Terpenes, Alkaloids and Vitamins A brief ppt which is helpful for entrance exams

3.  They constitute a large class of
natural products built up from
isoprene units
 There is difference in terpenes
and terpenoids
 Terpenes are technically only
hydrocarbons, while terpenoids
are oxygenated hydrocarbons
 Basic molecular formula of
terpenes- multiples of (C5H8)n
 Where n- number of linked
isoprene units(isoprene rule)
 Thus terpenes are also termed as
isoprenoid compounds
 One isoprene unit is termed as
hemiterpene, C5H8

4.  Based on the number of isoprene units
present in their structure
Number of isoprene
units
Name Carbon atoms
2 units Monoterpenes C 10
3 units Sesquiterpenes C 15
4 units Diterpenes C 20
6 units Triterpenes C 30
8 units Tetraterpenes C 40
More than 8 polyterpenes

5. terpene Ecological significance Example
monoterpenes Insecticidal activity pyrethroids
medicinal Limonene, camphor
flavoring Menthol
sesquiterpenes Perfumery raw
material
farnesol
phytohormone Abscisic acid
antibiotic pentalenolactone
Anti cancer gossypol
phytoalexin capsidiol
diterpenes Anti cancer drug taxol
phytoalexin casbene
phytohormone gibberellin

6. terpenes Ecological significance examples
triterpenes Membrane component sitosterol
Therapeutic use cardenolides
tetraterpenes Plant pigment β carotene
polyterpenes photosynthesis chlorophyll
Electron transport plastoquinone
Industrial raw material rubber

8.  Nitrogen containing basic compounds
 Typical alkaloids are derived from plant
sources and contain one or more nitrogen
atoms ( usually in a heterocyclic ring)
 Chemically alkaloids are very heterogeneous

9. Non heterocyclic/ atypical
alkaloids
Heterocyclic/ typical alkaloids
Sometimes called protoalkaloids or
biological amines
Ex. Hordenine, ephedrine,
colchicine, erythromycin, taxol
Ex. Pyrrole- hygrines
Pyridine and piperidine- nicotine,
piperine,
Tropane- atropine, cocaine
Quinoline- cinchonine
Isoquinoline- papaverine,
morphine
Indole/ benzopyrrole- vincristine,
ergotamine
Purine- caffeine

10.  Chemical defense against herbivores
 Play role in antimicrobial defense(against
bacteria, fungi)
 Interaction between one plant and another
(allelopathy)
 Repel or deter the feeding of many animals
because of bitter or pungent taste or if
ingested they are toxic
 Pronounced pharmacological activities and
are therefore important for medicine and
biotechnology

11. Alkaloids Function or uses
atropine CNS stimulant
camptothecin Anticancer agent
cocaine Topical anesthetic, potent CNS
stimulant
Morphine Narcotic analgesic
nicotine Horticultural insecticide
oxytocin Contraction of smooth muscle
quinine antimalarial
vinblastine Anti neoplastic

12.  Organic compounds required by the body in trace
amounts to perform specific cellular functions
 Classified according to their solubility and their
functions in metabolism
 Vitamins are not synthesized by humans and
therefore must be supplied by the diet
 9 vitamins – thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin,
pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamine,
pyridoxine, ascorbic acid are water soluble
vitamins
 4 vitamins- vitamin A, D, E and K are fat soluble
vitamins

14. Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Folic acid
Cobalamine
Pyridoxine
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

16.  Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP ) is biologically
active form of vitamin
 Formed by the transfer of a pyrophosphate group
from ATP to thiamine
 Thiamine is composed of a substituted THIAZOLE
RING joined to a substituted PYRIMIDINE by a
methylene bridge
 BERI BERI – thiamine deficiency syndrome

17.  Is a constituent of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
 FMN is synthesized after the addition of phosphate in
riboflavin and FAD formed by the transfer of an AMP
moiety from ATP to FMN
 FMN and FAD are each capable of reversibly accepting
2 hydrogen atoms, forming FMNH2 or FADH2
 Isoalloxazine

18.  Also called nicotinic acid is a substituted pyridine
derivative
 Biologically active coenzyme forms are nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide( NAD+) and its phosphorylated
derivative, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate( NADP+)
 Deficiency of niacin causes PELLAGRA a disease
involving the skin and CNS symptoms- 3Ds-
dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

19.  Is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in which it
serves as mobile carboxyl group carrier
 It is covalently bound to the enzyme by an amide
linkage between the carboxyl group of its valerate
side chain and the ε amino group of an enzyme Lys
residue to form a biocytin residues
 Biotin deficiency does not occur naturally because the
vitamin is widely distributed in foods
 Raw egg white contains a glycoprotein avidin

20.  Is a component of coenzyme A which is
responsible for the transfer of acyl group
 Is also a constituent of acyl carrier protein
(ACP) coenzyme A performs 2 main
functions- activation of acyl groups for
transfer by nucleophilic attach and activation
of the α hydrogen of the acyl group

21.  Is composed of pterin ring attached to p- amino
benzoic acid (PABA) and conjugated with one or
more glutamic acid residues.
 The biologically active form of folic acid is
tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
 Folic acid deficiency leads to MEGALOBLASTIC
ANEMIA caused by diminished synthesis of
purines and thymidine leading to an inability of
cells to make DNA and to divide

22.  Has 2 characteristic components- corrin ring
system and the 5,6-dimethylbenzamidazole
ribonucleotide

23.  Vitamin b6 is a collective term for pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, pyridoxamine all derivatives of
pyridine, differing only in the nature of the
functional group attached to the ring
 It mainly occurs in plants whereas pyridoxal,
pyridoxamine are found in food obtained from
animals
 All 3 components can serve as precursors of the
biologically active coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate

24.  Ascorbic means anti scurvy is a small carbohydrate
molecule which acts as a strong reducing agent
widely distributed in plants and animals
 Has a documented role in hydroxylation reactions
acts as an important antioxidant by virtue of its water
solubility and its oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid
 Deficiency leads to scurvy a disease characterized by
sore, spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels,
swollen joints and anemia

26.  Is a isoprenoid alcohol and functions as hormone as
well as visual pigment
 Essential for vision, reproduction, growth and
maintenance of epithelial tissues
 Is a primary alcohol containing β ionone ring with an
unsaturated side chain and is found in animal tissues
as a retinyl ester with long chain fatty acids
 Retinal is vitamin A derivative which initiates the
response of rod and cone cells of the retina to light,
producing a neural signal to the brain

27.  Serves as a hormone precursors
 Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, calciol )is formed non
enzymatically in skin from 7 dehydrocholesterol
in the presence of a UV component of sunlight
 Dietary forms of vitamin D are absorbed through
the aid of bile salts in the small intestine
 Deficiency causes a net demineralization of bone
resulting in RICKETS in children and
OSTEOMALACIA in adults

28.  Consist of 8 naturally occurring tocopherols,
of which α tocopherol is most common
 Primary function of vitamin E is as an
antioxidant is prevention of the non
enzymatic oxidation of cell components by
molecular oxygen and free radicals.
 Deficiency leads to sterility in person as it is
also called anti sterility vitamin

29.  Principle role is in the post translational
modification of various blood clotting factors
 Also called antihaemerogic vitamin
 Dicoumarol a derivative of coumarin also acts
as an anticoagulant