This document describes a system for automatically controlling dam doors using a centrifugal governor. It begins with an introduction to dams and their purposes. It then discusses different types of governors, focusing on centrifugal governors. The construction and working of centrifugal governors is explained, involving rotating balls connected to a sleeve that controls the throttle valve based on rotational speed. The scope and objectives of using a centrifugal governor to regulate dam water levels is presented. Applications are discussed along with advantages like preventing water wastage and reducing human effort. The working of the system is described, involving a turbine connected to the governor that opens and closes doors based on water level. A comparison is made between normal and automatic operation. Advantages and disadvantages are also provided.

1. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground
streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water
for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture,
and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate
electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can
be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of
retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known
as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.
Manmade dams may be classified according to the type of construction
material used, the methods used in construction, the slope or cross-section of the dam,
the way the dam resists the forces of the water pressure behind it, the means used for
controlling seepage and, occasionally, according to the purpose of the dam.
The materials used for construction of dams include earth, rock, tailings from
mining or milling, concrete, masonry, steel, timber, miscellaneous materials (such as
plastic or rubber) and any combination of these materials.
Dams are typically constructed with a drain or similar mechanism to control
water levels in an impoundment for at the normal maintenance as the emergency type
of purposes. These are defined as a disaster which may cause great harm and also
damage and the serious part of the sudden miss-fortunes.
The water level can be monitored by floodgates, Floodgates are also
called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow in flood
barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems. They may be designed to
set spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they
may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or storm surge system.
Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being
stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates.

2. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 2
Fig 1.1. Dam and its gate mechanism.
These gates can be operated automatically by using one of these methods
coupled with the present gate system. And the methods are,
1. By using centrifugal governor
2. By using rope mechanism
3. By using gear mechanism
4. By using sensors
What is Centrifugal Governor?
Centrifugal governor work on the principle of balancing the centrifugal force
on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force called as the controlling
force. A centrifugal governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed of
an engine by regulating the amount of fuel (or working fluid) admitted, so as to
maintain a near-constant speed, irrespective of the load or fuel-supply conditions. It
uses the principle of proportional control. It is most obviously seen on steam engines,
where it regulates the admission of steam into the cylinder. It is also found on internal
combustion engines and variously fuelled turbines and in some modern striking
clocks the recent developments in the new generation of sensor rich, distributed
autonomous control technology has had a profound effect on the design of modern
automotive vehicles.

3. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 3
Different types of governors
There are two types:
1. Centrifugal governor
2. Inertia governor Centrifugal
Governors are further classified as:
1. Pendulum type
2. Loaded type
Loaded types are further classified as:
1. Dead weight
2. Spring controlled governor
Dead weight types are classified as:
1. Porter governor
2. Procell governor
Spring controlled governor are classified as:
1. Hartnell governor
2. Willson Hartnell
3. Hartung governor
4. Pickering governor
Fig 1.2. Different types of governors

4. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 4
Chapter 2
CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR
Boulton & Watt engine of James Watt designed his first governor in
1788 by following a suggestion from his business partner Matthew Boulton. It
was a conical pendulum governor and one of the final series of innovations
Watt had employed for steam engines. James Watt never claimed the
centrifugal governor to be an invention of his own. Centrifugal governors were
invented by Christian Huygens and used to regulate the distance and pressure
between millstones in windmills in the 17th century.
Fig.2.1. Historical image of centrifugal governor

5. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 5
Chapter 3
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF
CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR
3.1 Construction of Centrifugal Governor
It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms as shown
in Fig. 4.1. These balls are known as governor balls or fly balls. The balls revolve
with a spindle, which is driven by the engine through bevel gears. The upper ends of
the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall down as they
revolve about the vertical axis. The arms are connected by the links to a sleeve, which
is keyed to the spindle. This sleeve revolves with the spindle ; but can slide up and
down. The balls and the sleeve rises when the spindle speed increases, and falls when
the speed decreases. In order to limit the travel of the sleeve in upward and downward
directions, two stops S, S are provided on the spindle. The sleeve is connected by a
bell crank lever to a throttle valve. The supply of the working fluid decreases when
the sleeve rises and increases when it falls.
Fig 3.1. Centrifugal governor

6. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 6
3.2. Working of Centrifugal Governor
Centrifugal governors work on the principle of balancing the centrifugal force
on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force call as the controlling force.
Power is supplied to the governor from the engine's output shaft by a belt or
chain connected to the lower belt wheel. The governor is connected to a throttle valve
that regulates the flow of working fluid (steam) supplying the prime mover. As the
speed of the prime mover increases, the central spindle of the governor rotates at a
faster rate and the kinetic energy of the balls increases. This allows the two masses on
lever arms to move outwards and upwards against gravity. If the motion goes far
enough, this motion causes the lever arms to pull down on a thrust bearing, which
moves a beam linkage, which reduces the aperture of a throttle valve. The rate of
working-fluid entering the cylinder is thus reduced and the speed of the prime mover
is controlled, preventing over-speeding. Mechanical stops may be used to limit the
range of throttle motion, as seen near the masses in the image at right.
Governors can be built that do not use
gravitational force, by using a single straight arm with
weights on both ends, a center pivot attached to a
spinning axle, and a spring that tries to force the
weights towards the center of the spinning axle. The
two weights on opposite ends of the pivot arm
counterbalance any gravitational effects, but both
weights use centrifugal force to work against the
spring and attempt to rotate the pivot arm towards a
perpendicular axis relative to the spinning axle.
Fig.3.2. Working of centrifugal
governor

7. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 7
Chapter 4
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
4.1. SCOPE
The automatic opening and closing the door of dam are also the most
important part. This automatic system also works on many types like rope
mechanism, sensor mechanism, and centrifugal governor mechanism.
4.2. OBJECTIVES
1. Objective is to regulate the dam water level with the help of centrifugal
governing system.
2. The opening and closing of dam doors depends on the centrifugal force and
increase or decrease in water level.
3. The wastage of water due to overflow can be prevented.
4. The main purpose of it is to provide safety.
5. Operator effort can be eliminated.

8. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 8
Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR
 The centrifugal governor can be used in dams for controlling opening and
closing of doors.
 The governors were also used in speed control of mechanical music box.
 Used in automobile to regulate the fuel supply in loading condition.
 Governors are also used in stem engines.
 Its application also involves in speed control of turbine shaft in hydroelectric
power plant since the varying water pressure may increase or decrease the
speed the governor operates the water nozzle.

9.
Dept. of ME,
Chapter
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Page 9
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10. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 10
6.2. Working.
 The figure shows the representation of assembly of dam’s doors control by
centrifugal governor.
 The setup of assembly is done in such a way that when the water level rises
then the water strikes on the blade of turbine.
 Due to which the turbine will rotate and the shaft attached to it will also rotate.
 As the shaft of turbine is connected to the bevel gear, the bevel gear will also
rotate.
 Due to rotation of bevel gears the main shaft of centrifugal governor also
rotates.
 The shaft rotates with sufficient speed which is enough to carry out the
movement of balls and sleeves.
 When the governor rotates with full speed then the balls will move in outward
direction due to acting of radial outward force on the balls.
 When the balls moves in outward direction then the sleeves attached to the
balls also get raised.
 When the sleeves rise the lever operates the opening of doors.
 Due this the speed of governor decreases and the balls will move in inward
direction.
 This inward direction of balls leads to the fall of sleeves.
 When the sleeves falls then the closing of doors takes place through the lever.
 In this way the opening and closing of dams can be controlled.

11. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 11
Chapter 7
COMPARISON
Table7.1. Comparison between normally operated and centrifugal governor operated doors
Sl.
No.
Normally operated dam doors Operating of dam doors using
centrifugal governor
1 Normally operated doors are
generally operated by hand driven
mechanism.
The doors of dam are opened and
closed by centrifugal governor.
2 In this system screw & jack
mechanism is used.
In this system centrifugal force
operates the operation of doors.
3 Here the operator is required to
carry out the operation.
Here there is no need of operator
to carry out operation.
4 Investment of cost is less. Investment of cost is high.
5 More wastage of water during
rainy season.
There is no chance of wastage of
water.
6 More efforts are required for
opening and closing of doors.
As in this case the operator is not
required so efforts required are
less.

12. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 12
Chapter 8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Since, the dam door control using centrifugal governor has been designed and
developed, so it has many advantages over the conventional dam door operation and
they are,
8.1. Advantages
 The wastage of water can be prevented or controlled.
 Less effort required as compared to screw and jack mechanism.
 There is no need of operators the opening and closing is carried out
automatically.
 Relatively cheap.
 Easy maintenance.
 Suitable for high pressure.
8.2. Disadvantages
 Sounds too much one has to arrange a room for it or it in isolating box.
 High outlet temperature of compressed air.
 Cost is high.
 Weight is more.

13. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 13
CONCLUSION
From the work it can be concluded that
 The automatic opening and closing of a door dam successfully operated on the
mechanical system by using rack and pinion arrangement. And this is the
accurate method of the operating the automatic opening and closing of a door
dam.
 By using the centrifugal governor in the opening and closing of dam’s doors
the wastage of water can be prevented
 Human effort can be reduced.
 Due to this the operation is easy to handle.
 This operation is safe and
 It will consume less time as compared to other systems.

14. “Automatic dam doors control using centrifugal governor”
Dept. of ME, PESITM, Shivamogga. Page 14
REFERENCES
[1] Mr. Abhijeet Wankhade, Mr. Deepak Jawale, Mr. Devendra More, Mr. Gaurav
Chhangani, “Automatic Dam Doors Control Centrifugal Governor”,
International Journal Of Advance Scientific Research And Engineering Trends,
Volume 2, Issue 3, October 2017, PP 27 -32.
[2] Mr. Doshi Sahil Sanjeevkumar, “Non-Conventional Automatic Opening And
Closing Of Dam Doors Mechanism To Storage The Water In A Dam”, Vol. 4,
Issue 02, IJSRD-International Journal for Scientific Research and Development,
2016.
[3] Mrs.Reshma Subhash Kharche, Prof.G.P.Ptil, Prof.N.A.Kharche, "Design And
Analysis Of Lifting Mechanism Of Dam Gate Opening Hoist Mechanism”, Vol
2, Issue 2, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), Nov 2015, PP 131-135.
[4] Kurmi R, “Theory Of Machines”, 14th
edition, S. Chand & Co Ltd., New Dehli,
ISBN 9788121925242.