Total fitness is striving for the highest level of existence, including mental, psychological, social, spiritual and physical components. It is dynamic, multidimensional and related to heredity, environment and individual interests. Physical activity is an important ingredient in the quality of life because it increases energy and promotes physical, mental and psychological well being in addition to conferring worthy health benefits.

1. AN INTRODUCTION TO
FITNESS
 Total fitness is striving for the highest level of
existence, including mental, psychological,
social, spiritual and physical components. It is
dynamic, multidimensional and related to
heredity, environment and individual
interests.
 Physical activity is an important ingredient in
the quality of life because it increases energy
and promotes physical, mental and
psychological well being in addition to
conferring worthy health benefits.

2.  RANDOM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles
that require energy expenditure
 EXERCISE
Structured program of physical activity that is
safe, effective and habit forming and is aimed
at achieving a fitness or health goal

3. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL
FITNESS
 Cardiorespiratory endurance – the
ability of the circulatory and respiratory
systems to supply fuel during sustained
physical activity
 Muscular strength – the ability of the
muscle to generate maximum amount
of force

4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL
FITNESS
 Muscular endurance – the ability of the
muscle to perform repetitive contractions over
a prolonged period of time
 Flexibility – the ability to move a joint through
it’s full range of motion without discomfort or
pain
 Body composition – the relative amount of
weight that is fat and nonfat.

5. PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE PROGRAMMING
 SPECIFICITY
 OVERLOAD
 ADAPTATION
 PROGRESSION
 REVERSIBILITY
 FITTE

6. ANATOMY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
 HEART – it is the most vital muscle in
the body and lies in the mediastinum. it
is a hollow, fist sized, pyramidal,
muscular pump which is electrically
stimulated. It is divided into a right and
left half by the septum. It has two upper
chambers- the atria and two lower
chambers-the ventricles.

8. BLOOD
 Plasma
 RBCs – contain HEMOGLOBIN and
thus carry oxygen
 WBCs
 Platelets
 Functions of blood

9. BLOOD VESSELS
 Pulmonary veins
 Aorta
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Capillaries
 Venules
 Veins
 Superior and inferior venae cavae
 Pulmonary arteries

10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Nasal cavity and mouth
 Trachea
 Primary or principal bronchii
 Secondary and tertiary bronchii
 Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
 Alveolar duct
 alveolus

11. MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
 The skeleton makes up the frame work of the
body. It consists of 206 bones which are
divided into the axial and the appendicular
skeleton.
 The skull, vertebral column and the ribcage
are part of the axial skeleton, while the pelvic
bones and the bones of the extremities are
part of the appendicular skeleton
 The muscles are the movers and shakers of
the skeleton
 Connective tissue

12. BONES
 Collagen scaffolding impregnated with calcium and
phosphorus and magnesium salts
 Exist in 2 forms –cancellous or spongy and compact
 Characterised as long, short, irregular, flat,
sesamoid…
 Osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity
 Parts of a bone – diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal
cartilage or growth plate, metaphysis,marrow cavity
or medullary canal, nutrient foramen and periosteum
 Articular surface, tubercle, malleolus, sulcus etc. are
the surface markings or irregularities on bone

13.  Bone is a living tissue, well vascularized,
capable of changing its structure as a result
of the stresses to which it is subjected
 Exercise force generated from contracting
muscle and tendon fastened to the bone
causes a temporary deformation. This serves
as a stimulus for adaptation leading to the
thickening and strengthening of bone.

14. ARTICULATIONS/ ARTHROSES/
JOINTS
 It is the junction of 2 bones
 Movement takes place at the joints
 Synarthrodial joints/ fibrous – fused and
immovable
 Amphiarthrodial joints – not fused but joined
by fibrocartilage, slight movement possible
 Diarthrodial joints/ synovial – move through
their ROM due to contraction of voluntary
muscle

15. Types of movable joints
 Hinge
 Saddle
 Ball and socket
 Pivot
 Gliding
 Condyloid

16.  Joint stability depends on the shape,
size and arrangement of articular
surfaces.
 Ligaments
 Muscle tone

17. LIGAMENTS
 They join bone to bone
 They are divided into fibrous
(unstretchable normally) and elastic.
 Poor blood supply
 Fewer metabolically active cells
 Heal extremely slowly if sprained.

18. TENDONS
 They exist between muscle and bone.
 They are usually tapering. At places
they may be flattened out and are
known as an APONEUROSIS.
 Usually distally attached
 Dense fibrous tissue

19. CARTILAGE
 Less rigid than bone, less flexible than tendon or
ligament
 Can withstand a good deal of force without damage
to its structure
 Lacks its own blood supply, derives nourishment from
synovial fluid by diffusion
 Repairs extremely slowly or not at all
 Acts as a shock absorber, provides a smooth
articulating surface and at places attaches muscle to
skeleton
 Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage

20. FASCIA
 Sheet or band of fibrous tissue that
compartmentalises the body
 Covers muscles or muscle groups,
separating them
 Encloses blood supply to the muscle
group

21. MUSCLES
 The movers and shakers of the body
 Contract,lengthen, irritable, elastic
 Striated/ voluntary/ skeletal
 Smooth/ involuntary/ visceral
 Cardiac
 Origin and insertion
 Uniarticulate, biarticulate, multiarticulate
 They have an elastic limit

22.  Named according to location, shape,
action, number of divisions, bony
attachments, relative size.
 According to fibre arrangement they are
classified as penniform, longitudinal,
fusiform.

23. COMPONENTS OF MUSCLE
 Muscle – epimysium
 Fasciculus – perimysium
 Muscle fiber – endomysium
 Myofibrils
 Myofilaments
 Sarcoplasm
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 mitochondria

24. NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord. The brain
is the seat of intelligence and cognition whereas the
spinal cord is the centre of spinal reflexes
 PNS comprises the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31
pairs of spinal nerves and their branches
 The motor nervous system is all parts of the nervous
system responsible for carrying out an action or effect
 The sensory nervous system is responsible for
detecting and carrying sensations brought about by
change in external or internal environment

25.  THANK YOU