categorization of nutraceuticlas benefits by nutritional view point different types of nutraceuticals

1. NUTRACEUTICALS
LET THE FOOD BE YOUR MEDICINE
N diet 402
Nutrition and Immunity

2. NUTRACEUTICALS
 A food or part of food or nutrient, that
provides health benefits, including the
prevention and treatment of a disease.
 The tem Nutraceutical was coined from
‘Nutrition’ and ‘Pharmaceutical’.
 In 1989, Stephan De Felice coined this term.

3. Categories of nutraceuticals
 Nutrients- Substance with established nutritional
functions such as vitamin and minerals.

4. Categories of nutraceuticals
 Herbals – herbs or botanical
products that are either
concentrated or extracted.
 Dietary supplement-
substances that provide
nutrients in order to improve
quality of diet.

5. Nutrients as nutraceuticals
Role of nutrients in human body are:-
• Nutrient availability has the potential to affect all aspects of the immune
system.
• deficiency of several nutrients will lead to impaired immune response.
• nutrients are involved in the stability of the plasma membrane and the
differentiation and expression of its cell surface characteristics such as
antigenic determinants.
• It also modulate metabolic processes which may include the
immunoregulatory mediators that can result in altered cellular immune
function particularly in cells of T lymphocytes
Deficiency of single nutrient also results in altered
immune responses; this is observed even when the deficiency state is
relatively mild. Of the micronutrients, zinc, selenium, iron, copper,
vitamins A, C, E, and B6, and folic acid have important influences on
immune responses

6. HEALTH BENEFITS OF COMMON NUTRIENTS ARE
Minerals
Studies have pointed out that minerals such as :-selenium, copper, zinc, magnesium
chromium and iron can influence several components of the immune system .
Selenium
• Selenium (se) has additional important health effects, particularly in relation to
immune response, viral disease and cancer prevention .
• Deficiency of SE is accompanied by a loss of immuno competence (both cell-
mediated immunity and b-cell function can be impaired)
• Supplementation with Se, has marked immuno stimulant effects, including an
enhancement of proliferation of activated t cells , improvement of nk-cell
activity.
• Selenium also appears to abrogate the age related deficiency of lymphocytes from
the aged person.
Zinc
• It plays a catalytic, structural and regulatory role for enzymes, proteins and
transcription factors and is thus a key trace element in immune responses.
• It enhance immune response in elderly ,
• zinc increases the secretion of IL-I and affects the humoral immune response.

7. Iron
• salts enhances the immunity .
• Iron in metalloenzymes or proteins participates directly in immunity
such as iron catalase and lactoferrin .
• Iron supplementation results in decrease the morbidity from infections
and diarrheal diseases .
copper
• Copper is an important metal in regulating the activity of certain
metalloenzyme as superoxide dismutase and has an important role in
immunity.
• In addition, t and b lymphocyte response to mitogen stimulation were
impaired in subjects with copper deficiency and in subject with low
copper diet
• Copper enhances antitumor immune response .
Magnesium
• It has a strong relation with the immune system, in both nonspecific
and specific immune response, also it has known effect on innate and
acquired immune response

8. Chromium
• Trivalent chromium (Cr III) is an essential micro mineral (trace element).
I
• t enhances immunity and its addition to incubated pulmonary
macrophages 10-20 µg/L stimulates directly the cellular activity of
macrophages and phagocytosis.
• It also increases serum IgM, total immunoglobulin and decreases serum
cortisol.
Vitamin A
• Vitamin A deficiency can affect the function of different cells of the
immune system. (defect in chemotaxis, adhesion and the ability to
generate reactive oxygen metabolites in neutrophils)
• impairment of T and B cell function.
• In addition, vitamin A-deficiency reduced natural killer activity, lower
production of interferon
• after supplementation - improvement of immune function and increased
resistance to infection is observed .

9. VITAMIN D
• 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been recognized as an
immunoregulatory hormone serving as immunomodulatory
agent of both non specific and specific immunity
• Also, vitamin D plays an important role in pulmonary resistance and its deficiency has
been linked to various respiratory infections
• It affects both cytokine and immunoglobulin production.
• it has a beneficial effects in autoimmune thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid
arthritis.
• Vitamin D3 may protect against adipose tissue inflammation
Vitamin E.
• Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant and has an ability to modulate host immune
functions.
• vitamin E is an important nutrient for maintaining the immune system, especially
in the elderly .
• vitamin E deficiency results in increased infectious diseases and tumors.
• differentiation of immature T cells in the thymus.
• high vitamin E diet improves the cellular immunity with ageing or during the
development of degenerative diseases

10. Vitamin C
VITAMIN C HAS A WIDE ROLE IN IMMUNE RESPONSE SUCH AS:-
 Antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation, pulmonary function and iron
absorption are related to vitamin C intakes.
 Vitamin c is beneficial for prevention of chd, cancer and cataract.
 Requirement=150-200mg/day
 Ascorbic acid (a powerful antioxidant) has anti-inflammatory effects in human
and animal .
 Dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid enhances lymphocyte function, and
this effect is most apparent in the elderly.
 Benefit in reducing duration of cold symptoms from ingestion of relatively high
doses of vitamin C.
Vitamin B12
• It enhanced T cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis of B cells
• vit.B12 deficiency caused suppression of protective immune responses to
viruses and bacteria
• Neutropenia and leukopenia is seen in children with low vitamin B 12

11. Humoral and cell mediated immunity are affected by vitamin B6
deficiency and supradietary intakes.
Roles
• Lipid metabolism,
• Nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis.
• It also helps to maintain normal nerve function and the formation of
red blood cells
Deficiency symptoms leads to:-
• Lymphocyte maturation,
• Growth and proliferation,
• antibody production
• It suppresses the production of th1 cytokines .
VITAMIN B6

12. HERBS AS
NUTRACEUTICALS
 Herbals are as old as human civilization and they have
provided a complete storehouse of remedies to cure acute
and chronic diseases. The knowledge of herbals has
accumulated over thousands of years so that today we
possess many effective means of ensuring health care.
Numerous nutraceuticals are present in medicinal herbs as
key components.
 Herbal extracts, including
b-sitosterols (found in Saw Palmetto berry)
cernilton (pollen extract)
pygeum africum (African plum)
have been clinically evaluated for use in the treatment of
benign prostatic hyperplasia.

14. It has been found that common herbal
treatment is the use of ECHINACEA for
the prevention and treatment of colds
and flu.

15. Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, herbs, nuts and seeds contain an
abundance of phenolic compounds:
TERPENOIDS
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
PIGMENTS
NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS
That have been associated with protection from and/or treatment of
conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
The foods and herbs with the highest anticancer activity include garlic,
soybean, cabbage, ginger, licorice root.
Citrus, in addition to, providing an ample supply of vitamin C, folic
acid, potassium, and soluble fibre, contains a host of active
phytochemicals.

16. PHYTOCHEMICLALS
Phytochemicals are referred to as phytonutrients, that are
found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, beans,
herbs, spices, nuts, and seeds and are classified
according to their chemical structures and functional
properties.
The flavonoids, flavonols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins,
procyanidins are all compounds present in foods.
Phytochemicals include compounds such as salicylates,
phytosterols, saponins, glucosinolates, polyphenols,
protease inhibitors, monoterpenes, phytoestrogens,
sulphides, terpenes, lectins, and many more.

17. MECHANISM OF ACTION
 Phytochemicals have the potential to stimulate the immune system.
 Prevent toxic substances in the diet from becoming carcinogenic.
 Reduce inflammation.
 Prevent DNA damage and aid DNA repair.
 Reduce oxidative damage to cells.
 Slow the growth rate of cancer cells.
 Trigger damaged cells to self-destruct (apoptosis) before they can
reproduce.
 Help regulate intracellular signalling of hormones and gene
expression, and activate insulin receptors.

18.  Garlic powder preparation might be of some clinical use in
subjects with mild hypertension.
 Garlic helps in reducing total cholesterol levels.
 The use of garlic for hypercholesterolemia is there.
 The possible protective effect of aqueous garlic extract
against oxidative organ damage has been determined.
 Burn injury caused a significant decrease in glutathione
level and significant increases in protein oxidation levels.
 Since garlic extract reversed these oxidant responses it
seems likely that garlic extract protects tissues against
oxidative damage.
Compounds like DIALLYL SULFIDES, QUERCETIN which
are active components of garlic, have known
ANTIINFLAMMATORY, ANTIMUTAGENIC activities.

19. Similarly, active components in tomato, such as
KAEMPFEROL and CHLOROGENIC ACID, have Antimutagenic
Activities and
LYCOPENE is the most active OXYGEN QUENCHER with potential
chemo preventive activities.
These results suggest that tomato and garlic suspensions have a
protective effect on colon carcinogenesis which is mediated by
modulation of different biological pathways during
carcinogenesis.

20.  Honey has proven antimicrobial
activity.
 Green tea enhances humoral and
cell mediated immunity while
decreasing the risk of certain cancers
and the risk of cardiovascular
disease.
 Ginseng enhances production of
macrophages, B and T cells, natural
killer cells and colony-forming activity
of bone marrow.
 Panax ginseng prevents
irradiationinduced programmed cell
death in hair follicles, suggesting
important therapeutic implications.
Nutraceuticals (dietary plants) like soya bean, garlic, ginger and green tea
which have been suggested, in epidemiological studies, to reduce the
incidence of cancer may do so by inducing programmed cell death.

21. Four nutraceuticals
 Sugar beet roots
 cucumber fruits
 New Zealand spinach leaves
 turmeric rhizomes
were evaluated for their comparative effectiveness against skin
tumours and found that turmeric is the most potent nutraceutical
against such tumours. Scientific evaluation of herbal products
has been limited, yet herbal products are the most commonly
consumed health care products. Because of known
pharmacological effects and potential interaction of many of
these compounds with therapeutic drugs, a history of herbal
intake should be considered as part of routine medical history
and should be evaluated before any change in prescription
drugs and before medical procedures.

22. DIETARY
SUPPLEMENT
S

23. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
 The Dietary Supplement health and education act
(DSHE) of 1944 defines dietary supplement as a product
(other than tobacco) that is used to supplement diet. It
bears one or more of following dietary ingredients- a
vitamin, a mineral, a herb, fatty acid or any substance
that is used to supplement the diet by increasing total
dietary intake, or a concentrate , metabolite ,constituent,
extract.
 It is not represented for use as conventional food or as
the sole item of a meal or diet that is why it is named
“dietary supplement”.
 It is marketed as liquid, capsule, pills or tablet.
 It includes prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants and
enzymes.

24. Probiotics
 They are defined as “ live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on
the host”
 The common microorganisms in probiotic food are lactic acid
producers like lactobacilli, bifidobacteria.

25. Health benefits of Probiotics
 An enhancement of the circulating IgA secreting cell response
 Normalization of gut mucosal dysfunction
 It stimulate cytokine production, including interferon g in human blood
mononuclear cells.
 Shortening the duration of rotavirus diarrhea.
 Decreasing fecal mutagenicity.
 An improvement of the non-specific immune phagocytic activity of
granulocytes .

26. Prebiotics
 Prebiotics are non- digestible ,they pass gut as such.
 They are food for the probiotics.
 They increase the number of the limited or preferred micro
flora.

27. Prebiotics and Immunity
 Prebiotics increase good bacteria in gut like bifido bacteria,
lactobacilli, etc.
 Studies prove that they reduce incidence of traveler's
diarrhea. Enhances gut immunity.
 Increases Ca, Fe and Zn absorption.
 Increase phagocyctic activity.
 Enhances secretion of IgA.

29. Antioxidants
 Antioxidants are the substances that prevent oxidation.
 They are found in accessory molecules like Zn,etc.
 They are found in vegetable oils (soybean oil, canola oil ,etc)
 Found in tocopherols (Vitamin-E) and certain vitamins like,
vitamin-A,vitamin-C, etc.

30. Health Benefits Of
Antioxidants
 They fight free radicals.
 Reduce cell damage, so reduce chances of getting
degenerative diseases like cancer, etc.
 Help in improving cardiovascular health and eye health.

31. Enzymes as dietary
supplement