point
on a seven-point scale that extends from one extreme of the dimension to
the other.
the visual analog scale (VAS) for psychosocial measure is
19.
20. The most important biases include
the following:
* Social desirability response set bias—a tendency to misrepresent
attitudes or traits by giving answers that are consistent with prevailing
social views
* Extreme response set bias—a tendency to consistently express
extreme attitudes or feelings (e.g., strongly agree), leading to
distortions because extreme responses may be unrelated to the trait
being measured
21. Acquiescence response set bias—a tendency to agree with statements
regardless of their content by some people (yea-sayers).
The opposite tendency for other people (nay-sayers) to disagree with
statements independently of the question content is less common.
22. These biases can be reduced through such strategies as counterbalancing
positively and negatively worded statements.
developing sensitively worded questions.
creating a permissive.
nonjudgmental atmosphere.
guaranteeing the confidentiality of responses.
23. Vignettes
brief descriptions of events or situations to which respondents are
asked to react.
The descriptions, which can either be fictitious or based on fact, are
structured to elicit information about respondents’ perceptions,
opinions, or knowledge about a phenomenon
24. Vignettes are an economic means of eliciting information about how
people might behave in situations that would be difficult to observe in
daily life.
25. Q Sorts
participants are presented with a set of cards on which words or
statements are written. Participants are asked to sort the cards along a
specified bipolar dimension, such as agree or disagree. Typically, there
are between 50 and 100 cards to be sorted into 9 or 11 piles, with the
number of cards to be placed in each pile predetermined by the
researcher.
26. Evaluation of Self-Report Methods
- the most common method of data collection in nursing studies
- self-report instruments can gather retrospective data about activities
- Structured self-reports are also appropriate when researchers want to
test hypotheses concerning relationships.
self-report methods have some weaknesses.
the validity and accuracy of self-reports: How can we be sure that
respondents feel or act the way they say they do? How can we trust the
information that respondents provide
