Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

2. The skeletal system has four components:
bones, cartilage, tendons,
and ligaments.
Functions
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

3. Bone cells are categorized as
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Ossification or osteogenesis , is the
formation of bone by osteoblasts.

4. Once an osteoblast becomes surrounded by
bone matrix, it is referred to as an
osteocyte.

5. Osteoclasts are bone-
destroying cells.

6. Bone Structures
 Compact (cortical) bone,
forms the outer shell
of a bone, has a
densely packed,
calcified intercellular
matrix.
 Cancellous (spongy) bone
is found in the
interior of bones and
is composed of
trabeculae, or spicules.

7. Spongy bone consists
of interconnecting
rods or plates of
bone called trabeculae.
Bones can be classified according to
the amount of bone matrix
relative to the amount of space
within the bone.

8. Compact bone consists
mainly of osteons.
An osteon, or haversian system, consists of a
single central canal, its contents, and
associated concentric lamellae and
osteocytes.

9. Bone Shapes
Individual bones
are classified
according to
shape:
long, flat, short, or
irregular

10. Bone Anatomy

11. Gross Anatomy

12. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Minerals
 Calcium and phosphorus
make bone extracellular
matrix hard.
 Magnesium helps form bone
extracellular matrix.
 Fluoride helps
strengthen bone
extracellular matrix.
 Manganese activates enzymes
involved in synthesis of
bone extracellular matrix.

13. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Nutrition
 Vitamin A needed for the activity
of osteoblasts during
remodeling of bone.
 Vitamin D helps build bone by
increasing absorption of
calcium from gastrointestinal
tract into blood.
 Vitamin C is necessary for
collagen synthesis by
osteoblasts.
 Vitamins K and B12 needed for
synthesis of bone proteins.

14. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Hormones
 Growth hormone increases general
tissue growth.
 Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)
promotes normal bone growth.
 Thyroid hormone is required for
normal growth of all tissues,
including cartilage.
 Insulin promotes normal bone
growth by increasing the
synthesis of bone proteins.

15. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Hormones
 Sex hormones (estrogens and
testosterone); stimulate
osteoblasts and promote the
sudden “growth spurt” that
occurs during the teenage years.
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes
bone resorption by osteoclasts;
enhances recovery of calcium
ions from urine; promotes
formation of the active form of
vitamin D (calcitriol).

16. Factors Affecting Bone
Growth
Hormones
 Calcitonin (CT)
Secreted by the
thyroid gland;
inhibits bone
resorption by
osteoclasts.

17. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Exercise
 Weight-bearing
activities stimulate
osteoblasts and,
consequently, help build
thicker, stronger bones
and retard loss of bone
mass that occurs as
people age.

18. Bone Remodeling

19. Bone Healing

20. There are three types of muscle
tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Functions
Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and
vessels
Contraction of the heart

21. The major characteristics of muscle tissue
are
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
 Skeletal muscle, with its associated connective
tissue, constitutes about 40% of the body’s weight.
Is responsible for locomotion, facial
expressions, posture, respiratory functions,
and many other body movements.
 Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, and its
contractions provide the major force for moving
blood through the circulatory system.

22. The major characteristics of muscle tissue are
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
 Smooth muscle is found in the walls of
hollow organs and tubes, in the interior of
the eye, and in the walls of blood vessels,
among other areas.
 Is responsible for propelling urine through
the urinary tract, mixing food in the
stomach and the small intestine, dilating
and constricting the pupil of the eye, and
regulating the flow of blood through blood
vessels.

23. Properties of Muscular Tissue
 Electrical excitability is the ability to respond
to certain stimuli by producing electrical
signals called action potentials.
 Contractility is the ability of muscular tissue
to contract forcefully when stimulated by
an action potential.
 Extensibility is the ability of muscular
tissue to stretch without being
damaged.
 Elasticity is the ability of muscular tissue to
return to its original length and shape
after contraction or extension.

24. Skeletal Muscle Structure
 Muscles are
attached to bones
by tendons.
 Muscle contraction
causes most body
movements by
pulling one of the
bones toward the
other across a
movable joint.

25. Superficial Muscle Structure

26. Skeletal Muscle Structure
 A muscle is
composed of
muscle fasciculi,
each surrounded
by perimysium.
 At the level of the
perimysium, axons
of neurons branch,
and each branch
extends to a

27. Parts of a Muscle
 The muscle fiber
contains several
myofibrils.
 A single sarcomere of
a myofibril is
composed of actin
myofilaments and
myosin myofilaments.

28. Joints and
Movement
Joints are classified
structurally as
fibrous, cartilaginous,
or synovial.

29. Functional Classification of Joints
Type Description Examples
Synarthrosis Immovable joint Skull sutures
Epiphyseal
plates
Joint between first rib
and manubrium of
sternum
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
joint Vertebral joints
Joint of the symphysis
pubis
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
joint
Joints of the extremities
Shoulder joints
Hip joints

30. Types of Synovial Joints

31. Types of Synovial Joints

32. Types of Synovial Joints

33. Range of Motion
 Active range of motion is the amount of
movement accomplished by contracting
the muscles that normally act across a
joint.
 Passive range of motion is the amount of
movement accomplished when the
structures that meet at the joint are moved
by an outside force.

34. Types of Movement

35. Types of Movement

36. Types of Movement

37. Types of Movement

38. T
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39. Types of Movement

40. Types of Movement

41. Types of Movement

42. Types of
Movement

43. Types of Movement