Level 2—permission level 2 is based entirely on relationships.

1. Level 2—Permission
Level 2 is based entirely on relationships. On the Permission
level, people follow because they want to. When you like people
and treat them like individuals who have value, you begin to
develop influence with them. You develop trust. The
environment becomes much more positive—whether at home, on
the job, at play, or while volunteering.
The agenda for leaders on Level 2 isn’t preserving their
position. It’s getting to know their people and figuring out how
to get along with them. Leaders find out who their people are.
Followers find out who their leaders are. People build solid,
lasting relationships.
You can like people
without leading
them, but you cannot
lead people well
without liking them.
Discussion
1. How can one gain influence with others?
2. How can one develop a productive team?
You have been working on the Jersey City Police Department
for five years now and your peers have come to respect you
because how you treat them and because of how they perceive
you perform at work. How would you use your influence on the

2. job to make your work environment a better place?
Level 1—Position
Position is the lowest level of leadership—the entry level. The
only influence a positional leader has is that which comes with
the job title. People follow because they have to. Positional
leadership is based on the rights granted by the position and
title. Nothing is wrong with having a leadership position.
Everything is wrong with using position to get people to follow.
Position is a poor substitute for influence.
People who make it only to Level 1 may be bosses, but they are
never leaders. They have subordinates, not team members. They
rely on rules, regulations, policies, and organization charts to
control their people. Their people will only follow them within
the stated boundaries of their authority. And their people will
usually do only what is required of them. When positional
leaders ask for extra effort or time, they rarely get it.
Discussion
1. Positional leaders usually have difficulty working with
volunteers, younger people, and the highly educated. Why?
You have been promoted to a Corporal in the Jersey City Police
Department. Your goal is to be the best example possible in the
“positional role” of Corporal. What would be your main two or
three priorities/actions, establishing your “positional role” as a
leader?
Course Success
Habits Matter
1. Professors are influenced by your behaviors (texting,
excessively late/absent, etc.) which could impact your grade.

3. 2. Do your best with every assignment by asking questions and
making corrections because details matter!
3. Do work early, procrastination will usually result in poor
work quality or failure to submit assignments.
4. Participation helps collective classroom learning and
increases the chance of receiving a favorable letter of
recommendations.
Communicating Via Email
1. Start off by indicating your course name/section, day and
time.
2. Subject: Intro. Criminal Justice 111-02 (Tues. 6pm.) Class
Absence
3. Always type in your “main reason” for the email.
4. It should be an “attention getter” such as a newspaper
heading.
5. Proof read your e-mail! Download and use Ginger application
on phone
6. Always end email with your full name and student ID #
Writing Format
1. Use Times New Roman 12 point Font.
2. Keep margins at 1 inch
3. Click “No Spacing” at the top of your Microsoft Word
document
4. “Single space” discussion boards and “double space” reports,
midterm and final papers.
5. Subtitles should be bold and flush left/upper and lower
case(center for research papers and don’t bold).

4. 6. Indent (TAB .5) at the beginning of every paragraph.
7. Write short, clear and concise sentences (Do not type I think,
I belive, I feel, etc. just state your point).
8. A paragraph is a minimum of 5 sentences. You must have
additional paragraphs for sections having more than 12
sentences.
Subtitles
Use subtitles in every essay! This ensures that both you and the
reader will remain focused on the topic in each section (see
your college textbook). When a professor is reading an average
of one hundred papers, one right after another, it can become
confusing attempting to figure out what your specific paper is
about.
Your subtitles should be like newspaper headings, short and
grabs the readers attention. You should consider using subtitles
for sections having more thanfour paragraphs. The ‘References’
subtitle (which is always last) should be centered. Look at the
effectiveness of subtitles from Dr. King’s Autobiography.
Early Years
Born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther
King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta
Williams King. The King and Williams families were rooted in
rural Georgia. Martin Jr.'s grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a
rural minister for years and then moved to Atlanta in 1893. He
took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist church with
around 13 members and made it into a forceful congregation. He
married Jennie Celeste Parks and they had one child that
survived, Alberta. Michael King Sr. came from a sharecropper
family in a poor farming community. He married Alberta in
1926 after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved to
A.D. Williams home in Atlanta.

5. Michael King Sr. stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist
Church upon the death of his father-in-law in 1931. He too
became a successful minister, and adopted the name Martin
Luther King Sr. in honor of the German Protestant religious
leader Martin Luther. In due time, Michael Jr. would follow his
father's lead and adopt the name himself.
Education and Spiritual Growth
In 1948, Martin Luther King Jr. earned a sociology degree from
Morehouse College and attended the liberal Crozer Theological
Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. He thrived in all his studies,
and was valedictorian of his class in 1951, and elected student
body president. He also earned a fellowship for graduate study.
But Martin also rebelled against his father’s more conservative
influence by drinking beer and playing pool while at college. He
became involved with a white woman and went through a
difficult time before he could break off the affair.
During the work on this doctorate, Martin Luther King Jr. met
Coretta Scott, an aspiring singer and musician, at the New
England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married in
June 1953 and had four children, Yolanda, Martin Luther King
III, Dexter Scott and Bernice. In 1954, while still working on
his dissertation, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue
Baptist Church of Montgomery, Alabama. He completed his
Ph.D. and was awarded his degree in 1955. King was only 25
years old.
Paraphrasing a Quoted Sentence
You must paraphrase (critically think and rephrase the idea) and
cite sentences that you research online, in journals, your
textbook and any other source. You must AVOID USING
QUOTES because it could be viewed as a sign of laziness (copy
and paste). In addition, the APA citation format provided is

6. only for paraphrased sentences.
There is a different APA format for quotes! Paraphrased
sentence are essentially you restating what you have read in
your own words (short and to the point!). One ideal way to
paraphrase, would be to think of you reading something and
then having to explain it to someone else in a brief and clear
manner.
Example of Quoted Sentence
“Surveillance cameras, then captured the rental car leaving the
crime scene and Hernandez carrying a gun, as he returned to his
home minutes later, according to authorities.”
Paraphrased Sentences
1. Cameras showed Hernandez, both at the scene of the crime
and holding a gun, as he went into his house (Hill & Zilla,
1999).
2. According to Hill and Zilla (1999) Hernandez was not only
recorded having a gun at his home, but also driving away from
the crime scene.
Solid Paragraphs Follow These Steps
1. Always answerthe question or state your position in the very
first sentence (one sentence).
2. Explain your reasoning or your position (multiple
sentences).*
3. Use paraphrased citation(s), as evidence to back up your
answer or position (one sentence).
4. Summerize how the citation(s) supports your overall answer
or position (multiple sentences).
Example:
Question:

7. Do you feel that minimum wage should be $10.00 an hour?
Response:
The minimum wage should be $10.00 an hour. The more people
make, the more they will be able to afford things that they need
and want. They can go shopping on a weekly basis and buy
food, clothing and do things that are entertaining. Buying from
stores help improve our economy. According to Jamison (2014)
any economy will be very strong when people spend money
because money is circulating. In other words, when working
people have money they will be willing to spend more and
provide for themselves and their family. Small business, big
businesses and communities all benefit from people having
more money. Having a minimum wage, which is at least $10.00
an hour is a great place to start.
* Ask who, what, when, where, why and how questions in order
to expand your reasoning.
**Notice there are eight sentences in this solid paragraph.
Grammar
You must download either Grammarly.com or
Gingersoftware.com the student version as a support tool for
improving the quality of your papers. You must still proofread
your work and get another person to also review assignments.
This is not Microsoft Word (which is a word processing unit)
this is a grammar software program that will correct about 85%
not 100%, of errors that students typically make. Always use
the NJCU writing lab if you need assistance with your writing
assignments.
Use of Credible Sources
All of your sources should typically have an author(s) and year,
unless you are citing a government website. You must use
credible sources from the college library. The best sources are
Journals that are scholarly and peer reviewed. However, most

8. students tend to rely on web surfing. If you do so make sure
you remember the following:
a. Use your textbook and the NJCU online library
b. If you use regular google, make sure that you type the key
words “news articles” (including quotes) after other key words
you might choose to use.
c. ONLY SELECT ARTICLES WITH AUTHOR(S) AND YEAR
from nationally recognized newspapers (Washington Post, Wall
Street Journal, New York Times, etc.).
d. Never use sources such as Dictionaries, Encyclopedias,
Wikipedia, About.com, Nolo, Ehow.com, blogs, etc. None of
these are considered credible sources.
e. All of your credible sources will be found in the college
library or online college library.
Researching
Follow these steps for NJCU Library article search:
1. Type in key words
a. Police Training dogs or K-9 finding drugs (you will need to
play with key words to find articles)
2. Select the following:
a. Full Text
b. Peer Review
c. Scholarly Article
d. After the year 1999
e. Journals
3. Look at the titles and see which ones seem to match your
interest, then click the title for further details.
4. Skim through the article to determine whether or not the
article is relevant.

9. 5. When you find a sentence(s) that you would like would use,
you must:
a. Paraphrase
b. Cite
c. Reference the source in APA format
6. If you see a link that says either “Cite” or “Bibliography,”
click and select the APA format
7. If you DO NOT see the APA reference formatted in the
“Cite” or Bibliography” area, you will need to do the following:
8. Copy the Title of the “article” and
9. Click the Citation Generating Link and paste the Title in the
space provided.
10. Select the right article
11. Check to make sure that the right information is in the
appropriate place, in accordance with Course Success. DO NOT
fill out all of the blank spaces, ONLY the information required
by following the Reference Subtitle detailed below.
12. Generate your Reference then copy and paste it in to the
reference section. Make sure that the format of the text is
correct (for example, there should be no all caps in the title,
etc.).
APA Sources and Citations
Most Common Citation Examples:
Last Name (Year) or (Last Name, Year).A citation must be
within EACH sentence being paraphrased (NOT A
PARAGRAPH)!The examples listed below are citations

10. (highlighted in red) for paraphrased sentences only, direct
quotes follow a different format, which can be found on the
APA website.
Single Author
a) According to Wilson (2013) crime is a problem that impacts
every community.
b) Crime is a problem that impacts every community (Wilson,
2013).
Two Authors
c) Wilson and Kramer (2013) state that crime is a problem that
impacts every community.
d) Crime is a problem that impacts every community (Wilson &
Kramer, 2013).
Three Authors
e) Tucker, Wilson and Kramer (2013) state that crime is a
problem that impacts every community.
f) Crime is a problem that impacts every community (Tucker,
Wilson & Kramer, 2013).
Four to Seven Authors
g) Crime is a problem that impacts every community (Phelps,
Lima, Gomez, MacArthur, & Nehru, 2004).
h) Phelps et al. (2004) state that crime is a problem that impacts
every community.
i) Crime is a problem that impacts every community (Phelps et
al., 2004).
** Type all last names for your first citation and for subsequent
citation use “et al.”

11. Government Sources
j) According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2011) 23% of
teens that commit violent criminal acts were between the ages
of 16-19.
k) Twenty three percent of teens that commit violent criminal
acts were between the ages of 16-19 (Bureau of Justice
Statistics, 2011).
Court Case Sources
Name v. Name (Year) or (Name v. Name, Year)
l) Lessard v. Schmidt (1972)
m) (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)
Things to Remember:
1. EVERY in text citation must have a reference.
a. According to Morrison (2011)……..
Morrison, O. S. (2011). When criminals get caught red handed.
Chicago, IL. Pearson Publishing.
2. ANY sentence paraphrased must have a citation.
a. Williams (2001) states that our criminal justice system in the
U.S. needs to be modernized.
b. Our criminal justice system in the U.S. needs to be
modernized (Williams, 2001).
3. Use different citations when more than one reference is
required
a. Crime can be improved through strong community support
(Hampton, 2012). This is true because that is what a
neighborhood watch is all about. According to Johnson (2011),

12. crimes are lower in areas that have neighborhood watch.
4. Avoid using the same citation in back to back sentences
instead, explain citations in a sentence or sentences between
citations.
a. Crime is on the rise in suburban areas because of prescription
drugs (Dorian, 2011).Police are trying to figure out ways to
effectively handle this growing problem. According to Dorian
(2011), creating more rehabilitation programs is an important
part of solving this challenge.
APA References (Must Be In Alphabetical Order)
Journal
Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Year). Title with first
letter in upper case and remaining
in lower case. Journal Name, Vol, pages. Doi. or retrieved from
http://www.
Black, E. (2009). Snuggles, my cotherapist, and other animal
tales in life and therapy.
Family Process, 459-461. doi:10.1111/j.1545-
5300.2009.01295.x
Grindstaff, C. F, & Ebanks, S.P. (1973). Male sterilization as a
contraceptive method: An
empirical study. Population Studies, 27, 443-455. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/
* Please note that some online journals have a “Cite” link which
allows you to select APA 6th Edition. If so you can simply
copy and paste the provided reference.
Website and Government Website
Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Year). Title with first
letter in upper case and remaining

13. in lower case. Retrieved from http://www.
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).
Technology and education: New
wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational
futures. Retrieved from
Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies
website:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
Hoffman, D. (2009). Diagnosing skin cancer on nose. Retrieved
from
http://health.ivillage.com/cancer/sc/0,,6f9v,00.html
U.S. Office of Personnel Management. (2008, November).
Report to Congress: The employment
of veterans in the federal government, fiscal year 2007.
Retrieved from http://omp.gov/veterans/dvaap.asp
Books
Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Year). Title with first
letter in upper case and remaining
in lower case. City, State Initials: Publisher.
Gabaldon, D. (1991). Outlander begins a new day from the halls
of wisdom. New York, NY:
Delacorte Press.
Gabaldon, D., & Williams, J.K. (1991). When time stood still
and the people cried.
New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
Court Cases
Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date)

14. Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)
Blystone v. Pennsylvania, 494 U.S. (1990)
People v. Armour, 590 N.W.2d 61 (Mich. 1999)
*See APA Link for more detail formatting
1. The “References” subtitle should be centered and on separate
page by doing a page break (CTR + Enter)
2. References should be in alphabetical order
3. In order to indent underneath the last names you must:
Make sure you click “NO SPACING”
Then HIT ENTER next to text be indented
Then hit TAB
Discussion Board Response Examples
Instructions:
· Respond to the question(s) listed below in a minimum of 300
words.
· You must use subtitles and follow “Course Success.”
· You must write in a clear and concise manner. Students must
include one citation and reference.
Basic Response Example #1
Question(s):
Why is it important that the police and the community have a
productive relationship? What do you feel is the single most
important thing the police can do that would significantly help
improve their relationships with community members? What do

15. you feel is the single most important thing the community can
do that would significantly help improve their relationships
with police?
* How many questions are being asked? How many subtitles
should you have? Did the writer answer the question in the first
sentence and then explain? (Do not rewrite the question in the
discussion board simply respond)
Response:
The Importance of Community and Police Relations
It is important that the police and the community have a
productive relationship because they both need each other. The
community need the police to have a safe place to live and the
police need the community to solve crimes. When the police
have a great relationship with the community, it makes their job
a lot easier. They will know who to talk to when there is a
problem and they can also learn about effective ways to prevent
crime. Most importantly, they will have a good reputation
within the community have a productive relationship. Most
crimes are solved through the information from the community
(Love, 2002). If the police have cooperation from the
community it creates a common ground of understanding.
Police Can Improve Community Relationships
The single most important thing that the police can do that
would significantly improve their relationship with the
community is talking with individuals and organizations.
Talking to the community, establishing relationships with them
would show that they care. Talking and listening also mean that
the police are learning about people’s concerns. Even on a
personal level they can learn how much they have in common
with people even though they may come from a different
cultural background.
When you go out into the neighborhood and talk to people, you

16. become part of the people. It humbles you and it puts the
community at ease. If police don’t do this the people may feel
that they are inferior to the police and be scared to talk to them.
If the police establish a good relationship with community
members than there is no need for the community to feel that
way.
Community Can Improve Police Relationships
The single most important thing that the community can do that
would significantly improve their relationship with the police is
having an understanding of what they are there for, and what
they really do. The community needs to have a sit down with
the local police and they need to come to an understanding of
what the community and the police can do together as a team to
keep their neighborhood safe. Communication is the key to
making the relationship work to the best of its abilities.
Teamwork is also a major contributing factor to a successful
relationship. The community cannot be safe if one does not
work with the other.
Reference
Love, D. (2002). Community policing: Building relationships.
Retrieved from
http://www.emich.edu/cerns/downloads/papers/PoliceStaff/Com
munity
%20Policing/Community%20Policing--
Building%20Relationships.pdf
Advance Essay Response Example #2
Question:
What was the Initial First Responders Program Impact on Police
and Citizen Collaboration?

17. *This is a single question with multiple responses
IFR Impact
Unfortunately the full impact of the program could not be fully
appreciated because approximately 80% of the officers did not
directly participate in the IFR program (Kenney &White, 2010).
Nonetheless, as stated earlier one cannot underestimate the
importance of police and community collaboration, as it relates
to both an effective police department and a satisfied
community. The fact that all of the police that participated in
the program believed that the IFR concept helped solved crime
is significant.
The importance of this finding means that police have faith in a
system that meets their individual and collective needs. This in
turn can certainly impact their attitude in a positive manner and
reduce stress levels when having to close cases. Robin and
Worden (2003) disagree and indicate that the relationship
between police attitude and behavior is weak. One would think
that having police officer buy into a particular program is a
major factor in determining the effectiveness of any program.
Public Sentiments
In addition, the finding that indicated that 98% of police felt
that citizens were satisfied with police interactions, this
outcome is substantial (Kenney &White, 2010). Police attitudes
on how the community views them is important because the
citizens will be more willing to cooperate. If the community
feels that the police are both respecting them and doing their
job, then a healthy relationship between the two will flourish.
One can expect that this type of productive relationship will

18. lead to not only a reduction in criminal activity based on
Becarria’s (1764) Rational Choice Theory, which states, that
when punishment is “swift, certain, and proportional,” it deters
criminal behavior. With community support the “certainty” of
getting arrested by police and the “swiftness” at which an arrest
takes place, will certainly have a discouraging sway on
criminals’ decision to commit crimes. While there may not be
accurate measurements of victimization and reductions in crime,
the fact that when the police and community worked together
during the course of the IFR program resulting in an
overwhelming majority of crimes being solved, is something
that cannot be ignored.
References
Beccaria, C. (1764). Of crimes and punishments. Retrieved
March 2013, from
http://www.constitution.org/cb/crim_pun.htm
Kenney, D. J., & White, M. D. (2010). Expanding the role of
patrol in criminal
investigations: Houston's investigative first responder project.
Police Quarterly. Retrieved March 2013, from DOI:
10.1177/1098611110365687
Robin, S. E., & Worden, R. E. (2003). Police officers' attitudes,
behavior, and supervisory
influences: Ananalysis of problem solving*. Criminology,
41(1), 131-131. Retrieved from
http://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/220669529?accountid=1172
4
*References are in alphabetical order