Lesson in Cognitive Psychology and Biological Psychology

1. THE EFFECTORS
Prepared by:
Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd
Psychology Instructor

2. M U S C L E S
Muscles are the most
conspicuous effectors.
A muscle is a bundle of
fibrous tissue in a human or
animal body that has the
ability to contract, producing
movement in or maintaining
the position of parts of the
body.

3. Types of Muscle Tissue
In the muscular system,
muscle tissue is
categorized into three
distinct types:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

4. Skeletal Muscle
The human body has over 600
Skeletal Muscles that move
bones.
Skeletal muscles attach to, and
move bones by contracting and
relaxing in response to voluntary
messages from the nervous
system.
Skeletal muscle tissue is
composed of long cells called
muscle fibers that have a striated
appearance (parallel tissue
bundles).
Muscle fibers are organized into
bundles supplied by blood vessels

5. Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is found in the
walls of hollow organs throughout
the body. Smooth muscle
contractions are involuntary
movements triggered by impulses
that travel through the autonomic
nervous system to the smooth
muscle tissue.
The arrangement of cells within
smooth muscle tissue allows for
contraction and relaxation with
great elasticity.

6. Smooth Muscle
The smooth muscle in the walls of
organs like the urinary bladder and the
uterus allow those organs to expand and
relax as needed.
The smooth muscle of the alimentary
canal (the digestive tract) facilitates the
peristaltic waves that move swallowed
food and nutrients. In the eye smooth
muscle changes the shape of the lens to
bring objects into focus.
Artery walls include smooth muscle that
relaxes and contracts to move blood
through the body

7. Cardiac Muscle
The middle layer of cardiac muscle,
the myocardium, is responsible for
the heart’s pumping action.
Cardiac muscle, found only in the
myocardium, contracts in response
to signals from the cardiac
conduction system to make the heart
beat.
Cardiac muscle is made from cells
called cardiocytes. They have
striated appearance, but their overall
structure is shorter and thicker.

8. Characteristics of Muscles:
Contractility
Elasticity
Extensibility
Excitability/Irritability

9. Contractility
Ability of the muscle
to become shorter

10. Elasticity
Muscle’s ability to
expand and return to
original shape

11. Extensibility
The ability of the muscle
to become longer and
stretched

12. Excitability/Irritability:
The ability of the muscle to
respond to certain stimuli by
producing electric signals
called action pontential.
Electrochemical – action
potential attaching nerve
Mechanical – external blow
which cause tension.

13. THE EFFECTORS
Thank you for paying
attention.
Reference:
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/muscular/muscle
-types