nutraceuticles

1. AssignmentAssignment
Subject : Breeding Designer Crops (GPB822)Subject : Breeding Designer Crops (GPB822)
Presented by: Mr.Presented by: Mr. IndranilIndranil BhattacharjeeBhattacharjee
Student I.D. No.: 17PHGPB102Student I.D. No.: 17PHGPB102
Presented to : Prof. (Dr.)Presented to : Prof. (Dr.) B.G.SureshB.G.Suresh
SamSam HigginbottomHigginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology &University of Agriculture, Technology &
SciencesSciences
AllahabadAllahabad--211007211007

2. History
“The physical body is the product of diet and
sensory input (lifestyle). Similarly, all diseases are
the result of non correct diet and lifestyle. Diet
and lifestyle wholesome and unwholesome are
the foundations of health and illness”
Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana (1, 28:45)
An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away.
-English Proverb

3. • Greek Physician Hippocrates,
Known as father of Medicine.
(said several centuries ago)
“Let Food be Your Medicine”
The Philosophy behind is:
“Focus on Prevention”

4. ( World( World HealthHealth Organization, 1947 )Organization, 1947 )
“Health is a state of complete
well-being, physical, mental and
social, and not merely the
absence of disease”
The definition of health status.
Definition

5. ( Dame( Dame CicelyCicely MaryMary SaundersSaunders))
“Do not be
worried on how to add days
to our life, but on how to give
more life to our days”
The main focus.

6. (Merriam-Webster, 2013)
- 1989 Stephen DeFelice, President of the
Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (Cranford), NJ, USA.
Nutraceutical: food or part of food that
provides medical or health benefits,
including the prevention and/or
treatment of a disease.
Nutraceuticals: TORs.

7. The term nutraceutical refers to products for oral
use containing high concentrations of active principles derived
from food, and provide health benefits from a preventive and/or
therapeutic point of view.
They are not considered drugs, there is lack of
controlled studies stating their real efficacy.
Nutraceuticals: TORs.
There is lack of a shared regulation
assessment.

8. • The term “Nutraceutical” was coined from
“Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by
Stephen DeFelice,
MD, Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for
Innovation in Medicine (FIM).
• Other words used in the context:
Dietary supplementation, Functional, Multi-
functional Foods, etc.

9. • Nutraceutical can be defined as
“ A food or part of food or nutrient, that
provides health benefits, including the
prevention and treatment of a disease.”

10. Class /
components
Source Potential benefit
1. Fatty acids
CLA
Milk & Meat Improve body
composition,
reduce cancers
n-3 FA(DHA,
EPA)
Fish oils, berseem &
maize
fodder,mustard,linseed,
rapeseed
Reduce CVD &
improve mental,
visual function
Examples of functional
components

11. Class /
components
Source Potential benefit
2. Polyphenols
Anthocyanidin
e
Fruits Nutralises free
radicals, reduce
risk of cancerCatechins Tea,babul pods,mustard
cake,rape seed,salseed
Flavonone Citrus
Flavones Fruits, vegetables,soya
bean
proanthocyani
dine
Cocoa,
chocolate,tea,rape seed
Reduce CVD
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

12. 3. Saponins Soybeans,GNC,lucer
ne,chick pea
Lower cholesterol,
anti cancer
4.Probiotics / Prebiotics / Synbiotics
Lactobacillus Dahi,yogurt Improve GI health
Fructo -
oligosaccharides
Whole grains,
onions, combination
of Pro & Prebiotics
5.Phytoestrogen
Daidzein ,
Zenistein
Soybean, flax,
lentilseed,maize,
berseem,lucerne,sub
abul fodder
Reduce menopause
symptoms,  bone
health
Lignans Flax,rye, vegetables Reduce cancer and
heart diseases

13. 6.Caroteinoids
- caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat &
maize fodder, Carrots,
vegetabels,fruits
Nutralises free
radicals
Luteine vegetabels Healthy vision
Zeoxanthine Eggs,citrus,corn
Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate
cancer
7.dietary fiber
Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast,
colon cancer
-glucan Oats Reduce CVD
Whole grain Cereal grains

14. Brand name Components Function
Betatene Carotenoids Immune function
Xangold Lutein esters Eye health
Lipoec -lipoic acid Potent
antioxidant
Generol Phytosterol CHD reduction
Premium
probiotics
probiotics Intestinal
disorder
Soylife Soyabean
phytoestrogen
Bone health
NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET

15. Brand name Components Function
Z-trim Wheat Zero calorie fat
replacer
Linumlife Lignan extract flax Prostate health
Fenulife Fenugreek
galactomannon
Control blood
sugar
Teamax Green tea extract Potent antioxidant
Marinol  3 FA, DHA, EPA Heart health
protection
Clarinol CLA Weight loss
ingredient
Cholestaid Saponin Reduce cholesterol
NUTRACEUTICALS AVAILABLE IN MARKET

16. i. The olistic medical approach.
ii. The static approach: the patient, often unaware of a
potential health risk, waits till the clear signs of the onset
of a disease appear (watchful waiting or active
surveillance medicine) and then obtain a diagnosis and
starts using prescription drugs.
iii. The nutraceutical dynamic approach also known as
“initiative medicine or proactive medicine”: taking
preventive action before the onset of a disease instead
of waiting for the disease to become evident.
Scope of use - Some preliminary considerations
on handling an health condition.

17. Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
• Lifestyle – behaviour – dietary habits
Possible approaches:
• Drugs (waitchful waiting medicine)
• Nutraceuticals (pro active medicine)
The availabile tools.

18. The possible approaches.

19. Nutraceuticals: TORs.

20. Classification

21. Broadly can be classified as:
• Nutrients: Substances which have established
Nutritional functions e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids,
Fatty acids, etc.
• Herbals/ Phytochemicals: Herbs or Botanical products
• Dietary Supplements: Probiotics, Prebiotics,
Antioxidents, Enzymes, etc.

22. Nutraceuticals: classification.

23. Nutraceuticals: classification.

24. Nutraceuticals: classification.

25. Legal View
Nutraceuticals: food or drugs?
QUESTION placed at the European Commission E-000065/2011 (dr.
Christian Muscardin) about the presence on the market of products, called
"nutraceuticals", which, unlike normal dietary supplements, have the effects
of preventing or reducing the risk of disease, especially degenerative of a
particular structure or function of the organism.
• ANSWER given by Commissioner John Dalli on behalf of the European
Commission, February 21, 2011:
• The term "nutraceutical" is not currently defined in Community
legislation.
• These products, under the current legislation, should be classified as
dietary supplements or following authorization for marketing as drugs.

26. Court of Justice of the European Union: medicine/drug food.
• if it is presented as having properties for treating or preventing disease in human beings
(definition of "presentation");
• if it is to be administered to human beings with a view to making a medical diagnosis or to
restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions (definition "by function").
Plant-based products marketed in the form of dietary supplements (vegetable origin similar
to nutraceuticals) must comply with Directive 2002/46/EC on food supplements and
Regulation (EC) n. 1924/2006 on the claims about the effects of nutrition and health foods.
If a product, taking into account all its characteristics, may fall within the definition of a
medicinal product and the definition of a product covered by other Community legislation,
apply the Directive 2001/83/EC revised by Directive 2004/27/EC (food and drugs
nutraceuticals).
Nutraceuticals: food or drugs?

27. Source of Nutraceuticals: where can be
found.
An approximate number of about 30,000 phyto components have
been identified in plants.
• Approximately 5,000-10,000 are present in plant foods of
common use/consumption.
• Assuming 5 daily servings of fruits and vegetables, you ensure
the intake of about 1.5 g / day of nutraceuticals
phytocomponents.

28. Nutraceuticals: where can be found.

29. Nutraceuticals: where can be found.

30. Nutraceuticals: where can be found.

31. Nutraceuticals: where can be found.

32. Uses of Nutraceuticals: therapeutic uses.
Prevention/Therapy using nutraceuticals.
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypertension
- Type II diabetes
- Hypertryglyceridemia
- ………..
Metabolic syndrome
A nutraceutical pro active
approach is possible?

33. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
An example.
The artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract polyphenols: the main
components are chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cynarin.
In year 1900 scientific research has focused on the properties
hepatostimulants, hepatoprotective, choleretic and
hypocholesterolemic associated to extracts of Cynara leaves, as
advocated by medicine doctors already in year 1700.

34. Cynara extracts
Chlorogenic acids
Flavanoids
• 5-O-caffeilchinic acid
• 1,5-dicaffeilchinic acid
• caffeic acid
• Luteoline
• Cinaroside
• Scolimoside
Artichoke: bioactive substances.
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

35. Artichoke variety mg chlorogenic
acid/100g
Romolo stem 27,826
Romolo head 6,276
Romolo leaves 0,5
Artichoke variety Total phenolic
content
mg AGE/100g
DPPH μmol
TE/100g
FRAP μmol
TE/100g
Romolo stem 21,35 78,61 104,46
Romolo head 4,53 38,95 24
Romolo leaves 26,44 124,47 64,54
Anti oxidant activity:
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

36. Sustainable use of industrial wastes.
Bioactive molecules
rich sources
Nutraceuticals: recovery/uses.

37. Cholesterol-lowering action of artichoke
extracts.
1. increased choleresis and then increased excretion
of salts and bile acids rich in cholesterol;
2. inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis.
• Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA
and released in plasma.
• The extent of hepatic biosynthesis is controlled by the
intracellular concentration of cholesterol.
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

38. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Green tea: functional food/nutraceutical
Obtained from a plant: Camellia sinensis (L.).
The freshly harvested leaves are immediately processed to inactivate the
enzymatic oxidation process.
• Green tea has the highest concentration of polyphenols than other types of
tea.
• Green tea has hypoglycemic properties.

39. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

40. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Catechins neuro protective role.

41. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
C EC ECG EGC EGCG GC CG
mg/gdw
C = (-)-Catechina
EC = (-)-Epicatechina
ECG = (-)-Epicatechingallato
EGC = (-)-Epigallocatechina
EGCG = (-)-Epigallocatechingallato
GC = (-)-Gallocatechina
CG = (-)-Catechingallato
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

42. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cholesterol(mg/dL/µgprotein)
ECG = (-)-Epicatechingallato EGCG = (-)-Epigallocatechingallato CG = (-)-Catechingallato
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

43. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Triglycerides(mg/dL/µgprotein)
C = (-)-Catechina ECG = (-)-Epicatechingallato EGCG = (-)-Epigallocatechingallato
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

44. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Catechins: antioxidant action.

45. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Catechins: cardio protective role.

46. Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Apple: an in se functional food ?
I. Significant source of phytocompounds (flavonoids) among which quercetin (5 -
15 mg / 100 g) is the main one.
II. Contains antioxidant polyphenols with proven efficacy.
III. Apple extracts inhibit the cholesterol uptake.
IV. The effect on the organism is similar to statins.
Apple: extract nutraceutic

47. FleshFlesh
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.
Cholesterol uptake
inhibition.

48. OligomericOligomeric procyanidinsprocyanidins
Red Delicious Pink Lady Fuji Golden DeliciousAnnurca
BucceBucce
PolpaPolpa
Hypocholesterolemic metabolites
Nutraceuticals: possible uses.

49. Justification of why we use?
Metabolic syndrome (SM): some data.
50% of people from Europe are
overweight
30% suffer from obesity
23-24% of USA suffer from SM
WHO estimated an about 2.5
millions of people dead
worldwide due to overweight
and to cardiovascular diseases
SM: ICD-9-CM code = 277.7
Van Gaal LF, et al. Lancet 2005;365:1389-97

50. Abdominal obesityAbdominal obesity
Glucose intolerant/Glucose intolerant/InsulineInsuline
resistencyresistency
HypertensionHypertension
AterogenAterogen dislipidemydislipidemy
ProinflammatoryProinflammatory state/state/
ProtromboticProtrombotic
National Cholesterol Educational Program (NCEP), Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III; 2001
DiabetisDiabetis CVDCVD
Metabolic syndrome “cluster” of risk factors.

51. Metabolic syndrome.
Central obesity (european and north american population).
i. Waist circumference ≥ 94 cm (male) and ≥ 80 (female)
Together with at least TWO of the following:
ii. TG > 150 mg/dL or specific treatment
iii. CHDL < 40 mg/dL (male) e < 50 mg/dL (female) or specific
treatment
iv. SBP ≥ 130 mmHg e/o DBP ≥ 85 mmHg or anti hypertension
treatment
v. Glycemic index ≥ 100 mg/dL or a DM2 diagnosis

52. Nutraceuticals and metabolic syndrome.
Apple variety “annurca”

53. Lipidic profile in patients treated with
atorvastatin v/s nutraceutical (NUT)
Apple variety “annurca”

54. Therapeutic approach.

55. Therapeutic approach.
METABOLIC SYNDROME
ORGAN DAMAGE
PRESENCE
YESNO
LYFESTYLE CHANGE
NUTRACEUTICALS
PHARMACOLOGIC
THERAPY

56. Active Bio-chemical Components
NUTRIENTS
• Most common Nutrients used/ supplemented as
Nutraceutical are:
Minerals and Vitamins.
or in combination
or in combination with other antioxidants

57. Health Benefits of different common nutrients
Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamin A: Acts as antioxidant, essential for growth and
development, maintains healthy vision, skin and mucous
membranes, may aid in the prevention and treatment of
certain cancers and in the treatment of certain skin
disorders.

58. • Vitamin D: Essential for formation of bones and
teeth, helps the body to absorb and use
calcium
• Vitamin E: Antioxidant, helps to form blood cells,
boosts immune system
• Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting

59. Water Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamin C: Antioxidant, necessary for healthy bones,
gums, teeth and skin. Helps in wound healing,
prevent from common cold
• Vitamin B 1: Helps in carbohydrate metabolism,
essential for neurological function.
• Vitamin B 2: Energy metabolism, maintain healthy
eye, skin and nerve function.

60. • Vitamin B 3: Energy metabolism, brain function
• Vitamin B 6: Helps to produce essential proteins,
convert proteins to energy
• Vitamin B 12: Help in producing genetic material,
formation of RBC, maintenance of CNS, synthesis of
amino acids, involved in metabolism of protein, fat
and carbohydrate.

61. • Folic acid: Helps in RBC formation, formation of
genetic material of cell, very much essential during
pregnancy
• Pantothenic acid: Aids in synthesis of cholesterol,
steroids, and fatty acids, crucial for intraneuronal
synthesis of acetylcholine

62. Vitamins like Compounds
• L- Carnitine: Helps in oxidation of fatty acids, role in
oxidative phosphorylation,
• Choline: Lipotropic agent, used to treat fatty liver and
disturbed fat metabolism,
• Inositol: For amino acid transport and movement of
Potassium and sodium,
• Taurine: Helps in retinal photoreceptor activity, bile acid
conjugation, WBC antioxidant activity, CNS
neuromodulation, platelet aggregation, cardiac
contractibility, sperm motility, insuline activity,

63. • Minerals:
• Calcium: essential for bone and teeth, maintaining bone
strength, nerve, muscle and glandular function, blood
clotting,
• Iron: energy production, Hb, oxygen transport,
• Magnesium: for healthy nerve and muscle function, bone
formation,
• Phosphorous: energy production, phosphorylation process,
bone and teeth, for genetic material,

64. • Cobalt: component of Vit. B 12 and B 12
coenzymes,
• Copper: Hb and collagen production, function of
heart, energy production, absorption of Iron,
• Iodine: proper function of Thyroid gland,
• Chromium: with insulin it helps in conversion of
carbohydrate and fat into energy, treatment of
diabetes,

65. • Selenium: Antioxidant, functioning of heart
muscle, part of GPX enzyme,
• Zinc: Essential for cell reproduction, for
development in Neonates, wound healing,
production of sperm and testosterone
hormone,

66. • Herbals:
• Aloe vera: Anti-inflammatory, emollient, wound
healing,
• Evening Primrose oil: Dietary supplement of linoleic
acid, treatment of atopic eczema,
• Garlic: Antibacterial, antifungal, antithrombotic,
antiinflammatory,
• Ginger: carminative, antiemetic, treatment of
dizziness

67. • Ginseng: Adaptogen,
• Green tea: Antioxidant, reduces risk of CVD,
enhances humoral and cell mediated Immunity,
• Vegetables, fruits, whole grain, herbs, nuts and
various seeds contain an abundance of phenolic
compounds, terpenoids, sulphur compounds,
pigments etc. that has been associated with
protection / treatment of certain disease
conditions,

68. •Phytochemicals:
• Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as:
1. Substrate for biochemical reactions
2. Cofactors of enzymatic reactions
3. Inhibitors of enzymatic reactions
4. Absorbents that bind to & eliminate undesirable
constituent in the intestine
5. Scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals

69. 6. Enhance the absorption and / or stability of essential
nutrients
7. Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria
8. Fermentation substrate for beneficial bacteria
9. Selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria

70. Various Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals Source Role
Tocotrienols &
tocopherols
Grains Suppressed the growth of
diverse tumors cell lines via
initiation of apoptosis and
concomitant arrest of cells in
the G1 phase of the cell cycle
Carotenoids Fruits &
vegetables
Antioxidants, protects against
uterine, prostate, colorectal,
lung and digestive tract
cancers, and protection to
other antioxidants.

71. Limonoids Citrus fruits Inhibiting phase I
enzymes & inducing
phase II detoxification
enzymes in liver, provide
protection to lung tissue.
Phytosterols Various
plants
Exhibit anti-inflammatory,
anti-neoplastic, anti-
pyretic & immune-
modulating activity,
decrease cholesterol
Phenolic
constituents
Various
plants,
wholegrain
Antioxidants, lowers the
risk of CHD, diabetes,
hypertension etc.

72. Flavonoids Grapes, wines Action against free
radicals, free radicals
mediated cellular
signaling, inflammation,
allergies, platelet
aggregation, &
hepatotoxins
Catechin &
gallic acids
Grapes,
berries, cocoa,
green tea,
acacia spp.
Antioxidants, free
radical scavenging
ability, inhibition of
eicosanoid synthesis,
reduces CHD
Isoflavonoids Soybeans Treating cancers &
osteoporosis

73. Anthocyanidins Fruits & flowers Antioxidants & anti-
mutagenic properties
Glucosinolates Cruciferous Activators of liver
detoxification
enzymes, inhibit the
neoplastic effect of
various carcinogens
Indoles Reduces estrogen-
dependent cancer
risk,
Fiber Various
vegetables,
fruits,
Protects against
colorectal diseases,

74. Method to enhance active components in
food
• Manipulating the diet to get maximum
level of active components
• Combination of food ingredients rich in
nutraceuticals
• Fortifying food with active ingredients
• By fermentation of food products
• Changing food habits to natural type of
diet

75. Monomeric and oligomeric phenols.

76. Catecolic derivatives.
curcumin
hydroxytyrosol
alkylresorcinols
carnosol
oleuropein

77. Resorcinic derivatives.
Amorpha
fruticosa
Resveratrol
Liquorice
Tomatoes, grapes, cauliflower

78. Oligomeric polyphenols –Tannins.
Apple
Dates
Pomegranate
Raspberry

79. 80
Nutraceutic potential of grape polyphenols.
Flavonols
Antocianins
Pro-antocyanidins Shao et al. (2006). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
attenuates oxidant injury in cardiomyocytes.
Pharmacological Research
PoliphenolsPoliphenols contentcontent:: juicejuice >> winewine >> grape/fruitsgrape/fruits
“Antioxidant protection of
the cardiovascular system”

80. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside
114 mg/100 mL
35% anthocyanins
Main active molecules.
Myricetin-3-O-glucoside
93 mg/100 mL
27% flavonols
Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide
76 mg/100 mL
22% flavonols
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside
80 mg/100 mL
23% flavonols
AntocianinsAntocianins FlavonolsFlavonols

81. 0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
Phenols Flavonols Anthocyanins
992.00 ± 2.1
404.77 ± 1.5 402.41 ± 0.8
989.80 ± 1.8
402.05 ± 1.6 400.12 ± 0.9
mg/100mL
RGJ lioRGJ
Red grape juice poliphenolic content before (RGJ) and after
lyophilization (lioRGJ).
83

82. 84
Antioxidant activity of red grape juice before (RGJ) and
after lyophilization (lioRGJ)
FRAP = Antiradical indirect power
DPPH = Antiradical direct power

83. “Antioxidant profile and“Antioxidant profile and in vitroin vitro cardiac radicalcardiac radical--scavengingscavenging vsvs propro--oxidant effects ofoxidant effects of
commercial red grape juices (commercial red grape juices (VitisVitis viniferavinifera L. cv.L. cv. AglianicoAglianico N.)”N.)”
Gian Carlo Tenore, Michele Manfra, Paola Stiuso, Luigi Coppola, Mariateresa
Russo, Isabel Maria Gomez Monterrey, Pietro Campiglia
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012
Nutraceutical potential of grape polyphenols.

84. Grape juice:
“Functional food → Nutraceutic potential”
Possible use as nutraceutical:
Support for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.
Nutraceutical potential of grape polyphenols.
(Jones et al., Int. J. Cancer Res., 10(1), 46-53, 2014)

85. Hyperglicemy: a new therapeutic
approach.
PPARg (proliferator-activated receptor gamma) a nuclear receptor has a primary role in
lipid and carbohydrates metabolism.
Problem: PPARg-targeting drugs are characterized by unwanted side effects.
Natural products from edible biomaterials are a structurally different resource to easy
the complex side effects of common use drugs.
It can be adopted a nutritional tailored approach to easy side unwanted effetcts.
Amorfrutins, extracted from the edible part of two legumes, namely Glycyrrhiza
foetida and Amorpha fruticosa, are new and potent anti diabetes agents.
They selectively bond to the PPARg receptor and activate it.

86. Hyperglicemy.

87. “Beyond diet, before drugs” (E.
Novellino, 2012)
A. Santini, Journal of Food Research,
2014, (4), 1-5.
Pro active nutraceutical approach:
when and where?

88. “Beyond diet, before drugs” (E.
Novellino, 2012)
Antonello Santini and Ettore Novellino
Current Bioactive Compounds, 2014, 10(1), 1-12.

89. Increasing Nutraceuticular Value of food
through Genetic Bio fortification

95. Increasing Nutracuticular Value in Field
Crops

109. Increasing Nutracuticular
Value in Horticultural
Crops

127. Increasing Nutracuticular
Value in Medicinal Crops

133. CONCLUSION
• Nutraceuticals are present in most of the food
ingredients with varying concentration
• Concentration, time and duration of supply of
nutraceuticals influence human health
• Manipulating the foods, the concentration of active
ingredients can be increased
• Diet rich in nutraceuticals along with regular
exercise, stress reduction and maintenance of
healthy body weight will maximise health and
reduce disease risk