solution, in chemistry, a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility. The term solution is commonly applied to the liquid state of matter, but solutions of gases and solids are possible. Air, for example, is a solution consisting chiefly of oxygen and nitrogen with trace amounts of several other gases, and brass is a solution composed of copper and zinc. A brief treatment of solutions follows. For full treatment, see liquid: Solutions and solubilities.

1. PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS

2. 1. The sizes of the particles are very, very
small and are usually in the magnitude of 1
nanometer, as such, these particles are not
visible to the naked eye

3. 2. When a beam of light is passed through a
solution, the light is not scattered. In colloids and
suspensions, the particles are bigger, and hence,
light tends to scatter. This light scattering is
known as Tyndall effect.

4. 3.Solutions are stable; thus, sedimentation of
particles are not observed.
4. Separation techniques such as filtration and
decantation, to separate the components of the
solution are not possible.

5. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
1. Freezing point depression
2. Boiling point elevation
3. Vapor pressure lowering
4. Osmotic pressure

6. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
1. Freezing point depression – is defined as the
temperature at which the liquid turns to solid,
that is, the temperature at which the solid
phase and the liquid phase of a pure substance
coexist at atmospheric pressure.

7. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
2. Boiling point – is the temperature where the liquid
turns to gaseous state and is also the temperature at
which the liquid phase and the gaseous phase of a
substance coexist at normal atmospheric pressure.
See table 2.4 on page 40 – it shows Freezing and
Boiling point temperatures of substances

8. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
3. Vapor pressure - is defined as the pressure
exerted by the vapor above the liquid(or solid) in
a closed system.

9. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
4. Osmotic pressure – It is the pressure caused
by water at different concentrations due to the
dilution of water by dissolved molecules (solute),
notably salts and nutrients.

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