Key Figures of Foreign Policy Analysis AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR BIOS, THEORIES & CONTRIBUTIONS TO FPA

1. KEY FIGURES OF FPA
SUBMITTED BY
RIDWANUL HAQUE SAYEM
DEPT. OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONG

2. The Waves Of
Theoretical Works
In The History Of FPA

3. 1. The First Generation of Work (1954-1973)
Contributed in:
- Conceptualization
- Data collection &
- Methodological experimentation.
2. The Second Generation of work (1974-1993)
Expressly built upon those foundations.

4. The Most Prominent
Scholars In The First
Generation Of Work

5. • Was an American political scientist & was
one of the pioneers who contributed in the
first wave of work in this field.
.
• Graduated from Union College in 1937 and
earned his doctorate in 1945 from
Columbia University.
Richard C. Snyder
(21 Aug 1916 – 9 Dec 1997)

6. Richard C. Snyder
(21 Aug 1916 – 9 Dec 1997)
• He was the administrative secretary of war and
peace studies at the Council on Foreign
Relations.
• He taught political science at Princeton
University, was Northwestern University
political science dept. chair, served as dean and
professor of administration and political science at
University of California (1965-1970) & was the
president of the International Studies
Association (1971-72)

7. Richard C. Snyder
(21 Aug 1916 – 9 Dec 1997)
• Contributed a focus on the DECISION-
MAKING PROCESS itself as part of the
explanation, rather than just foreign policy
output.
• He is the author of many prominent books
in the field of FPA. Such as-

8. FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING
As An Approach To The Study Of International Politics
by Richard C. Snyder, H.W. Bruck, Burton Sapin
(1954)

9. The Role of the Military in American
Foreign Policy
by Burton M. Sapin & Richard C. Snyder
(1954)

10. American Foreign Policy
Formulation, Principles, Programs
by Richard C. Snyder, Edgar S. Furniss Jr.
(1961)

11. James N. Rosenau
(Nov 25, 1924 – Sep 9, 2011)

12. James N. Rosenau
(Nov 25, 1924 – Sep 9, 2011)
• Was an American political scientist and international
affairs scholar. Foreign Policy magazine listed Rosenau
as among THE MOST INFLUENTIAL SCHOLARS
in the field of International Affairs.
• Obtained his Ph.D from Princeton University.
• Served as President of the International Studies
Association (1984 -1985), as director of the USC School
of International Relations (1976 -1979).

13. James N. Rosenau
(Nov 25, 1924 – Sep 9, 2011)
• From 1992, he served as University Professor of
International Affairs at the George Washington
University's Elliott School of International Affairs
until his death in 2011.
• He sought to bring a "scientific approach” to the
study of IR, , part of the "behavioral revolution"
that swept through U.S. political science in the 1950s
and 1960s.

14. James N. Rosenau
(Nov 25, 1924 – Sep 9, 2011)
• By the end of the 1970s, he became dissatisfied with
the scientific approach. This approach worked well
as long as states controlled all important transactions
inside and outside their own borders. When non-state
actors become strong enough to become players in
world politics, the assumptions underlying the
behavioral approach were challenged. Rosenau found
it necessary to leave the "scientific" approach behind
and dedicated the latter part of his career to
theorizing the increasing "turbulence" in world
politics.

15. • He focused on the dynamics of world politics and the
overlap between domestic and foreign affairs.
• An article written by him in 1964 named ‘Pre-theories
& Theories of Foreign Policy’ contributed in the
development of ACTOR-SPECIFIC THEORY that
would lead to the generalizable propositions at the
level of middle-range theory.
• He was the author of scores of articles and more than
35 books, including:
James N. Rosenau
(Nov 25, 1924 – Sep 9, 2011)

16. Turbulence in World Politics
A Theory of Change and Continuity
(Princeton University Press, 1990)

17. ALONG THE DOMESTIC-FOREIGN FRONTIER:
Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World
(Cambridge, 1997).

18. Distant Proximities:
Dynamics Beyond Globalization
(Princeton University Press in 2003)

19. Harold & Margaret Sprout

20. Harold Sprout
(1901-1980)
• Was an American political scientist and an author of
many pioneer works & theories in this field.
• Harold earned Bachelor of Arts from Oberlin College in
1924, Postgraduate degree from University of
Wisconsin Law School (1924-1925) & Doctor of
Philosophy from Western Reserve Law School.
• He was the member American Political Science
Association, American Association for the Advancement
of Science, International Studies Association, Naval
History Foundation.

21. Harold Sprout
(1901-1980)
• In their long & productive scholarly careers, Harold &
Margaret Sprout made many important contributions to
the study of IR.
• Their exploration of “ecological perspective”, stressing
the extent to which human activity is affected by the
uneven distribution of human and non-human resources,
will surely remain their most important achievement.
• They maintained a conviction that foreign policy can only
be explained with reference to the PSYCHO-MILIEU
OF THE INDIVIDUALS involved in decision making.

22. Harold Sprout
(1901-1980)
• Upon his retirement from Princeton in 1969, Harold
Sprout assigned the income from his Festschrift to the
International Studies Association for the establishment of
the Harold and Margaret Sprout Award for outstanding
scholarly achievement embodying the ecological
perspective.
• Harold Sprout was an author of many renowned books
written in collaboration with his wife Margaret Sprout,
another prominent scholar. Such as:

23. Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs
Harold & Margaret Sprout
Princeton University
1995

24. The Context Of Environmental Politics
Harold and Margaret Sprout
1978

25. Foundations of National Power
Readings on World Politics and American Security
1945

26. Foundations of International Politics
Harold Sprout & Margaret Sprout
1962

27. The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918
Harold & Margaret Sprout
Princeton Legacy Library
1939

28. The foundation of FPA was built
by the contributions of these
four pioneers, which are
predominantly renowned as
“Three Paradigmatic Works”

29. 1. Decision Making as an
Approach to the Study of
International Politics by Richard
Snyder, Henry Bruck, and Burton
Sapin (1954). Inspired researchers
to look below the nation-state level
to the actual players involved.

30. 2. 'Pre-theories and Theories of
Foreign Policy' by James Rosenau, in
R. B. Farrell (ed.) Approaches in
Comparative and International
Politics (1966). Encouraged the
development of actor-specific theory,
by underscoring the need to integrate
information at several levels of
analysis, from individual leaders to the
international system.

31. 3. Man-Milieu Relationship
Hypotheses in the Context of
International Politics by Margaret
and Harold Sprout (1956). The
Sprouts argued that one needed to
look at the 'psycho-milieu' of the
individuals and groups making the
foreign policy decision.

32. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)

33. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)
• Is an American political scientist and professor at the
John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.
He is renowned for his contribution in the late 1960s and
early 1970s to the bureaucratic analysis of decision
making, especially during times of crisis.
• Graduated from Harvard University in 1962 with an
A.B. degree, completed a two-year B.A. degree at
Oxford University as a Marshall Scholar in 1964, then
returned to Harvard to earn a Ph.D. degree in political
science in 1968.

34. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)
• Since the 1970s, Allison has also been a leading
analyst of U.S. national security and defense
policy, with a special interest in nuclear weapons
and terrorism. Allison has been heavily involved
in U.S. defense policy since working as an
advisor and consultant to the Pentagon in the
1960s.

35. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)
• Has been a fellow of the Center for
Advanced Studies (1973–74); member of
the Council on Foreign Relations;
member of the visiting committee on
foreign policy studies at the Brookings
Institution (1972–77); and a member of
the Trilateral Commission (1974–84).

36. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)
• In 2009 he was awarded the NAS Award for
Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of
Nuclear War from the National Academy of
Sciences. President Bill Clinton awarded Allison
the Defense Medal for Distinguished Public
Service for "reshaping relations with Russia,
Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan to reduce the
former Soviet nuclear arsenal.”

37. Graham T. Allison
(born 23 March 1940)
• Allison is best known as a political scientist for
his book Essence of Decision: Explaining the
Cuban Missile Crisis (1971), in which he
developed two new theoretical paradigms – An
Organizational Process Model and A
Bureaucratic Politics Model . Essence of
Decision swiftly revolutionized the study of
decision making in political science and beyond.

38. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile
Crisis
Graham T. Allison
1971

39. Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable
Catastrophe
Graham T. Allison
2004

40. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape
Thucydides's Trap
Graham T. Allison
2017