Week 6 referencing

1. Referencing
WEEK 6

2. Lesson Outline
 Understand what reference information to identify and how to
correctly implement it into a text.
 Understand how to write a list of references.

3. Referencing
You don’t reference...
 Common knowledge (names, dates,
and well established facts)
 Conversations with friends and
students, unless these are formally
conducted as part of an agreed
research methodology.
 Other students’ essays or academic
work, as you should not use these for
your own work.
It is not necessary to memorize ALL of the APA
Guidelines, but it is necessary to accurately
follow them!
Referencing simply comes down to following a
specific set of guidelines, which in your case is
APA Style. The APA website provides
information on how to reference sources
(www.apastyle.org).
APA (American Psychological
Association)
social sciences
Chicago Manual of Style history, economics
Bluebook law
MLA (Modern Language Association) humanities, languages
ACS (American Chemical Society) chemistry
Harvard higher education

4. Referencing
Two aspects involved in referencing:
In-text citations
• How you reference sources within the text of your
assignment
Reference list
• The list of references mentioned in the text
• This goes at the end of your assignment

5. Reference List
 Must list all sources mentioned in text
 Must be alphabetical
 Format must be consistent – e.g. commas, full stops, italics, capital letters
 Must follow APA guidelines

6. Citing a Book
Edited Book:
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing
up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys.
In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123).
New York, NY: Springer.

7. Citing a Book
Template
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Examples
Fry, R. (2011). How to study (6th ed.). Malaysia: Advantage Quest Publications.
Collins, C., & Kneale, P. E. (2001). Study skills for psychology students: A
practical guide. London: Arnold.

8. Citing a Journal Article
Template
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages.
Examples
Sutton, P. (2000). Using lecture notes on the internet as learning
support materials for lectures: Student and staff perspectives on
note-taking. Psychology Teaching Review, 9(1), 26–37.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology
journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893–896.

9. Electronic Sources
 Article From an Online Periodical
 Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs
 Article From an Online Periodical with DOI
Assigned
 Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI
Assigned
 Article From a Database
 Abstract
 Newspaper Article
 Electronic Books
 Chapter/Section of a Web Document or Online
Book Chapter
 Online Book Reviews
 Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
 Online Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries
 Online Bibliographies and Annotated
Bibliographies
 Data Sets
 Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other
Graphic Representations of Data)
 Qualitative Data and Online Interviews
 Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
 Non-periodical Web Document, Web Page, or
Report
 Computer Software/Downloaded Software
 E-mail
 Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
 Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
 Wikis
 Audio Podcast
 Video Podcasts

10. Citing Electronic Sources
Template
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format
description]. Retrieved month day, year, from
http://xxxxxxxxx
Lee, C. (2011). Writing in-text citations in APA style
Retrieved from
http://apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/01/writing-in-text-
citations-in-apa-style.html

11. Citing Electronic Sources
 Online journal
Marsh, E. J., & Sink, H. E. (2010). Access to handouts of
presentation slides during lecture: Consequences for
learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 691–706.
Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/
10.1002/acp.1579/full
 Online newspaper
Miwil, O. (2012, June 23). Recycling boxes misused as garbage
bins. New Straits Times. Retrieved on 20 April 2014 from
http://www.nst.com.my/streets/ central/recycling-boxes-
misused-as-garbage-bins- 1.97311

12. How to cite sources
 Much of your research will likely come from internet sources.
 Cite a commercial document from a website in the same way as a printed
document i.e. author and date.
 Missing information is shown in same way as a printed source
Author and date: (Jones, 2007)
Author, no date: (Smith, n.d.)
No author (title of article), date: (The Joy of Vietnamese Life, 1998)
No author (title of article), no date:(The Rocky Road to Marriage, n.d.)

13. How to cite sources
 Direct quotation from a source:
These aspects of language teacher identity appear to be rather positive
perspectives of language teaching. However, Pennington suggests that English
language teachers suffer from negative stereotypes, as “English language
teaching is generally perceived as entirely transparent and ordinary in the
extreme, as a type of work that nearly any native speaker can perform or 15
claim to perform”(Pennington, 1992, p. 13). She states that the general public as
well as academics fail to recognize the specialized skill and knowledge
associated with language teaching.
Reference: Pennington, M.C. (1992). Second Class or Economy? The Status of the
English Language Teaching Profession in Tertiary Education. Prospect 7(3): 7-19.

14. How to cite sources
 Direct quotation from a source:
Borg also states that because the nature of language as a subject has more
practical relevance to real life, language teachers are required to be more creative
and enthusiastic in order for students to share personal aspects of their lives
outside the classroom. A participant in research conducted by Moran (1996)
reiterates the unique aspect of intimacy in language teachers’ relationships with
students. She says,
I feel what’s central [to language teaching] is to help people make
connections. In this sense, the language is not simply a set of techniques to
use, to say this and that. But it’s really a way of people having a sense of the
humanity of other people who use that language (Moran, 1996, p. 145).
Reference: Moran, P. (1996). ‘‘I’m not typical’: Stories of becoming a Spanish
teacher’ in
Freeman, D & Richards, J (eds) (1996): Teacher Learning in Language Teaching.

15. How to cite sources
 A summary of the source or section of the source
Breen et al. (2001) reiterates the relevance of teachers’ experiential pedagogy
along with that of the wider professional community, and suggests the relationship
between the two should be of particular importance to teacher educators and of
significant focus in research on language teaching. Ur (1992) also suggests that the
objective of an effective ELT training course should be to develop trainee teachers’
personal theories of action.
The very definition of what language is becomes a central issue in language
learning, as the multitude of situations in which language is taught and learned
continues to become increasingly diverse and culturally complex. Teachers are called
upon to go beyond pedagogy and practice, to have some understanding of the
background and culture of their students, and what role these factors play in
language education.
References: Breen, M, B. Hird, M. Milton, R. Oliver & A. Thwaite (2001). Making Sense of Language
Teaching: Teachers’ Principles and Classroom Practices. Applied Linguistics 22(4): 470-501.
Ur, P (1992). Teacher Learning. ELT Journal 46(1): 56-61.