Code Dread: Keeping up with ASHRAE and LEED
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Design firms will be in the best position to meet their clients’ needs by understanding and preparing for ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and LEED v4, both of which have evolved from their earlier versions and will have major impacts on buildings in the very near future. This presentation will illustrate the effect of these changes by applying the new standards to an existing LEED Silver-certified project constructed in 2008 by KJWW Engineering Consultants using ASHRAE 90.1-2004. First, a new baseline using the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 standard will be applied to the project, which is the requirement under LEED v2009. Next, a baseline for the project using ASHRAE 90.1-2010 will be applied to the project, which represents the requirements under LEED v4. Both comparisons will show the decrease in energy savings, points awarded, and strategies and cost required to bring the project back to the original energy savings and the LEED certification it might attain. The project’s real-life, existing energy performance will be presented as an overlay to all of the comparisons.
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Code Dread: Keeping up with ASHRAE and LEED
- 1. Code Dread Keeping up with ASHRAE and LEED Stormy Shanks | KJWW Engineering Consultants Jeff Boldt | KJWW Engineering Consultants Scott Bowman | KJWW Engineering Consultants
- 2. Learning Objectives • Participants will be able to… – identify the major changes in ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and why it is important to begin preparing clients for these changes now. – describe the changes made in ASHRAE 90.1 over the years making for more stringent requirements and an increased need for creative and innovative solutions. – discuss how a LEED-certified building under one version of the standard would not necessarily be certified under a newer version -and changes required to maintain the projected energy savings. – identify how energy modeling can help design firms plan for and reach a project’s energy savings goal with respect to ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and LEED v4.
- 3. Agenda • ASHRAE 90.1-2010 – What are the major changes? Where are we going? • THE PROJECT – KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion • ENERGY MODELING – Progression of modeling through advancing standards • LEED CERTIFICATION – Effect of later LEED versions on project
- 5. Speakers… Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP Mechanical Engineer Energy Modeling Task Force Member shankssl@kjww.com Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP LEED AP BD+C Principal Director of Engineering boldtjg@kjww.com Scott Bowman, PE LEED AP BD+C Principal Corporate Sustainability Leader bowmansc@kjww.com
- 6. Speakers… We would also like to give special thanks to: Michael Rosenberg Pacific Northwest National Laboratory For his wonderful assistance , review, and advice while putting this presentation together! Brandon Schnier KJWW Engineering Intern Iowa State University For all the energy modeling required for this project. Hopefully you will decide to join us after graduation!
- 7. What are the major changes? Hints to 2013? ASHRAE 90.1-2010
- 8. Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Year 1975 – 2010) 110 14% Energy Use Index (1975 Use = 100) 100 ASHRAE 90-1975 ASHRAE 90A-1980 .5% 90 4.5% 12.3% ASHRAE 90.1-1989 ASHRAE 90.1-1999 80 ASHRAE 90.1-2001 4.5% 18.5% ASHRAE 90.1-2004 70 ASHRAE 90.1-2007 DOE 30% Reduction Target 60 ASHRAE 90.1-2010 50 1970 ASHRAE 90.1-2013? 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Courtesy PNNL
- 9. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • More equipment is being regulated – Computer loads – Elevators, escalators, and fast-walks – Domestic water booster pumps
- 10. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Roofs: – Cool roofs required in some climate zones • Envelope: – No major changes to R values or SHGFs – Must have more south glazing than east or west • Orientation? Land purchases? Campus planning? • Exceptions for storefront, shaded buildings, shading from adjacent buildings, alterations with no net change in glazing
- 11. ASHRAE 90.1-2010
- 12. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Skylights (or Clerestories): – Required in some large, tall, top-floor rooms • Greater than 10,000 sf • Directly under a roof with ceiling height over 15 ft • And space type is office, lobby, atrium, concourse, corridor, gymnasium, convention center, etc. • Clerestories facing north save more energy
- 13. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Fan power – Efficient fans required – Low static systems needed • Larger ductwork • Larger air handling equipment • Fewer and better fittings – Incentive for energy recovery • More static pressure allowed • Linear equation☺
- 14. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Reheat – Loopholes closed • No more hospitals with constant volume reheat! – No reheat allowed unless: • Less than 30% of peak flow (or now 20%/50%), or • Flow no more than required air changes – Air changes required by codes or accreditation standards – Exception if 75% of heat is recovered – ORs only pressurized when unoccupied – 2012 IECC is less restrictive, except big mistake deleting the 30% exception
- 15. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Overhead Heating: – Where return/exhaust are higher than 6 feet • Limits the heating air temperature to no more than 20°F above space temperature – Supplemental heat (radiant or convective) may be needed – Better envelope to reduce load may be a less expensive and lower energy option
- 16. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Economizers: – Required in more climate zones – Required for smaller systems • Capacity greater than 4.5 tons • Was greater than 11.5 tons in 2007! • Energy recovery required for more systems – Greater than 70% outside air and 5,000 cfm in 2007 – Now greater than 30% OA and 5,500 cfm of EA – Basically all commercial systems require ER
- 17. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Lighting Controls: – Daylighting control required (first time) • Defined zones of area around windows and skylights – More occupancy types required • Added training, lecture, storage, offices (< 250 sf), restrooms, locker rooms • Manual on required, except restrooms, public corridors, and stairs • Bi-level required for most spaces (not corridors) – Parking garages • Reduce power 30% if no activity in >3600 sf
- 18. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Lighting Controls: – Exterior lighting MUST turn off • When sufficient daylight is available • Astronomical timer or daylight sensor – Façade and landscape lighting • Off from midnight or closing to 6 am or opening – Higher LPD allowed with control (5-10%) – Functional testing required! – Whole-building off required (with exceptions)
- 19. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Receptacles: – 50% of 120V receptacles require automatic switching • Offices and computer classrooms – Options • Time of day • Occupancy sensor • Another control or alarm system – Some exceptions
- 20. KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion THE PROJECT
- 21. Project Facts • • • • • • • • Built in 2007 17,500 sf Addition with 2,500 sf remodel 75 workspaces added 8 private offices 4 conference rooms Café 623 Gathering space Interior courtyard
- 31. Project Facts • Mechanical: – High efficiency RTUs (DX/Gas) – Dedicated Outside Air System (tempered) – Ventilation direct to stations – Energy Recovery Ventilator – Some radiation at windows • Electrical: – Indirect lighting with Task Lighting – Occupancy control – Top daylighting
- 32. HVAC System Schematic Ventilation Unit with ERV Zone Control Units with DX and Gas Heat Return Air Plenum Humidistat for Ventilation Override H T Zone Control Thermostats Perimeter Radiation at Windows Zone Conditioning Supply Air Ventilation Air Supply to Workstations (Conditioned/Dry)
- 35. LEED v2.2 Certified Silver LEED v2.2 SILVER Sustainable Sites 8/14 Water Efficiency 3/5 Energy & Atmosphere 5/17 Materials & Resources 7/13 Indoor Environmental Quality 9/15 Innovation & Design Process 5/5 Project Total 35/69
- 36. LEED v2.2 Certified Silver • Increased open space • Stormwater Management – 26% decrease from preproject – 90% treated on site • Light Pollution Reduction • Over 40% water reduction – Exemplary • Commissioning as owner • 98% construction waste diverted – Demolished building – Exemplary • • • • 20% recycled content 24% local materials 82% FSC wood Lighting controllability
- 37. Integrative Process Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority
- 38. Progression of modeling through advancing standards… ENERGY MODELING
- 39. Background • Software used at KJWW – Trane Trace – eQUEST – Sefaira • Energy Modeling Task Force – Expertise within all teams – Engineers doing models – Building internal dedicated experts – Now have dedicated modelers for whole firm
- 40. ASHRAE 90.1-2004 • Baseline HVAC System Type 3 – packaged rooftop unit with DX cooling and natural gas heating • Baseline fenestration modeled in uniformly distributed horizontal bands • Baseline fan power dependent only on system type and supply CFM • Building area method for lighting • Seasonal energy rates with winter block rates • Exceptional calculation for process load <25% of baseline
- 42. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 • Baseline HVAC System Type 3 • Baseline fenestration area and distribution matches design • Baseline fan power increased due to pressure drop allowance for MERV 13 filtration • No change to Building Area Method for lighting power • No change in process loads
- 43. 2004 Baseline 12.7% 21.4% 2007 Baseline 20% v2009 Minimum 90.1-2007
- 44. 2004 Baseline 90.1-2007 2007 Baseline 20% v2009 Minimum 17%
- 46. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 General • Documentation – Exceptional Calculation Documentation • Exceptions added for baseline rotations • Heating-only baseline system types added • Requires modeling of shading from adjacent structures in baseline • Softened requirements on unmet load hours • Purchased HW or CW treated like utility – no trade-offs
- 47. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 General • Modified baseline systems for DES • Consistent with LEED DES requirements now • Allows different level of ventilation in proposed and baseline design • New mandatory requirements for lighting controls and exhaust air energy recovery must be included in baseline models. • How LEED v4 will handle Process Loads?
- 48. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 • Changes for this project to the baseline from 2007 (and 2004)… – Lighting power density reduced from 1.0 to 0.9 – Baseline fan power calculations – Envelope improvements – Equipment efficiency improvements • Minimum Mandatory Requirement – Daylighting Control
- 49. 2004 Baseline 20.8% 90.1-2010 24.8% 2007 Baseline 20% 2010 Baseline 17% v4 Minimum
- 50. 2004 Baseline 90.1-2010 2007 Baseline 20% 2010 Baseline 17% v4 Minimum 8%
- 52. How does the project fare moving to later versions of LEED? LEED CERTIFICATION
- 53. Methodology • • • • • • Started from known project certification Maintain original goal of LEED Silver Change from v2.2 to v2009 more predictable Reviewed original submittals to new credits Looked for lost opportunities Definitions; – Projected = reasonable expectation – Expanded = possible, with increased cost • Normalized v2.2 for 110 points
- 54. Energy First… • • • • • • EAp2 and EAc1 (EAc2 for v4) Changes in weighting between versions Adjustment in v4 for advanced code Lighting controls Efficient selections Probably does not extend to more complex systems (particular to THIS project)
- 55. EAc1 v2009
- 56. EAc2 v4
- 57. 20%
- 58. 20% 17% 8%
- 60. LEED v2009 Projected • Modest change in SS • Modest change in WE • Loss in MR – Even with baseline change • Loss in IEQ • Did not meet EAp2 with base system – Had to add daylighting – Recovered some savings – Weighting change? – Weighting change? • Recovered some with Regional Priority
- 61. Integrative Process Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority
- 62. LEED v2009 Expanded • Waterless Urinals – 10% increase in WE • Energy Systems – Daylighting Control – Improved Envelope – Reduced lighting density • Green Power • IEQ Testing • Low Mercury Lamps
- 63. Integrative Process Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority
- 64. LEED v4 Projected • Loss in LT/SS – – – – Density Green parking Heat island Open space • Energy Systems – Daylighting control required for 90.1-2010 • Loss in MR – Unsure of changes? • Loss in IEQ – Controllability – Gain acoustic point • Lost all Regional Priority Credits! – Change in Illinois focus
- 65. Integrative Process Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority
- 66. LEED v4 Expanded • Site Assessment • Waterless Urinals – 10% increase in WE – Add meter • Energy Systems – Geothermal – Improved envelope – Reduced lighting density • Commissioning – Envelope commissioning • Green Power • IEQ Testing • Low Mercury Lamps
- 67. Integrative Process Location and Transportation Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Regional Priority
- 68. What did we learn? SUMMARY
- 69. What did we learn? • LEED is definitely advancing – Silver today, Certified tomorrow? • A major shift will be required to continue improving energy performance – More aggressive measures will be needed – Some strategies today are required tomorrow • Clients will need to be educated – Expectations may need to change
- 70. What can you do? • Early and robust energy modeling – Review orientation – Shading and/or low SHGFs • Consider system optimization – Larger ductwork and air handling equipment – Heat recovery for reheat – Dedicated outdoor air systems • High performance envelopes – Commission envelopes
- 72. Speakers… Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP Mechanical Engineer Energy Modeling Task Force Member shankssl@kjww.com Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP LEED AP BD+C Principal Director of Engineering boldtjg@kjww.com Scott Bowman, PE LEED AP BD+C Principal Corporate Sustainability Leader bowmansc@kjww.com
- 73. What additional costs would be incurred? COSTS
- 74. Project Costs • Original project was modest at $127/sf – Mechanical = $6.62/sf – Plumbing = $7.98/sf – Electrical/Technology = $13.30/sf • Some costs would be required to meet mandatory portions of 90.1-2010 • Plug load control would be required, so the energy savings are built into baseline • Technology has advanced, as well as prices
- 75. Minimum Additional Costs LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007 • No changes required to meet minimum code • Changes required to meet LEED Prerequisite – Daylighting control • Sensor Controller • Dimmable Ballasts • Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3% • Payback = 4.3 years LEED v4 / 90.1-2010 • Changes required to meet mandatory requirements – Plug load control • Occ Sensor Plug Strips – Daylighting control • Sensor Controller • Dimmable Ballasts • Increase of $0.75/sf, 0.6% • Payback = 7.4 years
- 76. Maximum Additional Costs LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007 • Water Efficiency – Waterless Urinals – Pressure Assist Toilets • Energy Systems – Enhanced Envelope • Wall R24 to R30 • Roof R26 to R40 – Reduced Lighting Density • T5 High Output Lamps • LED Task Lighting • • • • • Additional Meters Green Power IEQ Testing Low Mercury Lamps Increase of $2.58/sf, 2.0% – LEED $0.15/sf, 0.1% • Payback = 14.7 years
- 77. Maximum Additional Costs LEED v4 / 90.1-2010 • Water Efficiency – Waterless Urinals – Pressure Assist Toilets • Site Assessment • Envelope Commissioning • Additional Meters • Energy Systems – Enhanced Envelope • Wall R24 to R30 • Roof R26 to R40 – Geothermal Heat Pumps • 40 tons – Reduced Lighting Density • T5 High Output Lamps • LED Task Lighting – Water and Energy • • • • Green Power IEQ Testing Low Mercury Lamps Increase of $8.89/sf, 7.0% – LEED $1.28/sf, 1.0% • Payback = 26 years
- 78. Cost Summary LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007 • Silver – Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3% – Payback = 4.3 years • Gold – Increase of $2.58/sf, 2.0% – Payback = 14.7 years LEED v4 / 90.1-2010 • Not Certified – Increase of $0.75/sf, 0.6% – Payback = 7.4 years • Silver – Increase of $8.89/sf, 7.0% – Payback = 26 years