2. •It is the master controlling and communicating system of the body.
•It controls and coordinates all the activities of the body
FUNCTIONS:
Sensory function: Gathers information from both inside and
outside the body.
Integration function: Processes the information in the brain
and spine.
Motor function: Transmit information to the processing areas
of the brain and spine.
3.
4. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
~It includes brain and spinal cord.
~It is referred to as central because it combines information from the
entire body and co-ordinates activity across the whole organism.
~ These organs work together to integrate and co-ordinate sensory and
motor information for the purpose of controlling the various tissues,
organs and organ system of the body.
~It is formed by neurons and supporting cells called Neuroglia.
~Brain and Spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of meninges
called the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater and the inner pia
mater.
5. BRAIN:
~It is situated in the skull.
~It consists of-
• cerebrum
• cerebellum
• diencephalon
• medulla oblongata
•midbrain and
•pons
6. CEREBRUM:
~It forms bulk of the brain.
~It is divided into two hemisphere - left and right.
~The hemispheres are further divided into 4 lobes-
•Frontal ( Reasoning and thought)
•Parietal (Integrates sensory information)
•Temporal (Processes auditory information from ears)
•Occipital (Processes visual information from the eyes)
8. DIENCEPHALON:
~It includes thalamus and hypothalamus
THALAMUS:
~It directs sensory impulses to cerebrum.
HYPOTHALAMUS:
~It controls and regulates the functions of ANS
-Temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, and blood
vessel constriction and dilation.
~It also plays a role in anger, pleasure, pain and affection.
9. MIDBRAIN:
~It is responsible for eye and auditory reflexes.
PONS:
~It is responsible for certain reflex actions.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA:
~It regulates - digestion, respiration, swallowing, coughing,
sneezing, blood pressure, heart and blood vessel function.
10. THE SPINAL CORD:
~It is a link between brain and nerves in the rest
of the body.
~It consists of 4 regions- cervical, thoracic,
lumbar and spinal nerves (efferent and afferent)
~Afferent carries information from body to the
brain.
~Efferent carries information from brain to body
~ It acts as the middleman between the
receptors and the effectors, as it conducts
sensory and motor impulses to and from the
brain.
11. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
~ It is formed by the nerves that are associated with the brain (cranial nerves)
and the spinal cord (spinal nerves).
~It connects CNS to the organs, limbs and skin.
~These nerves extend from the CNS to the outermost areas of the body.
~Cranial nerves-12 pairs in man.
~Spinal nerves-31 pairs in man.
~ It is again divided into two subdivisions:
•SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
•AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
12. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
~It is part of PNS responsible for carrying
sensory and motor information to and fro
from the CNS.
~It is made up of nerves that connect to the
skin, sensory organs and skeletal muscles
~ It is responsible for nearly all voluntary
muscle movements.
~Processes sensory information from
external stimuli (hearing, touch and sight).
.
13. ~The structures that allow this communication to happen
are- afferent sensory neuron
- efferent motor neuron
~ Afferent neurons take information from nerves to CNS.
~ Efferent neurons take information from CNS to muscle
fibres throughout the body.
14. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
~The ANS is the portion of the nervous system
that controls most visceral function of the body.
~This system helps to control arterial pressure,
gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder
emptying, sweating, body temperature and other
activities.
~One of the most striking characteristics of ANS is
the rapidity and intensity with which it can change
visceral functions.
15. ~ For instance, within 3-5 sec it can increase the heart rate to
twice the normal and within 10-15 sec the arterial pressure
can be doubled.
~At the other extent, the arterial pressure can be decreased
low enough within 10-15 sec to cause fainting.
~ Sweating can begin within seconds and urinary bladder
may empty involuntary also within seconds.
~ The ANS is activated mainly by centres located in the
spinal cord, brainstem and hypothalamus.
16. ~ Autonomic nervous system
consists of two subdivisions:
• Sympathetic division
• Parasympathetic division
17. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION:
~It is otherwise called thoracolumbar outflow because, the preganglionic
neurons are situated in lateral gray horns of thoracic and first two lumbar
segments of Spinal cord.
~ Sympathetic division supplies smooth muscle fibres of all the visceral organs
such as blood vessels,heart, lungs, glands, gastrointestinal organs etc,.
~ Allow body to function under stress.
~Flight or fight.
~ Primes body for intense skeletal muscle activity.
18. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION:
~It is otherwise called Craniosacral outflow because, the fibres of this division
arise from the brain sacral segments of Spinal cord.
~Maintains functions
~Rest and digest.
~Counterbalances sympathetic functions.