Biotechnology and bioengineering are interdisciplinary fields that apply engineering principles to biological systems. Biotechnology uses living organisms to develop products, while bioengineering specifically applies engineering to address challenges in biology and medicine. Bioengineering is a broad field that includes disciplines like biomedical engineering, which focuses on developing medical devices and technologies. Tissue engineering is a specific application of bioengineering that aims to develop biological substitutes to restore or improve tissue and organ function. It involves combining scaffolds, cells, and signals to regenerate tissues. Biomechanics also applies engineering principles to understand biological systems like human movement.

1. Biotechnology
&
Bioengineering
Md. Abu Zihad
Lecturer and Assistant Proctor
Dept. of Microbiology
Primeasia University

2.  “Biotechnology” was used first time by Hungarian engineer Karoly
Ereky in 1919 and refers to the use of living systems and organisms to
develop or make products, or
“any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms, or derivatives there of, to make or modify products or
processes for specific use” (UN Convention on Biological Diversity,
Art. 2)
 Modern biotechnology, in contrast, includes genetic engineering as well
as cell and tissue culture technologies based on vast genome resources
of human and other living things.
Biotechnology

3.  Bioengineering is the application of the life sciences, physical
sciences, mathematics and engineering principles to define and solve
problems in biology, medicine, health care and other fields.
 Bioengineering is a relatively new discipline that combines many
aspects of traditional engineering fields such as chemical, electrical
and mechanical engineering.
 Examples of bioengineering include:
• artificial hips, knees and other joints
• ultrasound, MRI and other medical imaging techniques
• using engineered organisms for chemical and pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
Bioengineering

4.  Concept of Bioengineering
 The mass production of penicillin during the WWII was started in the
United States with participation of chemical engineers. Since then
many new antibiotics, amino acids, and enzymes were produced in
large quantities.
 First issue of “Biotechnology and Bioengineering” was published
in 1959. This time “biotechnology” meant mostly “applied
microbiology,” and “bioengineering” meant “bioprocessing of
microorganisms” by chemical engineers and called as
“biochemicalengineering.”
 Another “bioengineering” meant “biomedical engineering” in late
1960s and early 1970s to understand physiological change of
astronauts during their space travels. Many universities in the
United States were funded under the “bioengineering” program.
Cont’d…

5.  Bioengineering (also known as Biological Engineering) is the
application of engineering principles to address challenges in the fields
of biology and medicine.
 Bioengineering applies engineering principles to the full spectrum of
living systems. This is achieved by utilizing existing methodologies in
such fields as:
• Molecular biology,
• Biochemistry,
• Microbiology,
• Pharmacology,
• Cytology,
• Immunology and neuroscience
 Bioengineering applies them to the design of:
• Medical devices,
• Diagnostic equipment,
• Biocompatible materials, and other important medical needs.
Sectors of Bioengineering
Cont’d…

6. Cont’d…
Bioengineering is richly collaborative and interdisciplinary.

7.  Bioengineers has the ability to exploit new opportunities and solve
problems within the domain of complex systems. They have a great
understanding of living systems as complex systems which can be
applied to many fields including entrepreneurship.
 The main fields of bioengineering may be categorized as:
a) Biomedical Engineering; Biomedical technology, Biomedical
Diagnosis, Biomedical therapy, Biomechanics and Biomaterials.
b) Genetic Engineering; Cell engineering and Tissue culture
engineering.
 The word was invented by British scientist and broadcaster Heinz Wolf
in 1954.
Cont’d…

8.  Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering
principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines the design
and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological
sciences to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of
individuals.
 As a new discipline, much of the work in biomedical engineering
consists of research and development, covering an array of following
fields:
• Bioinformatics,
• Medical imaging,
• Image processing,
• Physiological signal processing,
• Biomechanics,
• Biomaterials and bioengineering,
• Systems analysis,
• 3-D modeling, etc.
a) Biomedical Engineering

9.  Applications of biomedical engineering are the development and manufacture
of biocompatible prostheses, medical devices, diagnostic devices and imaging
equipment such as MRIs and EEGS, and pharmaceutical drugs.
 Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field, influenced by various
fields and sources. Due to the extreme diversity, it is typical for a biomedical
engineer to focus on a particular emphasis within this following field;
• Clinical engineering:
Clinical engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering related to the
operation of medical equipment in a hospital setting.
• Medical Devices:
A medical device is use to diagnosis of disease or other conditions such
as cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
Cont’d…

10. • Medical Imaging:
Imaging technologies are often essential to medical diagnosis, and are
typically the most complex equipment found in a hospital including:
 Fluoroscopy
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Nuclear Medicine
 IPositron Emission Tomography (PET) PET scans
 PET-CT scans
 Projection Radiography such as X-rays and CT scans
 Tomography
 Ultrasound
 Electron Microscopy
Cont’d…

11.  Fluoroscopy
 Fluoroscopy is a study of moving body structures- similar to an x-ray
"movie." A continuous x-ray beam is passed through the body part being
examined, and is transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and
its motion can be seen in detail.
 Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures, such as
barium x-rays, cardiac catheterization, and placement of intravenous (IV)
catheters hollow tubes inserted into veins or arteries.
 In barium x-rays, fluoroscopy allows the physician to see the movement of
the intestines as the barium moves through them.
 In cardiac catheterization fluoroscopy enables the physician to see the flow
of blood through the coronary arteries in order to evaluate the presence of
arterial blockages.
 For intravenous catheter insertion, fluoroscopy assists the physician in
guiding the catheter into a specific location inside the body.
Cont’d…

12. Fluoroscopy
Cont’d…

13. Cont’d…

14. Biomaterials
 A biomaterial is any material, that comprises whole or part of a living
structure or a biomedical device which performs, increase, or replaces a
function that has been lost through disease or injury.

15. Cont’d…

16. Biomaterials Involved in Human Body

17.  Bioengineering and biomedical engineering might roll off the tongue
similarly, but in practice there are notable differences between the two-
• Bioengineering is the study of applied engineering practices in general
biology. It is the more broad topic when compared to biomedical
engineering.
• Bioengineering covers topics such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, natural
resources and foodstuffs, among others. In addition, it covers general
medical practices, though biomedical engineering focuses more on this
field than general bioengineering will.
• Bioengineering practices are applied to many different industries,
including health care, but biological engineering practices are not
explicitly for medical purposes.
• Biomedical engineering is a more specialized version of bioengineering,
utilizing many of the discipline’s principal theories and putting them to
practice to improve human health. Items like the pacemaker, artificial heart
and cochlear implant are all results of biomedical innovation.

18. • Bioengineers often focus on general theory that can be applied to
various different areas of natural sciences to solve problems.
• Biomedical engineering is more focused and practical, specifically in
the context of health care.
• If you are interested in big picture ideas and creating new theoretical
frameworks through which to approach biology, bioengineering
would be a great fit.
• On the other hand, if you want to put established doctrine to use
improving the health care field by creating or operating advanced
biotechnological products, then biomedical engineering might be the
preferred choice.
Cont’d…

19.  According to 'Langer' and 'Vacanti'
"An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and
life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that
restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ."
 It is also defined as
"Understanding the principles of tissue growth, and applying this to
produce functional replacement tissue for clinical use".
 Examples of tissue engineering;
• In vitro meat: Edible artificial animal muscle tissue cultured in
vitro.
• Artificial pancreas: Research involves using islet cells to produce
and regulate insulin, particularly in cases of diabetes.
• Artificial skin constructed from human skin cells embedded in
collagen.
• Artificial bone and bone marrow
• Oral mucosa tissue engineering, etc.
b) Tissue Engineering

20.  Involve development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or
improve function of tissue or whole organ.
 Tissue engineering is the practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and
biologically active molecules into functional constructs that regenerate, or
improve damaged tissues or whole organs in-vivo or in-vitro for
transplantation. Tissue engineering requires a triad of
1) Cells comes from various types of stem cells can be used
2) Scaffolds
3) Signal
Cont’d…

21. 1) Cells
 Cells used for tissue engineering are mostly stem or progenitor cells
that may be;
• Autogenous cells are harvested directly from the individual
undergoing repair.
• Allogenic, cells are from a donor individual (same species).
• Xenogeneic, cells are transplanted from a different species
and are less commonly used.
 An artificial structure capable of supporting three dimensional tissue
formation.
 Scaffold can be fabricated in the shape of the tissue we want to
restore.
 Examples of biomaterial used as scaffolds;
• Collagen
• Gelatin
• Poly-glycolic Acid (PGA)
2) Scaffold
Cont’d…

22. • Poly (L-Lactic Acid) (PLLA)
• Poly (DL-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
• Hydrogel (Smart biomaterial)
 Scaffold can be fabricated via various techniques
• 3-D printing
• Gas foaming
• Solvent based techniques
• Electrospinning
 Properties of an ideal scaffold
1) Biocompatible:
After implantation, the scaffold shouldn't induce any immune reaction
in order not to be rejected, and to cause inflammation that reduces
healing.
Cont’d…

23. 2) Biodegradable:
Scaffolds should better be absorbed by the surrounding tissues without
the need for surgical removal. And the degradation products should be
non-toxic and easily removed from the body
N.B. the rate of scaffold degradation should coincide with the rate of
new extracellular matrix formation by the implanted cells.
3) Porosity:
scaffolds should be porous and with adequate pore size to facilitate cell
seeding and nutrient diffusion.
4) Mechanical properties:
Scaffolds should have mechanical properties that are consistent with
the anatomical site to which it's implanted and that allow surgical
handling during implantation.
Cont’d…

24. Cont’d…

25. Cont’d…

26. 3) Regulatory signals
 Growth factors are used as regulatory signals for tissue engineering.
These proteins exert their activity by binding to cell membrane
receptors.
 They can help tissue regeneration by activating many processes like
mitogenesis, angiogenesis and chemotaxis. These signals can regulate
cellular migration, adhesion, proliferation differentiation, and survival.
 Examples of these growth factors are.
• Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)
• Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
• Transforming growth factor (TGF)
• Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and many others....
 Cellular behavior can also be strongly influenced by biomechanical
stimuli through bioreactor systems.
Cont’d…

27. Biomechanics
 "Biomechanics is the science that examines forces acting upon and
within a biological structure and effects produced by such forces" - Jim Hay
 Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body, such as how
muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce
movement.
 Biomechanists use the principles of physical mechanics combined with
the principles of biology to understand how people move and how they can
move more efficiently and why we sometimes get injured and how can we
reduce injuries.
 Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to living
structures either animals or human being at rest and during movement.
 Biomechanics is Classified into Kinetic (analysis of motion) and
Kinematic (description of motion).

28. Cont’d…
Use of biomechanics in physiotherapy

29.  Bionics is the study of living systems so that the knowledge gained can
be applied to the design of physical systems for example bionics arms,
bionics eye etc.
 The bionic eye is an artificial eye which provide visual sensations to the
brain. It consist of electronic systems having image sensors,
microprocessors, receivers, radio transmitters and retinal chips.
Technology provided by this help the blind people to get vision again.
Bionics

30. THANK TO ALL..