frame work types of concrete applications construction method bridges in concrete shelled structure case study

1. CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRESESNTED BY GROUP 1
GROUP MEMBERS;
• SEERAT AMEEN
• ZAINAB HAMID
• BAIZA QUYOOM
• ABRAR RASHID
• MARIYA SHAFI
• QAZI MUQUIET

2. +
https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1nQZEJVXXXXb1XFXXq6xXFXX
Xd/coarse-Aggregate.jpg
+ =
CONCRETE is a construction material
composed of cement, fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates mixed with water which
hardens with time
CONCRETEFINE AGGREGATECEMENT COARSE AGGREGATE

3. FRAME WORK
1) TYPES OF CONCRETE
a) PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
b) REINFORCED CONCRETE
c) PRE STRESSED CONCRETE
d) FERRO CONCRETE
2) DIFFERENT GRADES USED FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURES
3) TYPES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
a) FRAMED STRUCTURES IN BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES AND ITS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
b) SHELLED STRUCTURE AND ITS TYPES
4) FEW WORKS OF PIER LUIGI NERVI

4. TYPES OF CONCRETE
BASED ON DESIGN OF CONCRETE
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE-
• MAIN CONSTITUENTS ARE CEMENT, SAND , COARSE AGGREGATE
AND WATER
CEMENT SAND COARSE AGGREGATE PCC

5. • IT HAS NO REINFORCEMENT
• THIS IS MAINLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS ,
ESPECIALLY IN AREAS WITH LESS DEMAND OF HIGH
TENSILE STRENGTH
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS MASS CEMENT CONCRETE

6. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ce/ff/a0/ceffa0
c285cd1d3278970754b0d5f5f1.jpg
DOME OF PARTHENON, ROME
WORLDS LARGEST DOME MADE OF
UNREINFORCED SOLID CONCRETE

7. • THE CEMENT CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS
EMBEDED FOR TAKING TENSILE STRESS
• VIRTUALLY ANY GEOMETRIC SHAPE OR
STRUCTURE CAN BE CREATED WITH RCC
• CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION
BUT WEEK IN TENSION AND STEEL IS
STRONG IN TENSION SO THEIR COMBINATION
GIVES A STRONG STABLE STRUCTURE
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
http://happho.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/02/Wh
at-is-Honeycombing.jpg

8. https://images.adsttc.com/m
edia/images/547f/5a3b/e58e/
ced5/b600/0049/large_jpg/60
94101399_837ab20310_o.jpg
?1417632288
VILLA SAVOYE, FRANCE
HOUSE CONSTRUCED IN RCC

9. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
• Form of concrete used in construction which is pre-stressed
by being placed under compression prior to supporting any
loads beyond its own dead weight. The compression is
produced by the tensioning if high-strength “tendons”.
• Classified into two ways:
1 . Pre-tensioning.
2 . Post-tensioning.

10. Pre-tensioning
• The steel wires or tendon are
tensioned first and the
concrete is poured later.
• Tendons tries to shrink back to
the original length but resisted
by the bond between the
concrete thereby transferring
compressive force to concrete.
Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

11. • Concrete is poured first, allowed to
harden and then tendons are
tensioned later. Tendons are placed
in sheathing at suitable places in the
member before casting and later
after hardening of concrete.
• Done after the concrete attains
sufficient strength.
• Cables are used in place of wires and
jacks are used for stretching.
Post-tensioning
Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

12. CONVENTION CENTRE , QATAR
https://biomimeticdesign.files.wordpr
ess.com/2010/11/qnccb.jpg

13. FERROCONCRETE
• FERROCONCERTE IS A FORM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
USING CLOSELY SPACED MULTIPLE LAYERS OF MESH OR
SMALL DIAMETER RODS COMPLETELY INFILTRATED WITH IN
MORTAR

14. APPLICATIONS
• FERROCONCRETE IS RECOMMENDED TO MEET THE
FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:
• TO PRODUCE HIGH EARLY STRENGTH IN A WIDE ARIETY OF
CONCRETES, MORTARS AND GROUTS.
• TO FACILITATE THE EARLY DEMOULDING.
• TO REDUCE FORMWORK AT STRIKING TIMES

15. • TO HELP MAINTAIN NORMAL CONCRETE PRODUCTION
DURING COLD WEATHER.
• TO RESIST FIRE UP TO 750 C FOR A PERIOD OF 48 HOURS OR
EVEN MORE
• TO RESIST RUST,ROT,OR BLOW DOWN IN STORMS

16. CONSTRUCTION METHOD
• THE FIRST STEP IS TO
PREPARE THE SKELETAL
FORMWORK ONTO
WHICH THE WIRE
MESH IS FIXED WITH A
THIN TIE WIRE (IN
SOME CASE BY
WELDING )
• A MIN OF TWO LAYER
MES IS REQUIRED AND
DEPENDING ON THE
DESIGN UP TO 12
LAYERSHAVE BEEN
USED https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880
fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-construction-
materials.jpg

17. • THE SAND CEMENT
AND ADDITIVES ARE
CAREFULLY
PROPORTIONED BY
WEIGHING ,MIXED DRY
AND THEN WATER
• HAND MIXING IS
USUALLY SATISFACTORY
,BUT MECHANICAL
MIXING PRODUCES
MORE UNIFORM
MIXES,REDUCES
MANNUAL EFFORT AND
SAVES TIME
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr
6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

18. • AFTER CHECKING THE
STABILITY OF THE FORMWORK
AND WIRE MESH
REINFORMENT,THE MOTAR IS
APPLIED EITHER BY HANDOR
WITH A TROWEL AND
THROUGHLY WORKED INTO
THE MESH TO CLOSE ALL
VIODS . THIS CAN BE DONE IN
A SINGLE APPLICATION THAT
IS FINISHING BOTH SIDES
BEFORE INITIAL SET TAKES
PLACE
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr
6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

19. PROPERTIES OF FERROCONCRETE
• IT IS A VERY DURABLE,CHEAP AND VERSATILE MATERIAL
• LOW WATER CEMENT RATIO PRODUCES AN IMPERMEABLE
STRUTURES
• LESS SHRINKAGE,AND LOW WEIGHT
• HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
• BETTER IMPACT AND PUNCHING SHEAR RESISTANCE
• UNDERGO LARGE DEFORMATION BEFORE CRACKING OR HIGH
DEFLECTIONS

20. USES OF FERROCONCRETE
1.WATER PROOFING
FERRO CONCRETE
MEMBRANE WATER
PROOFING IS A STRUCTURAL
TREATMENT
-IT CAN NOT BE PUNCTURED
-RESISTS WEAR AND TEAR IS
PERMANENT WITH
NEGLIGIBLE MAINTANANCE
-SOLUTION TO CHRONIC
LEAKAGE
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-
construction-materials.jpg

21. FERROCONCERTE IN BRIDGES

22. FERROCONCRETE KITCHEN CABINETS

23. FERROCONCRETE IN SUNSHADES

24. FERROCONCRETE IN SCULPTURES

25. FERROCEMENT BUILDING
• FERROCEMENT IS USED IN FLOORS
ROOFS WALLS FOR RESIDENTIAL
PLACES AND OFFICE BUILDINGS
AND ARE FABRICATED USING
FERROCEMENT COLUMNS, BEAMS
AND PANEL SYSTEMS THAT HELPS
REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION OF
CEMENT AND STEEL
• THE WEIGHT OF A
FERROCONCRETE BUILDING IS 50%
LESS THAN THAT OF RCC BUILDING
•
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-
FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

26. FERRO CONCRETE BUTRESSES

27. INSITU CONCRETE
• THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FORMS AT THE
BUILDING SITE
https://media3.picsearch.com/is?C4O-Ybm4DtUNNwlcQ_qFPyyEugdGrJI3MX3FeusdLAA&height=154

28. ADVANTAGES OF INSITU CONCRETE
• ELEMENTS ARE MANUFACTURED IN A CONTROLLED CASTING
ENVIRONMENT AND HAVE IT IS EASIER TO CONTROL MIX,
PLACEMENT AND CURING.
• IT PROVIDES HIGHER DEGREE OF INSULATION.
• BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS FOR THE BUILDING
OPERATIVES

29. DISADVANTAGES OF INSITU
CONCRETE
• NEEDS HIGH LABOUR NUMBERS
• ERACTION OF FORMWORK IS TIME CONSUMING
• THE QUALITY CONTROL IS DIFFICULT
• ONCE THE CONCRETE IS CAST ITS DIFFICULT TO DO ANY
MODIFICATIONS

30. PRECAST
CONCRETE
Precast concrete is a
construction product by
casting concrete in a
reusable mould or form
which is then cured in a
controlled environment
and then transported to
the construction site.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prefabricated_house_constr

31. PRECAST CONCRETE PROCESS
1. Production of reinforced cages
and main connections . 2. Assembly of moulds
https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

32. 3. Mix being poured. 4. Compaction of concrete
using poker vibrator .
https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

33. 5. Precast concrete being moved to storage.
https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

34. Precast stairs Precast slabs
Souce :https://bit.ly/2IC54EU Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

35. Some precast components
Beams and Columns Wall panels
https://bit.ly/2KBnU Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

36. GRADES OF CONCRETE AND THEIR USE
DESCRIPTION OF WORK RATIO OF CEMENT , FINE
AGGREGRATE AND
COURSE AGGREGRATE
GRADE OF COMCRETE
CONCRETE IN COLIMNS
AND BEAMS
1:1:2 M25
PILES, PRECAST WORK OR
DENSE CONRETE
1:1.5:3 M20
RCC BEAMS SLABS AND
COLIUMNS
1:2:4 M15
FOUNDATIONS FOR
BUILDINGS
1:3:6 M10

37. TYPES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxO3_APoglOHJTzA9g13uj-
qiV9rnjaYAHjWM8EzHR1qMChOtGIw
FRAMED STRCTURE SHELLED STRCTURE

38. FRAMED STRUCTURES
THE STRUCTURE FORMED BY NETWORK OF COLUMNS AND
CONCRETE BEAMS THAT FORMS THE STUCTURAL SKELTON OF
THE BUILDING
https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n

39. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
• EXCAVATION: ITS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING
EARTH TO FORM CAVITY IN THE GROUND
• https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n

40. FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS ARE DESIGNED SO THAT LOADS OF STRUCTURE
ARE TRANSFERED TO THE SOIL IN SUCH A WAY THAT SOIL IS
ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE LOADS
http://civilblog.org

41. FORMWORK
• PROCESS OF CREATING A TEMPORARY MOULD INTO WHICH
CONCRETE IS POURED AND FORMED
https://media1.picsearch.com

42. TYING OF STEEL
• TYING IS CARRIED OUT BY USING STIRRUPS,DOWELS .THEY
HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT INTO CERTAIN CONFIGURATION
theconstructor.org

44. MIXING AND POURING OF
CONCRETE
• THE CONCRETE IS PREPARED BY MIXING CEMENT,SAND,STONE
CHIPS , WATER INTO A MIXER AND THEN POURED INTO THE
FORMWORK UNTILL RIGHT LEVEL IS REACHED
https://media5.picsearch.com/is?TIrKjAfTc7c4itT-PLARI8tAj1RTXem

45. CURING OF CONCRETE
IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE CONCRETE IS PROTECTED
FROM LOSS OF MOISTURE AND KEPT WITHIN A REASONABLE
TEMPERATURE

46. • CONCRETE GAIN ITS STRENGTH ALONG WITH THE PASSING OF
TIME DUE TO HYDRATION REACTIONS INORDER TO
COMPLETE THE HYDRATION PROCESS OF CEMENT WE HAVE
TO KEEP THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE WET AND MOIST TO
ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO LARGE SCALE ESCAPE OF WATER
FROM THE MIX DUE TO EVAPORATION WHICH MAY
DETERIORATE THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION.EEN CEMENT
COMPONENTS AND WATER

47. C0NCRETE BRIDGES
1) BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE
• IT IS THE MOST SIMPLEST
STRUCTURAL FORMS FOR
BRIDGES
• IT IS SUPPORTED BY AN
ABUTMENT OR PEIR AT THR
EACH END
• SOMETIMES MORE THEN
TWO PIER SUPPORT THE
BRIDGE DEPENDING UPON
THE USE, SPAN AND
FUNCTION OF THE BRIDGE

48. https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/GTCx6Wb8cEhQAek3
E6xjYRYoyKV37NKfSjUE1adm8znSafd4sgwo/10/10/none
USE OF CONCRETE AS TRUSS IN ROAD BRIDGE
Kilburn Road Bridge
TRUSS BRIDGES

49. CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
• A CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
HAS ONE OR MORE
TOWERS , FROM WHICH
THE CABLES SUPPORT THE
DECK BRIDGE
• MATERIAL: 1)STEEL ROPE
2)POST TENSIONED
CONCRETE
3)CONCRETE POST GIRDER
4)STEEL OR CONCRETE PYLON
https://cdn.britannica.com/78/22078-004-A5CAA0CE.gif

50. • FOOT BRIDGE SRINAGAR
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/
85/View_of_Footbridge.JPG/22
0px-View_of_Footbridge.JPG

51. http://ttnotes.com/images/seri-wawasan-
bridge-putrajaya-1.jpg
USE OF BOTH TRUSS AND CABLES
SPAN 240m
WIDTH 32m
NO OF PIERS =2
SERI BRIDGE PUTRAJAYA MALAYSIA

52. BOX GRIDER BRIDGE
• MAIN BEAM COMPRISES OF
GIRDERS IN THE SHAPE
OF HOLLOW BOXES.
• THE BOX GRIDER NORMALLY
COMPRISES OF EITHER
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OR
A COMPOSITE OF STEEL AND
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
• THE BOX IS TYPICALLY
RECTANGULAR OR
TRAPEZIODAL IN SHAPE. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/-
160311180805/95/application-of-
plate-girders-in-steel-construction

53. https://ascelibrary.org/cms/attach
ment/0e5d86f0-9000-4071-a195-
81608c4efb0f/figure3.jpg

54. ARCH BRIDGE
• ARCH BRIDGES ARE
SUPPORTED BY ABUTMENTS
AT EACH END OF AN ARCH
• ARCH BRIDGES WORK BE
TRANSFERRING THE
WEIGHT OF THE BRIDGE
AND ITS LOADS PARTIALLY
INTO HORIZONTAL THRUST
RETAINED BY THE
ABUTMENTS AT THE EITHER
SIDE.
http://www.dynamicscie
nce.com.au/tester/soluti
ons991/flight/strucuture
sandforces/arch.gif

55. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
vIrDeM9IvS8/U4LhD_Vegq88I/A
AAAAAAADhU/IK6kjpnM6oA/s16
00/parts+of+arch+bridge.jpg

56. WANXIAN BRIDGE ,A REINFORCED
CONCRETE BRIDGE OVER THE YANGTZE
RIVER WITH A CONCRETE SPAN OF 420m.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/4/48/Witanx
ian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG/1200
px-
Wanxian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG

57. SUSPENSION BRIDGE
• CONSISTS OF FOUR
ESSENTIAL PARTS: TOWER,
ANCHORAGE, CABLE AND
DECK.
• CABLES ARE CURVED AND
CONTINUOUS BETWEEN
TOWERS
• THE DECK USUALLY
SUPPORTED ON STIFFENING
TRUSSES IS HUNG FROM
SUSPENSION CABLES.
https://i2.wp.com/69.89.31.155/~
ginahagl/wp-
content/uploads/2013/11/suspens
ionbridge-pbs.gif

58. http://www.mackinac.org
/media/images/2007/ms2
007-04-19a.jpg

59. HUMBER BRIDGE,ENGLAND
http://gallery.nen.gov.uk
/assets/0805/0000/0242
/humber_bridge.jpg

60. SHELLED SRUCTURES
• SHELLED STRUCTURE – A THIN , PLATE
STRUCTURE SHAPED TO TRANSMIT APPLIED
FORCES BY COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE , AND SHEAR
STRESSES THAT ACT IN THE PLANE OF THE
STRUCTURE.
• USUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE
REINFORCED WITH STEEL MESH.
• SHELL CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1920S. SHELL
EMERGED AS A MAJOR LONG-SPAN CONCRETE
STRUCTURE AFTER WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)

61. FRAME WORK OF KRESGE AUDITORIUM
(1954-1955) ON MIT CAMPUS, CAMBRIDGE
Source:
https://images.adsttc.com/media/i
mages/5326/8301/c07a/805c/d80
0/0268/large_jpg/MIT4_kresge-in-
process-med.jpg?1395032823

62. SHELL STRUCTURES ARE SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS :
SINGLE CURVATURE - A SHELL WITH ONE CURVED SURFACE.
- EG. VAULTS
DOUBLE CURVATURE- A SHELL WITH DOUBLY CURVED SURFACE.
- EG. DOMES

63. THIN CONCRETE SHELLS
• LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPOSED OF RELATIVELY
THIN SHELL MADE OF RCC, WITHOUT THE USE OF INTERNAL
SUPPORT.
• TYPES – BARREL SHELLS AND VAULTS
FOLDED PLATE
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID ( HYPAR)
DOME

64. BARRELS SHELL AND VAULTS
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR-
VAULTS: IT IS SAME AS CONNECTED PARALLEL ARCHES WHICH
TRANSMIT THE LOADS TO ITS SUPPORTS.
• MATERIAL USED SHOULD BE ABLE TO RESIST
COMPRESSION AND THE THICKNESS IS USUALLY HIGHER.
• SHAPE SHOULD BE AS SIMILAR TO THE
ARCH AS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE
OPTIMUM STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR.

65. BARREL SHELL: IT CARRIES LOADS LONGITUDINALLY AS A
BEAM AND TRANSVERSALLY AS AN ARCH.
• MATERIAL USED SHOULD HAVE THE TENDENCY TO RESIST
BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION STRESSES.
• FOR RCC THE SPAN TO THICKNESS RATIO CAN BE
INCREASED BY PLACING THE BARS WHERE THE TENSION
FORCES ARE NEEDED.
Source
http://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/20
08/fall/3501perl/montfort/Hyper%2
0Parabolic%20Paraboloid%20Segme
nted%20Line%20forces%20layout.jp
g

66. HERSHEY SPORTS ARENA IN PENNSYLVANIA
SHORT BARREL SHELL
Source:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/thin-
shell-concrete-structures-
construction.html

67. FOLDED PLATE
• ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES RIGIDLY CONNECTED TOGETHER
ALONG THEIR EDGES.
• STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR –
THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE TRANSFERRED
TO THE SHORTED EDGE OF ONE
FOLDING ELEMENT, THEN THE
REACTION AS AN AXIAL FORCE
IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADJACENT
ELEMENTS AND THEN TRANSFERRED
TO THE BEARINGS.

68. Source
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
fYr1Zkc0408/TXlc3wf83iI/AAA
AAAAAAhE/7D4BoH58XoY/s1
600/Animal%2BMedical%2BH
ospital-01.jpg
PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA

69. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
(HYPAR)
• A SURFACE WHICH IS CURVED IN TWO DIRECTIONS I-E IT HAS
A CONVEX FORM ALONG ONE AXIS AND CONCAVE FORM
ALONG THE OTHER AXIS.
• THE CURVATURE OF THE SHAPE REDUCES ITS TENDENCY TO
BUCKLE IN COMPRESSION WHICH MEANS THAT THEY CAN
ACHIEVE EXCEPTIONAL STIFFNESS.
• BY BEING BRACED IN 2 DIRECTIONS THEY EXPERIENCE NO
BENDING AND ARE ABLE TO WITHSTAND UNEQUAL LOADING
(DEAD OR LIVE).

70. MEISO- NO- MORI MUNCIPAL FUNERAL HALL, JAPAN
Source-
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/d1
/2a/bf/d12abf51e31194fa3e9
4f9dca34f3e6c--toyo-ito-
sanaa.jpg

71. DOME
• A ROUNDED ROOF WITH A CIRCULAR BASE WHICH HAS
DOUBLE CURVATURE AND THE RESULTING STRUCTURE IS
MUCH STIFFER AND STRONGER THAN A SINGLE CURVED
SURFACE (BARREL SHELL).
• EXPERIENCES COMPRESSIVE
FORCES FROM TOP TO
ITS MID-HEIGHT.
Source
http://kaoaz.co/wp-
content/uploads/bfigure8e-
concrete-dome-construction-
techniques-home-design-7-hoop-
and-meridional-forces-stresses-
in-a-spherical-6i.png

72. EYE OF THE STORM , SULLIVANS ISLAND, SOUTH
CAROLINA
Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
2Vfm4I3W8q0/VypWTileUpI/AAAA
AAAAh_k/9cvSc17jEdYU4MkDUulY
jJdxGzwCi2P0QCLcB/s1600/Charle
ston%2BDay4%2BEye%2Bof%2Bth
e%2BStorm%2BHouse%2B%2528
Medium%2529.jpg
• BEYOND MID-HEIGHT A TRANSITION WITH TENSION
FORCES OCCUR GRADUALLY UNTIL THE BASE WHERE
LARGE TENSILE FORCES PREDOMINATE WHICH ARE
RESISTED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE FORM
OF TENSION RINGS OR TENSION BELTS.

73. Pier Luigi Nervi
(21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979)
• HE WAS AN ITALIAN ENGINEER
AND ARCHITECT
• HE STUDIED CIVIL
ENGINEERING AND PRACTISED
AS A BUILDING ENGINEER
• HIS AESTHETICALLY PLEASING
DESIGNS OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE WERE USED FOR
MAJOR PROJECTS AND ALSO
GAINED HIM NAME IN THE
ARCHITECTURAL FIELD.

74. Source
https://i.pinimg.com/origina
ls/4d/88/00/4d8800cd76168
c3a6e287a31f2ba21e0.jpg
MUNICIPAL STADIUM , FLORENCE
ITALY
THE CANTILEVER ROOF OF THE GRAND STAND CONSISTS OF A
THIN REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELL

75. Source
https://images.adsttc.com/media
/images/557f/bd87/e58e/ce56/d
800/00b4/slideshow/Unesco_He
adquarters__Paris.jpg?14344349
40
THE HEADQUARTER OF UNESCO, PARIS
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID FORM

76. Source
https://media.gettyimages.com/phot
os/palazzetto-dello-sport-rome-italy-
architect-pier-luigi-nervi-annibale-
picture-id157894144
PALAZZETTO DELLO SPORT , ITALY
INDOOR ARENA WITH CONCRETE DOME