describe about research design and types of studies and functions

1. Research Design And Types
Of Studies
Praveen kumar.S
M.Pharm 3rd semester
Department of pharmacology
PSG college of pharmacy.
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Research Design

2. Contents
• Research Design .
• Characteristics Of Research Design.
• Need For Research Design.
• Components Relating To Research Design.
• Major Steps In Preparing A Research Design.
• Types Of Research Studies.
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Research Design

3. Introduction
Research design :
 A Plan Of Action Prepared By A Research Scholar For His
Study Is Known As Research Design.
 According To Bernard S.Phillips ,Research Design
Constitutes The Blueprint For The Collection ,Measurement
And Analysis Of Data.
 In Short , Research Design Should Have ,
a) A Clear Statement Of The Problem
b) Procedure And Techniques To Be Used For Collecting
Information
c) The Population To Be Studied ,And
d) Methods To Be Adopted In The Processing And Analysis Of
Data.
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Research Design

4. Charactersitics of good research
design
 A good resarch design must not only be appropriate but
must yield results from the research that can be interpret with
confidence. Four characteristics of A good research design are
identified.
1. Free from bias
2. Freedom from confounding
3. Control of extraneous variables
4. Statistical precision for testing hypothesis
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Research Design

5. Important aspects of research design:
 The selection of a method and planning of the design in
time is the first step in research design .It is a blue –print
.It is only tentative. However it is useful to the extent of
laying down a series of guide to keep one headed in the
right direction.
 A good research design should satisfy the following four
conditions; objectivity, reliability, validity, and
generalizability of the findings.
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Research Design

6. Need for research design
 Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the
various research operation, thereby making research as efficient ass possible
,yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort ,time and
money.
 Research design pertains to the following decisions:
 What is the study about ?
 Where is the study being made ?
 What is the type of data required ?
 Where can the data be found?
 When will the study be carried out?
 What is the period of study ?
 What is the sample design?
 What are the techniques of data collection?
 How much material or how many cases will be needed?
 How will the data be analyzed?
 In what style will the report be prepared?
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Research Design

7. Important components relating to
research design:
1. Depandent and indepandent variables
2. Extraneous variables
3. Control
4. Confound relationship
5. Research hypothesis
6. Experimental and non-experimental ,hypothesis –testing
research.
7. Experimental and control groups
8. Treatments
9. Experiment
10. Experimental unit(s)
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Research Design

8. Different research designs
1. Research design in case of exploratory research studies.
2. Research design in case of descriptive research studies.
3. Research design in case of hypothesis testing research
studies.
4. Diagnostic type research design
5. Experimental type research design.
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Research Design

9. Major steps in preparing a research
design
1. Title of the problem
2. Review of earlier literature
3. Sources of information to be tapped
4. Development of bibilography
5. Nature of study
6. Objectives of study
7. Scope of the study
8. Conceptualization of terms used
9. Socio-cultural context of study
10. Geographical areas to be covered
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Research Design

10. Cont…
11. Periods of time to be covered or time dimensation of the
study.
12. Dimension of the study
13. Techniques of study
14. Formulation of hypothesis
15. Selection of sample
16. The control of error
17. Establish the reliability and validity of test instruments
18. Chapter scheme and report writing
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Research Design

11. Advantages of research design
a) Saves a lot of researcher’s time .
b) Directs him to prepare himself for executing various activities
systematically.
c) Enables resource planning procurement in right time.
d) Better documentation of the actvities while the project is in
progress.
e) Ensure project time schedule.
f) In stils and builds up confidence in the student
g) Provides satisfication and sense of succes from the beginning
to the completion of every stages of the project.
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Research Design

12. Experimental design
Simple post-test design
In this design two groups and variables are used.
 One group is known as experimental group.
 Other group is control group.
 Experimental group is exposed to ‘treatment’ is independent
variable .
 Control group is not exposed to treatment (depandent
variable).
Random assignment Treatment Post-treatment measurement
of depandent variable
Experimental group
Control group
Yes
No
Yes
yes
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Research Design

13. Pre-test and post-test design
 In this design there is a pre-test of the depandent variable
before the experimental treatment is given .this is the major
difference between this design and previous one.
Random assignment Pre –test Treatment Post -test
Experimental group
Control group
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
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Research Design

14. The solomon four –group design
 This design is combination of the two equivalent group
designs .(simple post –test design and the pre-test –post-test
design.)
Random assignment Pre test Treatment Post test
Experiment group 1
Experiment group 2
Experiment group 3
Experiment group 4
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Research Design

15. Types of research studies
 There are many ways to categorise the different types of
research .Research in different fields can be called different
types of research ,such as scientific research ,social research
,environmental research.
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Research Design

16. Types of research on basis of
application
 Basic or fundamental research:
it involves developing and testing theories and hypothesis
that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may
or may not have practical application at the present time or in
the future.it is also called therotical research .
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Research Design

17. Applied research :
 Applied research is an investigation using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems .It focuses on analyzing
and solving social and real-life problems. A research ,the
outcome of which has immediate application is also termed as
applied research .
 such research is often conducted with the support of
funding agency like government ,government ,public
corporation ,DST,UGC,ICMR,AICTE.
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Research Design

18. Types of research on basis of
objectives
Descriptive research :
 This type of research attempts to describe systemically a
situation ,problem,phenomenon ,service or programme or
provides information about living condition of a community.
Correlational research:
 The main purpose of correlational research is to discover or
establish the existence of a relationship or association or
interdepandence between two or more aspects of a
situation.
 It examine the covariation of two or more variables.
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Research Design

19. Explanatory research:
The explanatory or casual research is to clarify why and how
there is A relationship between two or more aspects of A
situation or phenomenon.
Exploratory research :
This research is undertaken to explore an area about which
little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking
a particular research study. This studies are also conducted to
design, modify or test measurement tools and procedures.
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Research Design

20. Types of research on basis of inquiry
mode:
Quantitative research:
This research is based on the measurement of quantity or
amount. A process is expressed or described in terms of one
or more quantities. Main aim of quantitative research is to
complete statistical evidence, questionnaries used in this
method include yes or no questions or multiple choice
questions.
Qualitative research:
This research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon
involving quality, it is non-numerical ,descriptive, applies
reasoning. Main aim of qualitative research is to get the
meaning ,feeling ,describing the situation.
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Research Design

21. Research methods
 Experimental method
 Case study method
 Field study method
 Survey method.
 Historical method
 Evolutionary method
 Statistical method
 Questionnary method
 Interview method
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22. Bibilography :
 Research Methodology By prof.(Dr.)A.MUSTAFA.
 Research Methodology Dr.Chandrakant Kokare
Dr.Shrikant Kokare
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