Bushra's investigation on literary text to find out cohesive devices.

1. INSTANCES OF COHESION IN A
LITERARY TEXT
-BUSHRA AHMAD
M.A. ELT (II SEMESTER)
16ETM05

2. WHAT IS COHESION
• The ways in which texts are ‘held/stuck together
• Use of grammatical or lexical elements
• Semantic phenomenon i.e. relations of meaning
• "Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some
element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
– The one PRESUPPOSES the other,
– in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except
by recourse to it.
– When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up…”
(Halliday and Hasan. Cohesion in English, 1976)

3. COHESION
GRAMMATICAL
REFERENCE
SUBSTITUTION
ELLIPSIS
CONJUNCTION
LEXICAL
REITERATION
COLLOCATION

4. EXTRACT 1
(CHAPTER I, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, -THOMAS HARDY)
• A Saturday AFTERNOON in November was
approaching the time of TWILIGHT, and the
vast tract of unenclosed wild known as Egdon
Heath embrowned itself moment by moment.
Overhead, the hollow stretch of whitish
CLOUD shutting out the SKY was as a tent
which had the whole heath for its floor.
LEXICAL COHESION - Afternoon-twilight, Cloud-sky

5. • The HEAVEN being spread with this pallid screen
and the EARTH (ELLIPSIS) with the darkest
vegetation, their meeting-line at the horizon was
clearly marked. In such contrast, the heath wore
the appearance of an instalment of NIGHT which
had taken up its place before its astronomical
hour was come: DARKNESS had to a great extent
arrived hereon, while DAY stood distinct in the
SKY. Looking upwards, a furze-cutter would have
been inclined to continue work; looking down, he
would have decided to finish his faggot and go
home.
LEXICAL COHESION – Heaven-earth, night-darkness, night-day,
heaven-sky.

6. • The distant rims of the world and (ELLIPSIS) of the
FIRMAMENT seemed to be a division in time no
less than (ELLIPSIS) a division in matter. The face
of the heath by its mere complexion added half
an hour to EVENING; it could in like manner
retard the DAWN, sadden NOON, anticipate the
frowning of storms scarcely generated, and
intensify the opacity of a MOONLESS MIDNIGHT
to a cause of shaking dread.
LEXICAL COHESION- Firmament-world, evening-dawn-noon,
midnight-moonless
Frowning-sadden-retard-dread

7. EXTRACT 2
(CHAPTER II, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, THOMAS HARDY)
• After replying to the old man’s greeting, he showed no
inclination to continue in talk, although they still
walked side by side, for the elder traveller seemed to
desire company. There were no SOUNDS but that of
the BOOMING wind upon the stretch of tawny herbage
around them, the CRACKLING wheels, the TREAD of
men, and the FOOTSTEPS of the two shaggy ponies
which drew the van. They were small, hardy animals, of
a breed between Galloway and Exmoor, and (ELLIPSIS)
were known as ‘heath-croppers’ here.
LEXICAL COHESION- Sounds(hyponym) -booming-crackling-tread-
footsteps (hypernyms)

8. EXTRACT 3
(CHAPTER III, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, THOMAS HARDY)
• ‘Didst ever know a man, neighbour, that no woman
at all would marry?’ inquired Humphrey.
‘I never did (Substitution) ,’ said the turf-cutter.
‘Nor (ELLIPSIS) I.’ said another.
‘Nor I,’ said Grandfer Cantle.
‘Well, now, I did (ELLIPSIS) once,’ said Timothy
Fairway, adding more firmness to one of his legs. ‘I
did know of such a man. But only once, mind.’

9. THANK YOU