Building a Case on Outputs and Outcomes Author: Rodelon Ramos, Master of Architecture, University of the Philippines Diliman

1. RAMOS, RODELON M.
ARCH 235
PROF. RAYMOND SIH
Goals on Safety & Health, and Social
Inclusivity of Wastewater in Makati
City
Building a Case on Outputs and Outcomes

2. VISION GOAL OUTCOME OUTPUT
SUSTAINABLE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR
MAKATI CITY
All-encompassing Safety &
Health in Terms of
Wastewater Infrastructure
Reduce groundwater pollution
coming from non-point
sources and point sources
Increased desludging services
for domestic and on-site septic
tanks
Prevent outbreak of
waterborne diseases, cases of
localized dengue, and water
contamination
Clean-up operations of urban
waterways and drainage
channels
Reduce environmental
degradation of waterways
from illegal and authorized
wastewater disposal
Increased public access to
available municipal sewer
lines, sewage treatment plants
and combined sewers
Minimize domestic,
commercial, and industrial
discharge to natural drainage
Improvement of existing
sewerage Facilities, Systems
and Operations

3. Outcomes
I. Reduce groundwater pollution coming from non-
point sources and point sources
I. Prevent outbreak of waterborne diseases, cases of
localized dengue, and water contamination
I. Reduce environmental degradation of waterways
from illegal and authorized wastewater disposal
I. Minimize domestic, commercial, and industrial
discharge to natural drainage

4. Reducegroundwater pollution coming from non-point sources and point sources:
Republic Act 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 defines the ff:
Non-point source - means any source of pollution that includes, runoff from
irrigation or rainwater, which picks up pollutants from farms and urban areas.
Point source - means any identifiable source of pollution with specific point of
discharge into a particular water body.
In Mysore, India, the natural treatment process of municipal wastewater shows an
innovative process. Widely distributed source of groundwater pollution include
septic tanks in urban areas. Providing safe distance between treatment plants and
sources of potable water is seen as necessary. Build-up of contaminants is to be
expected if this is overlooked.
In Hyderabad, India, high treatment cost of wastewater discourages proper
connection to established sewerage systems. But the expansion of WwTPs to help
unburden the carrying capacity of existing plants, led to direct wastewater treatment
of discharges
Impact of Wastewater Discharge on Soil and Groundwater – A Case Study; Mekala,
G., Davidson, B., Samad, M. & Boland, A.M. 2008

6. Prevent outbreakofwaterbornediseases,cases oflocalizeddengue,andwatercontamination:
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an approach being
undertaken in several Southeast Asian cities that aim to address changes
in hygiene behaviors of urban dwellers, grounded on the assumption of
health as the driver of change, and open defecation is seen as a boon
to living a healthy, more quality life. Options to quick on-site sanitation
such as latrines, were previously subsidized, but not fully maximized by
their intended users.
It is clear that water must be combined with sanitation in policy, in
utilities, and in tariffs. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has gained
widespread acceptance as a tool for expanding access to sanitation and
introducing behavior change. It has been learned that pride, dignity,
shame, disgust, and self-respect are the key motivations in selling
sanitation to the people, and that sanitation is a public, not a private,
good. To accelerate coverage, targeted subsidies/incentives can be used
to assist the poor.
(McIntosh, A. 2014)

7. Reduceenvironmental degradation ofwaterways from illegal and authorized
wastewater disposal:
Reliance to domestic septic tanks and latrine pits is a prevalent scenario in
Indonesia and Vietnam, and less than ten per cent of urban wastewater is
conveyed to proper sewerage systems. The World Bank Urban Sanitation
Review, in the context of the studies conducted in Indonesia and Vietnam, put
forth the following recommendation in relation the proposed outcome:
1. Prepare practical phased investment plans that address
the full sanitation chain
2. Review legal barriers to subsidizing improved on-site sanitation and facilitate
practical and affordable mechanism for financial support.
3. Promote and ensure that local government applies national wastewater
design and construction standards as regulated.
4. Establish, enforce and promote wastewater regulations including for on-
site sanitation, sludge management, and mandatory connections.
5. Improve operations and maintenance of overall systems and particularly
the tertiary network, establish a customer service approach for improved
complaints response to promote confidence in the wastewater system and
customer satisfaction in service provided.
(2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank)

9. Minimize domestic, commercial, andindustrial discharge to natural drainage
In Cotonou Benin, houses that dispose of their wastewater
in the natural waterways (67%) acknowledged that this is not a
safe, hygienic practice, but there are no possible alternative
disposal methods within their reach to begin with.
Discharge of their effluents into a sewer system can
become current when one is constructed, but most of them (86%)
are discouraged by the cost of the service. 32% of the surveyed
houses thought that public awareness on the subject of wastewater
management may play a key role in order to promote changes in
behaviour; 10% thought that it polluters must suffer direr
consequences to force them to change. Around 3% of the
respondents think that wastewater management is not their
responsibility, but that of the concerned national and local
government agencies.
Hounke, S.P., Adjouvi, E.C., Crapper, M. & Awuah E. 2014

10. POLICY GUIDANCE MANUAL ON WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

11. Outputs
I. Increased desludging services for domestic and on-site
septic tanks
I. Clean-up operations of urban waterways and drainage
channels
I. Increased public access to available municipal sewer
lines, sewage treatment plants and combined sewers
II. Construction of communal sanitary toilet facilities for
communities without any means of proper wastewater
disposal

12. Increased desludging servicesfor domestic and on-site septic tanks
On-site systems are usually designed to have leaching beds that
infiltrate the partiality treated water from septic tanks into the ground.
During desludging, waste is transported for treatment and/or
disposal. On-site systems can also include small-scale sewerage
systems that convey wastewater to treatment plants located nearby.
Wastewater generated in industries can be treated on-site or
released to municipal systems, but it is necessary that discharge
permissions have been granted and that quality limits are being
respected.
(WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme).
2017.)

14. Clean-up operations ofurban waterways and drainage channels
A Supreme Court decision that mandates the clean-up and
rehabilitation of the Manila Bay has been in effect and enjoins
the polluters, government agencies, and affected residents
reliant on Pasig River to pursue more environmental and more
sustainable actions . The Writ of Continuing Mandamus The
clean-up operations of urban waterways and tributaries
connected to the Pasig Rive and feed to the Manilay Bay are
subject to the tall order of the Supreme Court, directing and
empowering the DENR as the lead agency.
G.R.NO. 171947-48

16. Increased public access to available municipal sewer lines, sewage treatment plants and
combined sewers
In Tunisia, recycling and reuse of treated wastewater has become a
priority in since the early 1980s, when Tunisia launched a nation-wide water
reuse programme to increase the country’s usable water resources. Most
municipal
wastewater receives secondary biological treatment through activated
sludge, with some limited tertiary treatment also in place.
Management of municipal wastewater must be subject to increased
treatment and processing, with effluent standards subject to domestic or
industrial reuse, and discharge to the open environment.
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2017. The
United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The
Untapped Resource. Paris, UNESCO. )

17. Water Environment Partnership in Asia

18. IMPROVEMENT OFEXISTING SEWERAGE FACILITIES, SYSTEMS, AND SERVICES
In a study sponsored by the Asian Development Bank, issues
in urban sanitation in select South East Asian cities includes old
and underperforming systems, such as communal septic tanks,
oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons, and Imhoff tanks, are now
progressively being upgraded into mechanized secondary
treatment systems or rationalized into modern sophisticated
regional sewage treatment plants.
IWK, a public concessionaire in Indonesia, has developed
standard procedures for sewer maintenance, as well as for a
quick response in resolving sewer blockages. Dilapidated
sewerage system must be modernized in order to make it suitable
to the needs and conditions of the present-day world.
(McIntosh, A. 2014)

19. Case Study: Making Viable Septage Management Programs by
Wastewaterinfo.asia

20. VISION GOAL OUTCOME OUTPUT
SUSTAINABLE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR
MAKATI CITY
Social Inclusivity in Terms of
Wastewater Infrastructure
Impart the significance of
proper sanitation and reuse
of wastewater in the midst
of increasing environmental
concerns
Equitable provision and
implementation of
sewerage services as a
basic social utility
Catalyze the public
participation in the
improvement of wastewater
management, policies &
programs
Enforcement of community-
led sanitation programs and
groundwork
Protect consumers from
unreasonable rates,
inefficient services, and
unfair practices
Periodic public
consultations and
evaluation on the rates and
services provided by the
utility concessionaires

21. Outcomes
I. Impart the significance of proper sanitation and reuse of
wastewater in the midst of increasing environmental
concerns
II. Catalyze the public participation in the improvement of
wastewater management, policies & programs
III. Protect consumers from unreasonable rates, inefficient
services, and unfair practices

22. Impart the significance of proper sanitation and reuse of wastewater in the midst of increasing
environmental concerns
Wastewater treatment enterprises treat water before disposal or recycle the water
so that it can be reused. Enterprises focusing on industrial wastewater treatment
solutions offer efficiency and cost effectiveness. They are quickly commissioned,
fully automatic, have remote monitoring, require minimal hazardous chemicals, and
treat water for reuse.
Social enterprises have introduced unique technologies and integrated solutions to
treat such wastewater either for safe disposal or for reuse. These solutions aim to
be efficient, affordable and convenient. Water reuse allows communities to become
less dependent on groundwater and surface water sources, and can decrease the
diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems. Governments also support research
and development of innovative and cost effective technologies to treat waste water
for reuse.
(Inclusive Innovations: Inclusive Business Models for Wastewater Treatment)

23. Company Country Solution Description
AcuaCare Colombia The technology used by AcuaCare allows biological treatment of
wastewater using earthworms and microorganisms which transforms
the pollution in the water into organic fertilizer and allows the reuse
of the treated water for irrigation.
http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/juan-carlos-guqueta-the-colombianworm-
king/60199
Agua Inc Gambia,
Dominican
Republic, Mali,
Spain, Kenya,
Haiti
Agua Inc. has devised an innovative way of treating industrial waste
water using floating green filters, a biological water treatment
method that uses a combination of hardware and macrophyte
phytoremediation plants, a species of aquatic plants.
http://aguainc.com/
Bridgedots
TechServices
India, Europe,
Middle East,
USA
and Australia
Bridgedots provides services related to industrial solid waste and
wastewater treatment.
http://www.bridgedots.com/
Ecosoftt Singapore, India,
HongKong
Ecosoftt's Solutions for Underprivileged Lives (SOUL) programme is a
community led transformation program that ensures underserved
and marginalized communities can obtain access to clean water,
recycling and reuse of wastewater, basic sanitation facilities, and
improved livelihood opportunities. http://ecosoftt.org/
Greenvironmen
t Innovation
and Marketing
India Greenvironment undertakes fresh water and recycled water
management contracts in urban apartment complexes.
Greenvironment monitors real-time water and wastewater treatment
systems in apartment complexes helping them significantly reduce
their water consumption. http://greenvironmentindia.com/

24. Company Country Solution Description
Grey Water
(Jaldhara
TechnologiesPv
t. Ltd.)
India Grey Water offers a unique range of highly compact, plug and play,
modular waste water treatment and water recycling products for
residential and commercial buildings, hospitality and industrial sectors.
http://www.greywatertech.com/
PT. Tirtakreasi
Amrita
Indonesia,
Srilanka, Nepal,
Vietnam and
Nigeria
PT. Tirtakreasi Amrita makes treatment plants ranging from drinking
water, sewage treatment, to complex industrial effluent treatment
plant for various industries.
http://www.amritaenvironmental.com/
Saha Global Ghana Saha Global empowers women in rural communities to solve their
village’s need for clean water and electricity by providing business
opportunities. http://sahaglobal.org
SFC India India SFC supplies Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology (C Tech), an
advanced sequential batch reactor technology. This technology is
extensively used for treating domestic sewage and industrial
effluents. The treated sewage from C Tech plants can be recycled for
industrial applications, gardening, agriculture and other applications.
http://www.ctechsbr.com/home.php
Vision
Earthcare
India Vision Earthcare provides effective eco-friendly solutions to water
treatment across all scales. Its services include design and turnkey
execution of soil biotechnology. http://www.visionearthcare.com
Wetlands
Work!
Cambodia Wetlands Work! is a social enterprise that designs and builds
innovative constructed wetland systems to treat various
contaminated waters, to allow reuse or safe release into the
environment. https://wetlandswork.com/

25. Source: A Framework for Efficient Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Systems

26. Catalyze the public participation in the improvement of wastewater management, policies
& programs
Key challenges include the participation of the public in governance
and decision-making affairs, Guiding principles in establishing a
national urban policy shall focus on (i) fostering ownership and
leverage on national policies and strategies; (ii) balancing regional
development; (iii) serving as a platform to strengthen participation
and collaboration; (iv) promoting aspirational goals and key planning
principles (compact, socially inclusive, connected, integrated,
resilient); (v) being affordable, implementable and measurable.
Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia

27. Source: A Framework for Efficient Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Systems

28. Protect consumers from unreasonable rates, inefficient services, and unfair practices
Affordability: Prices should make access to sanitation affordable for different
income groups. The price should, therefore, not be too high to drive
consumers to unsafe alternatives of wastewater discharge.
Transparency and feasibility: Meeting all the above mentioned objectives of
wastewater charges would imply relatively complex tariff systems as well as
intricate monitoring mechanisms, which would include installation,
maintenance and reading of different meters, including smart meters.
Administrative expenses for billing and monitoring payment should, however,
are kept financially feasible. When designing tariffs, it should be kept in mind
that these should be easy to explain, understand and implement. Some of
these objectives, however, might conflict with each other.
(Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management With a Special Emphasis on
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems)

29. Outputs
I. Equitable provision and implementation of sewerage
services as a basic social utility
II. Enforcement of community-led sanitation programs and
groundwork
III. Periodic public consultations and evaluation on the rates
and services provided by the utility concessionaires

30. Equitable provision and implementation of sewerage servicesas a basic social utility
Fairness and equity: The demand for equity implies that
those who produce more wastewater or wastewater with a
higher pollution load should pay proportionally more for
sewerage and treatment. This usually means that water
dischargers pay wastewater bills that are proportionate to the
costs they impose on the utility. This would also be in line with
the “polluter pays principle”.
(Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management With a Special
Emphasis on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems)

31. Urban Water
Supply and
Sanitation
in Southeast
Asia
A Guide to Good
Practice

32. Enforcementofcommunity-ledsanitationprograms,capacitybuildingand
groundwork
Capacity Building at Scale: One-stop Shops, Indonesia
In Indonesia, the one-stop shop has been used a model of sanitation provision
where customers can select the latrine option and organize for their household
latrine to be constructed in one visit. One-stop shops are run by sanitation
entrepreneurs, with local governments providing resources to support the
training and coordination for these entrepreneurs. The role of the public sector
is to generate demand, develop capacity, accredit one-stop providers, and
promote and monitor the quality of trained providers. The public sector must
also oversee the increased community demand for improved latrines with
entrepreneurs ready to serve them. The private sector’s role is to ensure
product and service availability to meet the local demand at an affordable price
and acceptable quality, as well as respond to community demand. (UNICEF,
2013)
(Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management With a Special
Emphasis on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems)

33. Periodic public consultations and evaluation on therates and services providedby the
utility concessionaires
Facilitate the exchange of water sector information and experience.
Socially inclusive development principles will be supported to promote
stakeholder consultation and participation at all levels, increase the access
of poor customers to basic water services, and enhance water investments
in DMCs through public–private and community–nongovernment
organization partnerships.
Facilitate community communication and consultation programs that
are well targeted and well-timed with construction and promoted through
community meetings on an area-by-area basis. Provide evidence to
communities of the benefits of connecting to sewers and provide
confidence in operation of the system and in improving on-site sanitation.
Also provide information on improvement options, estimated costs and user
tariffs, and on-going services including maintenance and community
responsibilities.
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in Southeast Asia A Guide to Good
Practice
Improving On-site Sanitation and Connections to Sewers in Southeast Asia
Insights from Indonesia and Vietnam

34. REFERENCES:
1. Mekala, G. D.; Davidson, B.; Samad, M.; Boland, A. 2008. A framework for
efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems. Colombo, Sri Lanka:
International Water Management Institute.
2. MacIntosh, A. 2014. Urban Water Supplyand Sanitation in Southeast Asia A
Guide to Good Practice.
3. 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
4. (Hounke, S.P., Adjouvi, E.C., Crapper, M. & Awuah E. 2014)
5. WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2017. The United
Nations World Water Development
Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Paris, UNESCO.
6. (Towards Inclusive Cities in Asia) Report from a Regional Multi-Stakeholder
Symposium in Delhi 23-24 February 2016
7. Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management With a Special Emphasis
on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems