This document provides information about various computer hardware components and their functions. It discusses the motherboard, CPU, keyboard, mouse, RAM, monitor, floppy drive, CD-ROM drive, hard disk drive, DVD drives, and their roles. It also describes ports and slots on the motherboard like USB, PCI, memory card slots, PS/2 connectors, audio jacks, parallel ports, Ethernet ports, VGA ports, and hubs. Common electrical connectors like 8P8C, D-subminiature, and USB connectors are also explained.

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Computer Hardware Components

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Computer Hardware components

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Computer Hardware components
Motherboard
CPU
Keyboard
Mouse
RAM
Monitor
Floppy drive
CD-ROM drive
Hard disk drive
DVD Drives

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Central Processing Unit
The microprocessor consists of three sections:
1.Arithmetic Logic Unit
2.Registers
3.Control Unit

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Keyboard
 The keys on computer keyboards are
often classified as follows:
 alphanumeric keys -- letters and
numbers
 punctuation keys -- comma, period,
semicolon, and so on.
 special keys -- function keys, control
keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, and so
on

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Mouse
A device that controls the
movement of the cursor or
pointer on a display screen. A
mouse is a small object you can
roll along a hard, flat surface.

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Mouse
There are three basic types of
mouse
 mechanical: Has a rubber or metal ball on its
underside that can roll in all directions
 optomechanical: Same as a mechanical mouse, but
uses optical sensors to detect motion of the ball.
 optical: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's movement

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RAM
 RAM, or Random-Access-Memory, is
a type of memory that accesses faster
than main memory (like a hard drive),
but that only stores data while the
computer is turned on. It is normally
used to store the program that your
computer is currently running, and any
data that program needs.
 RAM is divided into small blocks of
data, each of which can be accessed by
a unique number, called an address.

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Monitor
The computer screen is used
for outputting information
in an understandable
format.

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Floppy drive
 Storage Devices -- "How it saves data and
programs“
- - Hard disk drives are an internal,
higher capacity drive which also stores the
operating system which runs when you power
on the computer.-
"Floppy" disk drives allow you to save
work on small disks and take the data with
you.

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Diskettes (Floppy Disks)
Speed:
Very slow!
Capacity:
Normally 1.44 Mbytes.
Cost:
Very cheap.

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Hard Disks
Hard Disks
 Speed:
fast!
The speed of a hard disk is often quoted as "average
access time" speed, measured in milliseconds. The
smaller this number the faster the disk.
 Capacity:
Enormous! Often 40/80 Gigabytes. A Gigabyte is
equivalent to 1024 Megabytes.
 Cost:
Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally
represent the cheapest way of storing data.

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CD-ROM drive
 They are disc drives which read
Compact Discs (CDs). They are
transportable and can be used to
perform various tasks such as
reading data from the computer
and listening to audio.
 Data is written on a CD by
burning pits into the disc to
produce non-reflective areas.

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DVD Drives
 Computer DVD drives can be used
to watch DVD video, play audio
CDs and store information on DVDs
and CDs. DVD drives are now
being installed in new computers
instead of CD drives.
 Computer DVD drives are able to
read data stored on CD-ROMS and
DVDs and can play both video and
audio DVDs. CD-ROM drives
cannot read DVDs.

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MOTHERBOARD
 The motherboard
contains the connectors
for attaching additional
boards, such as the
CPU, BIOS, memory,
mass storage interfaces,
serial and parallel ports,
expansion slots and all
the controllers that are
required to control
standard peripheral
devices such as the
display screen,
keyboard, and hard
drive.

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INTRODUCTION
 THERE ARE
VARIOUS
PORTS AND
SLOTS ARE
GIVEN ALONG
WITH LABELED
PHOTOGRAPH

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Universal Serial Bus
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a
serial bus standard to interface
devices. USB was designed to
allow many peripherals to be
connected using a single
standardized interface socket and
to improve the plug-and-play
capabilities by allowing devices to
be connected and disconnected
without rebooting the computer (
hot swapping).

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P.C.I PORTS OR SLOTS
 16 serial ports available from one
PCI slot
 Data transfer rate up to 115.2 Kbps
asynchronous, full duplex,
simultaneously on all ports
 Full modem support on all ports
 128 bytes data buffer on each
channel
 On board hardware and software
flow control on all ports
 Driver support for SPARC, Solaris,
X86 Solaris, Window 98-2000, and
Linux operating systems

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MEMORY CARD SLOT
 Memory card slots are used
primarily to add memory to a phone,
in the form of a memory card. Extra
memory can be used to store and
transfer photos, videos, music,
computer files, or backups of phone
data such as the phone book and
calendar.
There are several different types of
cards. Each has a different shape
and size, but cards from a phone
can also be used with other devices
which use the same type of card.
Such devices might include
handhelds, digital cameras, and
MP3 music players.

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PS/2 connector
 The PS/2 connector is used for
connecting some keyboards and mice to
a PC compatible computer system. Its
name comes from the
IBM Personal System/2 series of
personal computers, with which it was
introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse
connector generally replaced the older
DE-9 RS-232 "serial mouse" connector,
while the keyboard connector replaced
the larger 5-pin DIN used in the
IBM PC/AT design. The keyboard and
mouse interfaces are electrically similar
with the main difference being that
open collector outputs are required on
both ends of the keyboard interface to
allow bidirectional communication. If a
PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2
keyboard port (or if a PS/2 keyboard is
connected to a PS/2 mouse port), the
mouse (or keyboard) may not be
recognized by the computer depending
on configuration.

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AUDIO, MIC & LINE JACK
 The JACK Audio
Connection Kit or JACK is
a sound server daemon that
provides low latency
connections between so-
called jackified applications,
for both audio and MIDI
data. It is created by
Paul Davis and others. The
server is licensed under the
GNU GPL, while the library
is licensed under the
GNU LGPL.

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PARALLEL PORTS
 A parallel port is a type of
interface found on
computers (personal and
otherwise) for connecting
various peripherals. It is also
known as a printer port or
Centronics port . The IEEE
1284 standard defines the
bi-directional version of the
port.

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ETHERNET PORTS
Ethernet is the most common
type of connection computers
use in a local area network
(LAN). An Ethernet port looks
much like a regular phone
jack, but it is slightly wider.
This port can be used to
connect your computer to
another computer, a local
network, or an external DSL
or cable modem

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VGA PORT
Connect a PC to a monitor. This
is a venerable but now completely
standard monitor interface. The
original VGA monitors could do no
more than 640x480. During the
mid 1990's, more advanced
monitors were called "SVGA" (for
Super). Since all monitors can
display more than 640x480 today,
the two terms are now
interchangable.
This HDD-15 port seems to have
evolved facing upside-down on
most machines.

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HUBS
 A network hub or concentrator is a
device for connecting multiple twisted
pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices
together, making them act as a single
network segment. Hubs work at the
physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI
model, and the term layer 1 switch is
often used interchangeably with hub.
The device is thus a form of multiport
repeater. Network hubs are also
responsible for forwarding a jam signal
to all ports if it detects a collision.
 Hubs also often come with a BNC
and/or AUI connector to allow
connection to legacy 10BASE2 or
10BASE5 network segments. The
availability of low-priced network
switches has largely rendered hubs
obsolete but they are still seen in older
installations and more specialized
applications.

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Technical Information
 A hubbed Ethernet network behaves like a shared-medium, that is,
only one device can successfully transmit at a time and each host
remains responsible for collision detection and retransmission.
With 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T links (which generally account for
most or all of the ports on a hub) there are separate pairs for
transmit and receive but they are used in half duplex mode in
which they still effectively behave like shared medium links.
 A network hub or repeater, is a fairly unsophisticated broadcast
device. Hubs do not manage any of the traffic that comes through
them, and any packet entering any port is broadcast out on every
other port (other than the port of entry). Since every packet is
being sent out through every other port, packet collisions result--
which greatly impedes the smooth flow of traffic.

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 The need for hosts to be able to detect collisions limits the number of hubs and
the total size of the network. For 10 Mbit/s networks, up to 5 segments (4 hubs)
are allowed between any two end stations. For 100 Mbit/s networks, the limit is
reduced to 3 segments (2 hubs) between any two end stations, and even that is
only allowed if the hubs are of the low delay variety. Some hubs have special (and
generally manufacturer specific) stack ports allowing them to be combined in a
way that allows more hubs than simple chaining through Ethernet cables, but
even so a large Fast Ethernet network is likely to require switches to avoid the
chaining limits of hubs.
 Most hubs detect typical problems, such as excessive collisions on individual
ports, and partition the port, disconnecting it from the shared medium. Thus,
hub-based Ethernet is generally more robust than coaxial cable-based Ethernet,
where a misbehaving device can disable the entire segment. Even if not
partitioned automatically, a hub makes troubleshooting easier because status
lights can indicate the possible problem source or, as a last resort, devices can
be disconnected from a hub one at a time much more easily than a coaxial cable.
They also remove the need to troubleshoot faults on a huge cable with multiple
taps.

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Dual speed hubs
 In their early days, Fast Ethernet switches were relatively expensive .
However, hubs suffered from the problem that as simple repeaters they
could only support a single speed. Whilst normal PCs with expansion slots
could be easily upgraded to Fast Ethernet with a new network card,
computers with less common expansion mechanisms, or no expansion bus at
all, and other equipment, such as printers, could be expensive or impossible
to upgrade. Therefore, a compromise between a hub and a switch appeared
known as a "dual speed hub".
 Such a device essentially consisted of two hubs (one of each speed) and a
two port bridge between them. Devices were connected to the appropriate
hub automatically based on their speed and the bridge handled inter-speed
traffic. Since the bridge only had two ports and only one of those needed
to be 100Mbit/s it could be much simpler and cheaper than a full fast
Ethernet switch. Such devices have been rendered obsolete by the
decreasing cost of fast Ethernet switches

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Connectors
 An connector is a conductive device for joining electrical circuits together.
The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, or may
require a tool for assembly and removal, or may be a permanent electrical
joint between two wires or devices. There are hundreds of types of
electrical connectors. In computing, an electrical connector can also be
known as a physical interface. Connectors may join two lengths of flexible
wire or cable, or may connect a wire or cable to an electrical terminal.

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Commonly used connectors
1. 8P8C connector
8P8C is short for "eight positions,
eight conductors", and so an 8P8C
modular connector (plug or jack) is a
modular connector with eight
positions, all containing conductors.
The 8P8C modular plugs and jacks look
very similar to the plugs and jacks
used for FCC's registered jack RJ45
variants, although the true and
extremely uncommon RJ45 is not
really compatible with 8P8C modular
connectors. It neither uses all eight
conductors (but only two of them for
wires plus two for shorting a
programming resistor) nor does it fit
into 8P8C because the true RJ45 is
"keyed". The connector is probably
most famous for its use in Ethernet
and widely used on CAT5 cables.
8P8C connector

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2.D-subminiature connectors
A male DE-9 plug.
The D-subminiature electrical connector is
commonly used for the RS 232 serial port on
modems and IBM compatible computers. The
D-subminiature connector is used in many
different applications, for computers,
telecommunications, and test and
measurement instruments. A few examples
are monitors the and joysticks and mice, and
game consoles such as Atari, Sega and Amiga.

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3. USB connectors
A male USB series A plug
The Universal Serial Bus is a serial bus
standard to interface devices, founded in
1996. It is currently widely used among PCs,
Apple Macintosh and many other devices.
There are several types of USB connectors,
and some have been added as the
specification has progressed. The most
commonly used is the (male) series "A" plug on
peripherals, when the cable is fixed to the
peripheral. If there is no cable fixed to the
peripheral, the peripheral always needs to
have a USB "B" socket. In this case a USB "A"
plug to a USB "B" plug cable would be needed.
USB "A" sockets are always used on the host
PC and the USB "B" sockets on the
peripherals. It is a 4-pin connector,
surrounded by a shield. There are several
other connectors in use, the mini-A, mini- B
and mini-AB plug and socket (added in the On-
The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0
Specification).

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4. Power connectors
Power connectors often include a safety ground connection as well as the power conductors.
In larger sizes, these connectors must also safely contain any arc produced when an
energized circuit is disconnected or may require interlocking to prevent opening a live
circuit.
5.Radio frequency connectors
Connectors used at radio frequencies must not change the impedance of the transmission line
of which they are part, otherwise reflections and losses will result. A radio-frequency
connector must not allow external signals into the circuit, and must prevent leakage of
energy out of the circuit. At lower radio frequencies simple connectors can be used with
success, but as the radio frequency increases (so that the dimensions of the connector are
getting close to a small fraction of one wavelength, connector design becomes increasingly
critical. At UHF and above, silver-plating of connectors is common to reduce losses.
For Wi-Fi antennae the R-TNC connectors are used. A BNC connector is common for radio
and test equipment used up to about 1 GHz.