This document provides an introduction to the philosophy of the human person. It discusses several key topics: 1. The human person as an embodied spirit and in their environment. 2. The freedom and intersubjectivity of human persons. 3. How human persons exist in society and are oriented towards death. It also outlines the objectives of understanding a holistic perspective, the value of philosophy, and doing philosophical reflection on concrete situations. Various philosophical tools like questions and logical reasoning are explained.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE
HUMAN PERSON

2. • Doing Philosophy
• Methods of Philosophizing
• The human person as an embodied
spirit
• The human person in their environment
• Freedom of the human person
• Intersubjectivity
• The Human Person in Society
• Human persons as oriented towards
their impending death

3. Lesson Objectives:
1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of
view.
2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a
broad perspective on life.
3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation
from a holistic perspective.

4. Part 1 – The Nature and Functions of
Philosophy
Part 2 – Philosophical Tools and Processes
Part 3 – Philosophical Reflection

5. PICTURE ANALYSIS

6. PICTURE ANALYSIS
1. What do you notice from the picture?
2. Did anyone get the correct answer?
Why or why not?
3. What does this picture imply about our
effort to understand the realities
of life or answer our perennial problems?

8. Lesson
1
What is
Philosophy?
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy

9. DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
philos Sophia
love wisdom
Love of wisdom
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy

10. ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
GREECE
 Greece is the birthplace
of philosophy in the West.
the ancient Greek city of
Miletus in the Western
coast (Turkey) gave birth
to philosophy
 first philosopher in the
West, Thales lived.

11. ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
 Father of Philosophy in
the Western civilization
First individual who tried
to reduce the multiplicity
in to a unity
 Thales approach
highlights the difference
between religion and
philosophy.
THALES OF MILETUS

12. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
His greatest contribution
is the problem he posed
“What is the ultimate stuff
of the universe?”
and his approach in solving
that problem
THALES OF MILETUS

13. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
is characterized by three things:
#1
in terms of scope
philosophy involves
the widest
generalizations
#2
Philosophy is all
about
fundamentals
#3
philosophy is driven by
the desire to integrate
things in to a one
coherent
whole.

14. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
is characterized by three things:
#1
in terms of scope
philosophy involves
the widest
generalizations
philosophers concern
themselves with big
issues pertaining to
the truth, the good, the
just, the beautiful, and
the existence of
practically all things

15. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
is characterized by three things:
#1
in terms of scope
philosophy involves
the widest
generalizations
philosophers concern
themselves with the
nature of knowledge .

16. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
is characterized by three things:
#2
Philosophy is all
about
fundamentals
A fundamental is like
the lower floor that
supports everything
above it.
That kind of support is
exactly what
philosophy provides.

17. PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
is characterized by three things:
#3
philosophy is driven
by the desire to
integrate things in to
a one coherent
whole.
“The true is the
Whole-
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

18. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
METAPHYSICS EPISTEMOLOGY
ETHICS POLITICS AESTHETICS

20. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
1. METAPHYSICS
• The study of the universe as a whole
• Where am I?

21. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
1. METAPHYSICS
• studies existence
(ONTOLOGY)
• deals with the fundamental and essential
characteristics of human nature
(PHILOSOPHICAL
AN TH R OPOLOGY)

23. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
2. EPISTEMOLOGY
• “branch of philosophy that studies the
nature and means of human
knowledge.”
• How do I know it?

25. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
3. ETHICS
• According to Ayn Rand:
ethics or morality is
branch of philosophy that provides a human
being with a “code of values to guide
man’s choices and actions - the choices and
actions that determine the course of his
life
• What should I do?

27. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
4. POLITICS
• a branch of
philosophy “which defines the principles of
a proper social system

31. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
5. AESTHETICS
• studies the nature of art

32. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
METAPHYSICS EPISTEMOLOGY
ETHICS POLITICS AESTHETICS
Cognitive branches
Normative branches

33. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
Philosophy as a science is also a
systematized body of knowledge but
unlike other sciences which employs
observation and experimentation to
prove their theories, philosophy uses
reason to arrive at a certain
knowledge or truth.

34. What is reason?
Reason is the capacity of
consciously applying logic by
drawing conclusions from new or
existing information, with the aim
of seeking the truth.

35. Greek philosophers gave us a hint
on how to use our intellect to
understand realities around us. The
tools that they frequently utilized
are the following:
Intellect –
the ability to
to think and
and
understand

36. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
1. PHILOSOPHICAL
QUESTIONS
2. LOGICAL
REASONING

37. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
1. PHILOSOPHICAL
QUESTIONS
Philosophy was born because of ignorance.
If one is ignorant, he asks questions and
if he keeps on questioning the more knowledge
he acquires. Once a person stops questioning,
he cease to become a philosopher

38. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
1. PHILOSOPHICAL
QUESTIONS
Dialectal Method- a discourse between two or more people
holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to
establish the truth through reasoned arguments
Socratic Method-is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue
between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to
stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying
presuppositions.

39. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
1. PHILOSOPHICAL
QUESTIONS
A philosopher is like a child who has an
inquisitive mind who never stops asking
questions and finding answers.

40. II. Philosophical Tools and Processes
is the process of thinking about
something in a logical way in order
to form a conclusion or judgement.
2. LOGICAL
REASONING

41. 2. LOGICAL REASONING
Example:
Premise 1: All human beings are mortal
Premise 2: But the President of the
Philippines is a human being
Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the
Philippines is mortal.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

42. 2. LOGICAL REASONING
Example:
Premise 1: All human beings are mortal
Premise 2: But the President of the
Philippines is a human being
Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the
Philippines is mortal.

43. 2. LOGICAL REASONING
Example:
Premise: Student A, B, C, D, E, F….. are
wearing School ID.
Conclusion: Therefore, All students are
wearing ID
INDUCTIVE REASONING

45. II. Philosophical Reflection
Reflection is an activity that requires a person to
examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and
learn from experience.
Philosophers always search for the essence of
things and the ultimate reasons for our existence.
Its trajectory is to see the bigger picture about
everything.
According to Gabriel Marcel,
philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to
think about the meaning and purpose of life.

46. •Reflection is not
exclusive for philosophy
in fact it is employed in
any endeavor, research
or disciplines. In research
it is called
methodological
approach. Moral
theology employs the
STOP sign as guidepost
of moral decision
making.

47. S= Search out the facts. It is necessary that all means
should be exhausted to better understand the issue.
T=Think, reflect and analyze the facts, its negative or
positive effects, advantages or disadvantages.
O= How it affects Others. We should always consider
others in every decision that we make. Every action
that we take has always a social dimension. It affects
ourselves, others and community where we belong.
Lastly P= stands for Pray. We are human beings with
limitations. If our best effort are not enough, then
there is no way but look up for divine or God for
enlightenment and guidance.

48. II. Philosophical Reflection
2 TYPES OF REFLECTION:
Primary Reflection- which is the ability to
think logically. The ability of the mind to
construct and evaluate arguments.
Secondary Reflection- enables us
to look deeper into our experiences and see
the bigger picture of reality.

49. II. Philosophical Reflection
All Quadrants All Levels (AQAL Framework)
-Ken Wilber
In order to reflect philosophically we need to
use a framework. A framework is a
conceptual map consisting of our views and beliefs
which affects the way we view the
world (Abella 2016).

50. II. Philosophical Reflection
Interior, subjective
aspect of
everything
(L)
Exterior,
objective, aspect
of everything
(R)

51. According to Wilber everything can
be analyzed using a vertical line.
The line above divides space into two
sides: left and right. The left side
represents the interior, subjective,
aspect of everything. The right side
represents the exterior, objective,
aspect of everything. The interior (or
“loob” in Filipino) if applied to human
beings, includes one’s values, dreams,
ideas, emotions, beliefs.

52. •It basically consists of
one’s inner life. It cannot
be seen or measured but
can be experienced
directly. The exterior side
of everything are the
things that we can see,
measure and touch. They
include the physical
objects around us
including our own bodies.

53. A simple example of this inside/outside
distinction is when a person smiles at you.
You see the big smile so it is the exterior
aspect of an event. But at the same time there
is a subjective meaning behind that smile: let’s
say the person is happy. This is the interior,
subjective, aspect of the event. So you see two
strands are interwoven behind any human
event: the objective and the subjective, the
interior and the exterior.

54. II. Philosophical Reflection
Interior, subjective
aspect of
everything
(L)
Exterior,
objective, aspect
of everything
(R)

55. II. Philosophical Reflection
singular,
individual, one.
(U)
plural, collective,
many
(L)

56. Another basic distinction was
introduced by Ken Wilber using
a horizontal line that divides
space into above and below:

57. •Above the line represents
what is singular,
individual, one. The space
below represents what is
plural, collective, many.
For example, you are an
individual, but you belong
in a family, community,
class (all instances of the
collective).

58. II. Philosophical Reflection
singular,
individual, one.
(U)
plural, collective,
many
(L)

59. An interesting thing happen when
we combine the two lines.

60. II. Philosophical Reflection

61. II. Philosophical Reflection

62. II. Philosophical Reflection

63. II. Philosophical Reflection

64. II. Philosophical Reflection

65. II. Philosophical Reflection

66. II. Philosophical Reflection
Poverty