the great wall of china

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JUNE 15
Saifullah Mahmud 王方
2093191
THE GREAT WALL
OF CHINA

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The Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is one of the world's most impressive structures — the world's
longest wall, an amazement masterpiece of ancient defensive building. Its winding road
takes in some spectacular sights as it passes through mountain passes.
The Great Wall facts
• Chinese name: 长城 (Chángchéng /channg-chnng/ 'Long Wall')
• Location: Northern China
• Length: 21,196.18 km (13,170.7 mi), all known sections were measured
• History: more than 2,300 years.
Now the question rises, Who Built the Great Wall and Why
It's often said that the First Emperor of Qin built the Great Wall. Actually, he was not the
first to build it. See below:

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Dynasty Great Wall History-Key Events
Zhou Dynasty: The (Pre-) Warring States
Period (770–221 BC)
State overlords-built state border walls.
The Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC) The First Emperor of Qin linked the Great
Wall sections on China's northern border.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) Han Wudi extended the Great Wall west to
Yumen Pass and beyond.
The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Hero General Qi Jiguang rebuilt the Great
Wall around Beijing.
Why the Great Wall Was Built?
• To prevent invasion
• To protect Silk Road trade
In the Qin Dynasty, the First Emperor of
Qin inked the northern walls to prevent
invasion from northern nations. In the Han
Dynasty, the emperors extended the Great
Wall far into today's western China to protect
Silk Road trade.
How the Great Wall was Built?
The majestic Great Wall was built with wisdom, dedication, blood, sweat, and tears.
Families were separated, and many workers died and were interred as part of the Great
Wall itself.
• Workers: soldiers, peasants, rebels
• Materials: stone, soil, sand, brick
• Material delivery: by hand, rope, cart,
goat

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The Great Wall's Structure — Walls, Watchtowers, Fortresses
The Great Wall was not just a wall. It was an integrated military defensive system with
watchtowers for surveillance, fortresses for command posts and logistics, beacon towers
for communications, etc.
In the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the Great Wall was reconstructed to be stronger and
more sophisticated, due to better construction techniques being developed.
• The wall body: The Ming Great Wall
usually had battlements 1.8 meters (6
feet) high with loopholes and crenels,
and parapet walls 1.2 meters (4 feet)
high.
• Flanking towers: Every 500 meters or
less (1,640 feet) on the Great Wall there
was a flanking tower allowing defenders
to shoot arrows at attackers at the face of
the wall.
• Fortresses were built at important/vulnerable access points (passes), such
as Shanhai Pass Fortress, Juyong Pass Fortress, and Jiayu Pass Fortress. There
were many archery windows and gates on the forts. The fortress gatehouses were
the strongest and most impregnable structures on the Great Wall.
Present Condition
30%+ of the Great Wall Is Gone, Due to natural erosion and human damage, about 2,000
kilometers, or 30% of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared. (Far more of previous
dynasties' Great Wall sections is gone.)
Restoration and Protection to the Great Wall
To prevent further loss of the Great Wall, the Chinese Government has taken measures
to protect it:
• Laws to protect the Great Wall
• Funds for protection, restoration, and maintenance
As individuals, we can do the follows to protect the Great Wall:
• Plant trees to keep the Great Wall slopes protected from erosion
• Don't litter and graffiti / remove trash and graffiti
• Don't damage the Great Wall / take bricks home (it's illegal)

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Great Wall Culture — Legends, Stories, Poetry
Meng Jiang Nv weeping over the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is a China icon. It shows us not only China's culture of national pride,
grand projects, and determined resistance, but also China's extravagant architecture and
creativity.
During the construction of the Great Wall, there were many interesting legends and myths,
such as Meng Jiang Nv weeping over the Great Wall, a sad but romantic love story set
in the Qin Dynasty.
Great Wall Travel
The Great Wall of China is the must-visit China attraction. Perhaps the most powerful
advertising words in history come from the poetic pen of Chairman Mao: "Until you
reach the Great Wall, you're no hero." Figuratively this has come to mean 'to get over
difficulties before reaching a goal'.

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The Great Wall in autumn
"Greatest Human Feat in History": The Great Wall is the building project with the
longest duration and greatest cost in human lives, blood, sweat and tears. It deserves its
place among "the New Seven Wonders of the World" and the UNESCO World Heritage
Sites.
Most Popular Sections Around Beijing
The Great Wall at Mutianyu
We would rank Beijing's nearby Great Wall sections as follows, according to our
customers' feedback and our own personal experience:
• Mutianyu — the most magnificent fully-restored Great Wall section
• Jinshanling — the most popular Great Wall hiking route, with most
beautiful original architecture
• Jiankou — the section that appears on most postcards, steep and perilous

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References used
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China
http://www.123chinesenewyear.com/great-wall-of-china/
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/
http://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/ http://www.crystalinks.com/chinawall.html
http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/greatwall.htm
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/gwall.html
http://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/fact/
http://www.greatwall-of-china.com/