2. Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives
Definitions of educational
technology
Identifying the component parts of a
computer system
Functions of a given systems device
Classifying computer software
Describing the contributions of
educational technologists
Classifying educational technology
products
4. “Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of gadgets,
instrument, machines, and
devices….most (educators) will
defer to technology as
computers”
-- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education-- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education
Technology into Teaching (IETIT)Technology into Teaching (IETIT)
5. ““Only about a decade ago, a
history of technology in
education since 1920 placed the
emphasis on radio and
television, with computers as
an afterthought .”
--Cuban, 1986--Cuban, 1986 (IETIT) p.5
6. However, Saettler (1990) urgesHowever, Saettler (1990) urges
“The historical function of“The historical function of
educational technology is aeducational technology is a
processprocess rather than a product.”rather than a product.”
7. Any useful definition of
educational technology, therefore,
must focus on the process of
applying tools for educational
purposes, and the materials used.
8. In education, the combination of
process and product merges
instructional procedures with
instructional tools.
9. Technology in Education asTechnology in Education as
Media and AudiovisualMedia and Audiovisual
CommunicationsCommunications
10. Audiovisual movement: ways of
delivering information that could be
used as alternatives to lectures and
books.
Audiovisual communications: the
“branch of educational theory and
practice concerned primarily with the
design and use of messages which
control the learning process.”
(Saettler, IETIE,p6)
AECT- Association for Ed. Commo.
and Technology.
11. Technology in Education asTechnology in Education as
Instructional SystemsInstructional Systems
12. 1960s and 1970s
Human and non-human resources
( teachers and media).
Systematic approach to designing,
developing, and delivering
instruction matched to carefully
identified needs.
International Society for
Performance Improvement.
Validating and creating instruction.
13. Technology in Education asTechnology in Education as
Vocational Training ToolsVocational Training Tools
14. Technology in Education:
1. School learning prepares students
for the world of work.
2. Vocational training can be a
practical means of teaching.
ITEA (International Technology
Education Association).
15. Technology in Education asTechnology in Education as
Computers and Computer-basedComputers and Computer-based
SystemsSystems
16. Instructional and supportive
applications of computers.
Computers began to be used in
classrooms in 1960s until 1990
and was known as educational
computing.
By the mid-1990s, educational
computing became known as
educational technology.
ISTE (International Society for
Technology in Education) holds the
following views:
18. An emphasis on ComputerAn emphasis on Computer
SystemsSystems
Computers as media are becoming
more complex and more
capable.
Computer systems are subsuming
other forms of media.
The perceived complexity of
computer-based systems has made
it more difficult for educators to
effectively integrate software and
20. What’s a Computer??What’s a Computer??
Hardware
Providing the Electronic Capability
Software
Communicating with the Hardware
Any electromechanical device that
accepts input, processes input and
produces output.
21. Software in a Computer SystemSoftware in a Computer System
Systems Software ( Types of
Operating Systems)
Applications Software (used for
Education, Entertainment, or
Edutainment)
22. Systems Software (Types ofSystems Software (Types of
Operating Systems)Operating Systems)
Unix
Ms-DOS
Apple Dos, ProDOS
Macintosh DOS, System 7
Windows 95
23. Applications Software forApplications Software for
EducationEducation
Tool Software:
1. Word Processing
2. Spreadsheets
3. Database Management
4. Integrated Packages
5. Graphics Software
6. Communications Software
7. Other Tools
24. Applications Software forApplications Software for
Education( cont.)Education( cont.)
Programming Software:
1. BASIC
2. Logo
3. FORTRAN
4. COBOL, SNOBOL
5. C
6. Pascal
7. PL/1
25. Applications Software forApplications Software for
Education( cont.)Education( cont.)
Courseware:
1. Tutorial
2. Drill & Practice
3. Simulation
4. Instructional Games
5. Problem Solving
26. Hardware:Hardware: Providing theProviding the
Electronic CapabilityElectronic Capability
1. Input functions:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick and game paddle
• Bar-code reader
• Scanner
• Touch screen and light pen
27. Hardware:Hardware: Providing theProviding the
Electronic Capability (cont.)Electronic Capability (cont.)
2. Output Functions
• Printers
• Monitors
3. Input and Output Functions
• Disk drives
28. The CPU’s StepsThe CPU’s Steps
Step 1.
The controller gets an instruction
from the system’s internal memory
and puts it in a register.
Step 2.
The controller directs the ALU to do
necessary computations.
Step 3.
The controller gets the result from the
register and stores it once again in
29. CPU Central Processing UnitCPU Central Processing Unit
ALU : stands for Arithmetic/Logic
Unit
Control Unit: directs the activities of
the whole system.
30. The Internal and ExternalThe Internal and External
Memory and CommunicationMemory and Communication
FunctionsFunctions
The internal memory functions:
A limited amount of space is
arranged inside the computer for
storage of instructions. For example:
RAM and ROM.
The external memory functions:
External storage devices can store
larger quantities of information. For
Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.
31. The Internal and ExternalThe Internal and External
Memory and CommunicationsMemory and Communications
FunctionsFunctions
The communications function is
optional, but it is vital for
communicating with other systems.
For example: Modem and Fax.
32. Software:Software: Communicating with theCommunicating with the
HardwareHardware
Programming Languages:
Low-Level languages (Machine and
Assembly).
High-Level languages (Java, Cobol,
VC++ and Fortran ).
33. Types of Software
Systems Software
Acts as a visible interface between
the machine and the user.
Applications Software
Programs written to do tasks, such
as word processing or drawing
pictures.
34. Software DesignSoftware Design
Step 1. Analyzing the problem
Step 2. Developing the algorithm
Step 3. Coding
Step 4. Testing
Step 5. Revising and Debugging
35. Types of Computer SystemsTypes of Computer Systems
Personal Computers
Mini and Mainframe Computers
Supercomputers
–Cost , the number of users that can be
supported, size, speed, and storage
capacity distinguish between these.
36. The Developments During the
Period before Microcomputer
IBM 1500 system in universities and
Stanford University and the CCC
Control Data Corporation (CDC) and
the PLATO System
Brigham Young University and the
TICCIT System
Computerized instructional
management systems
37. The “Microcomputer
Revolution” in Education
The Minnesota Educational
Computing Consortium (MECC) and
the software publishing movement.
MicroSIFT, EPIE, and other
courseware evaluation efforts.
Courseware authoring activities.
38. The “Microcomputer
Revolution” in Education
(cont.)
The Computer Literacy Movement
Logo and Problem-Solving
The emergence of integrated
learning systems.
39. What Have We learned from the
Past ?
Direct technology resources to
specific problems and needs
Anticipate and plan for change
Separate fad from fact
40. Current Types of EducationalCurrent Types of Educational
Technology SystemsTechnology Systems
42. Networked Stations: From LANs
to MANs
“Networks are for sharing”(Kee
1994), and this sharing was designed
to make computing activities more
efficient and cost-effective.
A network centralizes resources and
cuts down on handling of individual
disks.
46. Types of LANs (Cont.)
Function (transmission method or
protocol)
* Token ring method
* Ethernet method
47. Three kinds of cable forThree kinds of cable for
connecting LANsconnecting LANs
Coaxial cable: Designed to transfer
signals with minimal interference.
Twisted pair cable: An
inexpensive way of handling ARCnet,
Ethernet, and token ring
connections.
Fiber optic cable:Allow networks
to send large amounts of information
at high speeds.
49. --Instructional software
--Interactive video-based materials
--Courses through distance learning
– Productivity Tools:
--Prepare print instructional materials
--Keep records and analyze data
--Prepare and make instructional and
informative presentations
--Organize time and materials
Instructional Technology Applications:
50. –Tools for Students:
-- Writing assignments
-- Helping with research
-- Assisting with learning tasks
in various content
areas
-- Developing products and
presentations.