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Tim Reinbott


Loss of Organic
Matter



Soil structure
Soil microbial
biomass



Release of CO2



Soil Erosion



Why Till?


Weed Control
LONG TERM NO-TILL

TILLED IN A
CORN/SOYBEAN/WHEAT
ROTATION
U.S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Agriculture is the main source of
nitrous oxide in the U.S., due in large
part to nitrogen-based fertilizers, but
residue breakdown also contributes

Image created by EPA


Anerobic Conditions




Nitrogen Fertilization






wet
1.5% of all N is lost as
N20

Animal
Manures/Compost
N from Cover Crops?




This is what separates us
(Missouri) from Central Iowa,
Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana,
etc
In these areas climatic
conditions favor the
accumulation of Organic
Matter
 Slower breakdown, long
history of deep rooted
native perennial plants


Nutrient Cycling






Water Dynamics





Nutrient Holding
Capacity
Pool of Nutrients
Food for soil organisms
Improves water
infiltration
Improves water holding
capacity

Structure




Reduces
crusting, compaction, eros
ion
Encourages root
development
12








Bacteria-100
million-1 Billion!
Fungal FilamentsSeveral Yards
Protoza-Several
Thousand
Nematodes-10-20
Nodules-Symbiotic Relationship Between the Plant and the Bacteria.
Atmospheric Nitrogen is Fixed by the Bacteria For Use by the Plant.




Each Species of
Legume has a
Different Species of
Bacteria

You must match them
together.






A lot of biomass-2-3
tons/acre
Winter Hardy
High Nitrogen Fixation100 plus lbs/acre
Wide window of
planting
August-mid October
March
Hard Seed, late
maturing
 Problem When Wheat
is in the Rotation



Early May

Late May


Adapted from Gallagher, Penn State
2007
Time
Early (May 4)
Middle (May 15)
Late (May 31)
2008
Early (May 1)
Middle (May 14)
Late (May 29)

Hairy Vetch
lbs/acre %N
N lbs/acre
1,400
3.82
55
4,300
4.43
190
6,600
4.15
274

3,204
4,005
4,361

2.49
2.92
4.55

80
117
197

Corn Yield-0 N
113
132
140

92
121
79







Large Biomass
High N fixation-80120 lbs/acre
Plant fall or early
spring
Not as winter hardy


Seedling Disease
problems







Plant AugustSeptember
Early spring maturity
Not as much biomass
as Hairy Vetch or Peas
Can reseed
themselves












Very Short Growing
season-60 days
Some Weed ControlAllelopathy
Inexpensive Seed-much
like wheat or rye
Attract Beneficial
Insects
Many uses for
Vegetable production
Nutrient Cycling







Inexpensive Seed
Rye is very winter
hardy
Rye tremendous dry
matter
Suppress weeds




Allelopathy or
Blocking Light

Good to mix with
legumes


Spring or Winter






Spring planted in the
fall will winter kill

Quick Growth in the
Fall
Great Companion
Crop








Cross between wheat
and cereal rye
Hardiness of cereal
rye
Good forage potential
Does not have the
allelopathic potential
as cereal rye









Plant in Fall
Overwinter-most of
the time
Deep Roots-5-6 ft
Scavenge Nitrogen
Dense matt controls
weeds
Can become a weed!


Herbicide resistance
problem


Late Summer Planted



Sequester Nitrogen



Loosen Soil



Weed Control?
Fall

Spring


Following Wheat


Summer Annual
Legumes
 Sunn Hemp
 Sesbania
 Cowpea

Cowpea
Sesbania

Sunn Hemp
Brief









Hairy Vetch-$2.0/lb or $40-60/acre
Austrian Winter Pea-$0.73/lb or $29-44/acre
Crimson Clover-$1.2/lb or $24/acre
Radish-$4 lb or $32/acre
Cereal Rye-$0.23 or $14-21/acre
Annual Rye-$0.80 or $16/acre
Sunn Hemp-$2.5/lb or $50-75/acre
Sesbania-$2.4/lb or $48/acre







Hairy Vetch-$40@ 100 lb N/acre=$0.40/lb
Austrian Winter Pea-$29@80 lb
N/acre=$0.36/lb
Crimson Clover-$24@75 lb N/acre=$0.32/lb
Sunn Hemp-$50@80 lb N/acre=$0.62/lb
Sesbania-$48@80 N/acre=$0.60/lb








Bacteria-100
million-1 Billion!
Fungal FilamentsSeveral Yards
Protoza-Several
Thousand
Nematodes-10-20






Divide monoculture
seeding by number of
species:
Ex) Hairy Vetch-30
lb/acre, Cereal Rye-90
lb/acre, Austrian
Winter Pea-60 lb/acre
in monoculture
When mixed: Hairy
Vetch-10 lb/acre, Cereal
Rye 30 lb/acre, and
Austrian Winter Pea-20
lb/acre
DAY OF DESICCATION
Flailed

Rolled

5 DAYS LATER
Rolled

Flailed
PLANT PERPENDICULAR TO
THE WAY IT WAS ROLLED

SEED TO SOIL CONTACT
CAN BE A CHALLENGE
Cover Crop on the Left Has No
Marestail (left)

After Tillage Radish-No Winter Annuals
27,427
25,606
















Corn Yield 2013
Cover Crops Overseeded into Soybean September 2012
Corn
Treatment
Yield
Bu/acre
Control
175
Hairy Vetch
199
Crimson Clover
165
Radish
174
Cereal Rye
175
Hairy Vetch+Rye
187
Crimson Clv. +Rye
181
Radish + Rye
173
Rye+Radish+HV+CC
174

Reinbott, 2013















Soybean Yield 2013
Cover Crops Overseeded into Corn Sept. 2012
Treatment
Yield
Bu/acre
Control
29
Hairy Vetch
24
Crimson Clover
28
Radish
27
Cereal Rye
36
Hairy Vetch+Rye
28
Crimson Clv. +Rye
33
Radish + Rye
29
Rye+Radish+HV+CC
27
Reinbott, 2013
100
90
80

lbs/acre

70
60
50

Rye

40

Crimson Clover

30

Hairy Vetch

20
10
0
2

4

8

Weeks

12

16

From Wagger, 1989. Agronomy Journal
Nutrient Scavenge, Loosen Soil, Weed
Control
Tillage Radish Root dug out-32”
Courtesy of Steve Groff-Pennsylvania
Ohio State
University
Courtesy of
Steve Groff
Open
field

Tillage
Radish®
field

Soil compaction
decreased by >40%

Loosen SoilIncrease root
growth and
water
infiltration?
Gruver, et al, 2012
Williams and Weil, 2004
1.25 inch

2 inches

White and Weil, 2011
From Steve Groff

No Cover Crop
Cover Crop
Tilled

No-Tilled

No-Till Cover Crop


Cover Crops Attract
Butterflies, Bee
(including Bumble
Bees and other Native
Bees), beneficial
beetles, lacewings, etc.
An Overview of Cover Crops

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An Overview of Cover Crops

Editor's Notes

  1. SOM is NOT just from crop residues! Plant roots are very important to SOM production. Living plants (i.e, cover crops) help retain and PRODUCE SOM.