Human health cover merged 6 mb

1
Human Health & Disease
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

2
Copyright © 2020 by Ignite Brains Healthcare & education solutions
for Biomentors Classes online, Mumbai
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying,
recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the
prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other
noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

3
COPYRIGHT@ BIOMENTORS 1
Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASE
Note – For Subscribers only; Unauthorised circulation is copyright violations
1. HEALTH?
• A state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being.
• Why Health is important for a nation?
Ø Healthy peoples à More efficient
à increased productivity à
economic prosperity.
2. Health is affected by –
• Genetic disorders
• Infections.
• Life style related diseases
3. Common diseases in human.
• Disease causing organism à Pathogen.
• Most Parasites are pathogen
• Pathogen cause harm to host by living in /on them.
• When pathogen enters in host multiply and interfere with normal vital activity,
resulting in morphological & functional damage to the host.
• Pathogen has to adapt according to host’s body environment.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

4
4. TYPHOID FEVER:
• Pathogenà Salmonella typhi
Bacteria.
• Source of infection à contaminated
water and food
• Bacteria reach to small intestine then
other organ to blood.
• Symptoms à
Ø Sustained high fever,
Ø weakness,
Ø stomach pain,
Ø constipation,
Ø headache and
Ø loss of appetite.
• Major Complication à Intestinal perforation & Death
• Important Investigation à Widal Test.
• Carrier person à who continued to spread typhoid
Ø Mary Mallon (typhoid Mary) case
5. PNEUMONIA:
• Pathogen à
Ø Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacteria
Ø Haemophilus influenzae bacteria.
• Infected organ:
Alveoli of lungs.
• Alveoli of lungs get filled with fluid
leading to severe problem in
respiration.
• Symptoms:
Ø fever, chill, cough and headache.
Ø In severe cases lip and finger
nails may turn grey to bluish
colour.
• Source of Infection à
Ø By inhaling the droplet/aerosol à
released by an infected person
Ø by using infected utensils.
6. COMMON COLD:
• Causative agent à
RHINOVIRUS (75%) ;
CORONA VIRUS (25%)
• Upper Respiratory tract infection à
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

5
Ø infects the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
• Symptoms:
Ø usually lasts for 3-7 days
Ø nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough ,headache
and tiredness.
• Infection spread through by contaminated droplets and objects.
7. MALARIA:
• Causative agent à Plasmodium (Protozoa)
Ø P.vivex.
Ø P.malaria.
Ø P.falciparum à
• Responsible for malignant malaria
• most serious and can even be fatal.
• Plasmodium enter the human body à as SPOROZOITES form
(infectious form) through the bite of female anopheles.
• Plasmodium multiplies in liver cells à then attack the RBCs and resulting the
rupture of RBCs .
• Rupture of RBC associated with release of a toxic substance called HEMOZOIN
à Responsible for chill, high fever recurring every three to four days. This content
developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
• Asexual phase à completed in liver cells and RBCs of human.
• Gametocytes of plasmodium à develops in RBCs of human.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

6
• When a anopheles bite the infected person, the parasite enters the mosquito
body where sexual cycle is completed that is fertilization and further
development take place in mosquito’s gut.
• In mosquito, parasite multiply and form sporozoites .
• These sporozoites are stored in the salivary gland of mosquito from where they
will infect another human through biting of mosquito.
• Most important control measure à eliminate and control the vector and their
breeding places. © Biomentors
Ø Gambusia fish eat the larva of mosquitoes.
Ø Avoid the stagnation of water.
Ø Regular cleaning of breeding place of
mosquito like cooler, aquarium and pot of
water plants etc.
Ø Spray of insecticides.
Ø Chickengunya and dengue are also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

7
8. AMOEBIASIS: (amoebic dysentery).
• Causative agent: Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa).
• Housefly act as mechanical carrier of pathogen
• Pathogen present in contaminated food particles and water
Ø (spoiled by faecal material of infected person).
• Symptoms:
Ø constipation,
Ø abdominal pain,
Ø cramps and
Ø stool with excess mucous and blood clots.
9. ASCARIASIS:
• Causative agent: Ascaris /round worm (helminths).
• Symptoms:
Ø internal bleeding,
Ø muscles pain,
Ø fever,
Ø anaemia and
Ø blockage of intestinal passage.
• The eggs are of parasite excreted along with faeces of infected person and
contaminate the water and soil.
• Infection occur through contaminated fruits and vegetables
MUST WATCH A SHORT MOVIE ON WORMS à
10. ELEPHANTIASIS/FILARIASIS:
• Causative agent: wuchereria /filarial worm (W.
bancrofti and W. malayi).
• Wuchereria is helminths.
• Symptoms:
Ø Slowly developed chronic inflammation usually
in lymphatic vessels of lower limb.
Ø The genital organs are often affected resulting
in gross deformity.
• Female mosquito is the vector of filariasis.
• Control measure is preventing the spread of vector
11. RINGWORMS:
• Causative agent:
Ø Fungi (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton).
• Symptoms:
Ø dry, scaly lesions on various part of body such as nails, skin, and scalp with
intense itching.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

8
• Heat and moisture help
these fungi to grow, which
makes them thrive in skin
folds such as those in the
groin or between the toes.
12. Personal hygiene is important to
control and prevent infectious
disease.
• Measures for personal hygiene include
Ø keeping the body clean;
Ø consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits
Ø Public hygiene to prevent and control infectious disease.
• Public hygiene includes
Ø proper disposal of waste and excreta;
Ø periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and
tanks and
Ø observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering.
• These measures are particularly essential where the infectious agents are
transmitted through food and water such as typhoid, amoebiasis and ascariasis.
• In cases of air-borne diseases such as pneumonia and common cold, in addition
to the above measures, close contact with the infected persons or their
belongings should be avoided.
• The use of vaccines and immunisation programmes have enabled us to
completely eradicate a deadly disease like smallpox.
• A large number of other infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia
and tetanus have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

9
13.IMMUNITY:
• The ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms,
• conferred by the immune system.
14.Immunity is of two types:
• Innate immunity
• Acquired immunity.
15.Innate immunity
• Non-specific type of defence,
• Present at the time of birth.
16.Innate immunity is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to
the entry of the foreign agents into our body.
• Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers. These are —
• Physical barriers:
Ø Skin
Ø Mucus coating of the epithelium lining
• Physiological barriers:
Ø Acid in the stomach,
Ø saliva in the mouth,
Ø tears from eyes
• Cellular barriers:
Ø Leukocytes (WBC) à polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-
neutrophils)
Ø monocytes and
Ø natural killer (type of lymphocytes)
Ø macrophages in tissues
• Cytokine barriers:
Ø INTERFERON à
• Virus-infected cells secrete low
molecular weight proteins
• protect non-infected cells from
further viral infection.
17. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:
• Pathogen specific.
• Characterised by memory.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

10
• PRIMARY RESPONSE:
Ø when a pathogen attacks the host body for the first time
Ø the response of immune system is of LOW INTENSITY.
• SECONDARY RESPONSE
Ø When the same pathogen attack, response of immune system is
highly intensified (our body has memory of first attack of pathogen)
Ø This response is also called the ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE.
18. Antibody mediated immune response/humoral immune response (AMIS)
• The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the
help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-
lymphocytes and T -lymphocytes.
• The B-lymphocytes produce proteins in response to pathogens into
our blood to fight with them. à ANTIBODIES.
• The T-cells do not secrete antibodies but help B cells produce them.
• Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains,
o two small called light chains
o two longer called heavy chains.
o an antibody is represented as H2L2.
• Different types of antibodies are produced in our body.
o IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them.
o Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also
called as à HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

11
19.CMI: CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
• CMI response is given by T-lymphocytes.
• CMI is responsible for organ transplant rejection and graft rejection.
• Ability of T-cells to recognise self-cell/nonself cell is the basis of attacking
invaders/pathogen but this characteristics creates problem during organ
transplant therefore T-cells attack on transplanted organ/grafts and
rejected the process.
• That’s why tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before
undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to
take immunosuppressants all his/her life.
20.THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.
• Active immunity:
Ø Antibodies are produced in the host body.
Ø Active immunity is slow
Ø takes time to give its full effective response.
Ø Vaccination or entry of pathogen into body during natural infection
induce active immunity.
• Passive immunity:
Ø When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body
against foreign agent is called PASSIVE IMMUNITY.
21.The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of
lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant therefore breast
feeding is must for new born.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

12
22.Colostrum and antibodies from placenta give passive immunity to new born
and foetus respectively.
23.Rabies vaccine, tetanus vaccine and antivenom injection (in case of snake
bite) give passive immunity as in passive immunity the antibodies are
preformed so body’s immune response is quick.
24.VACCINATION
• In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or
inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body.
This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
• The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would
neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection.
• The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognise the
pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and kill the invaders with a
massive production of antibodies.
25.Production of large scale of vaccine become possible through DNA
recombinant technology which allowed the production of antigenic
polypeptide(vaccine) in bacteria and yeast.
26.Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from yeast through DNA recombination
technology for large scale immunisation.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

13
27.ALLERGY:
• Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to
certain antigens present in the environment
• The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called
allergens.
• Common examples of allergens à dust mites, pollens, animal dander, etc
• The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type.
• Reason of allergy is release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells.
• The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin and steroids quickly reduce
the symptoms of allergy.
• Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, running
nose and difficulty in breathing.
28. WHY ALLERGY CASES INCREASED? à Modern-day life style has resulted in
lowering of immunity. It is due to protected environment in early days of life.
29.AUTOIMMUNITY:
• In memory-based acquired immunity, when the immune system does not
differentiate between self-cells and foreign cells and also attack on self-
cells and damage the body. This is called auto immunity disease.
• This is due to genetic and other unknown reasons.
• Example of autoimmune disease is Rheumatoid arthritis.
30.IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE BODY.
• The human immune system consists of lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and
soluble molecules like antibodies.
31.Lymphoid organs: These are the organs where origin and/or maturation and
proliferation of lymphocytes occur.
• Immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes in
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN.
• Thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organ
• Organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small
intestine and appendix are the SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS.
• The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of
lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector
cells.
32.All the blood cells including lymphocytes are produce in bone marrow.
33.The thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the
breastbone.
34.The thymus is quite large at the time of birth but keeps reducing in size with
age and by the time puberty is attained it reduces to a very small size.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

14
35.Both bone-marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the
development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
36.THE SPLEEN
• Large bean shaped organ.
• mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes.
• acts AS A FILTER OF THE BLOOD by trapping blood-borne
microorganisms.
• also has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
37.The lymph nodes are small solid structures located
at different points along the lymphatic system.
38.Lymph nodes serve to trap the micro-organisms or
other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph
and tissue fluid.
39.Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are
responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present
there and cause the immune response.
40.MALT: Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
• They are located within the lining of the major
tracts (respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts)
• It constitutes about 50 per cent of the lymphoid tissue in human body.
41.AIDS: ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME.
• It is deficiency of immune system,
acquired during the lifetime
• ‘Syndrome’ means a group of
symptoms.
• AIDS was first reported in 1981
• killing more than 25 million persons.
• AIDS is caused by a Virus à Human
Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV)
• HIV à a member of retro virus family
• Transmission of HIV-infection spreads
only through body fluids.
Ø sexual contact with infected person,
Ø by transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products,
Ø by sharing infected needles
Ø from infected mother to her child through placenta.
• Incubation period à usually 5-10 years
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

15
• After entering into host body, HIV ENTERS INTO MACROPHAGE and
make viral DNA from RNA with the help of reverse transcriptase.
• This viral DNA join with host DNA and direct the host infected cell to
produce virus particles.
• Macrophage act as a HIV factory.
• Now virus particles attack the helper T-lymphocytes and also replicate
here and attack more and more helper T-cells and weakened the acquired
immune system.
• During this period, the person
suffers from bouts of fever,
diarrhoea and weight loss.
• Due to weakened immune
system, the HIV patient cannot
protect his/her body against the
attack of pathogen of other
disease .
• Diagnostic test for AIDS à
ELISA
Ø enzyme linked immuno-
sorbent assay (ELISA).
• Treatment of AIDS with anti-
retroviral drugs is only partially
effective.
• They can only prolong the life of
the patient but cannot prevent death
• Prevention of AIDS:
Ø National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
Ø Making blood (from blood banks) safe from HIV,
Ø Ensuring the use of only disposable needles and syringes
Ø free distribution of condoms,
Ø controlling drug abuse,
Ø advocating safe sex and
Ø promoting regular check-ups for HIV in susceptible populations
©Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
42. AIDS HAS NO CURE, PREVENTION IS THE BEST OPTION.
43.CANCER: NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE:
• One of the major cause of death all over the globe.
• Cancer is uncontrol growth of cells, divide continuously and produce
masses of cells called TUMOUR.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

16
• When a normal cell comes in contact with other cells it stops division. This
property is called CONTACT INHIBITION.
• Cancerous cell/oncogenic cells lost the property of contact
inhibition that’s why produce tumour.
44.TUMORS ARE OF TWO TYPES à
• Benign and Malignant
• BENIGN TUMORS à remain confined to their original location and do not
spread and cause little damage.
• MALIGNANT TUMORS à a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic
or tumour cells. These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the
surrounding normal tissues.
• Cancerous cells actively divide and grow they also starve the normal cells
by competing for vital nutrients.
45.METASTASIS:
• Cells sloughed from malignant tumour reach distant sites through blood,
and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumour there
and invade the most part of body.
• The most feared property of malignant tumours.
46.CARCINOGENS
• agent which transform the normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells.
• chemical, physical or biological in nature.
• Chemical carcinogen e.g. tobacco smoke responsible for lung cancer.
• Ionising radiations like X-ray & gamma rays are physical agent.
• UV-ray à non- ionising carcinogen radiation (physical)
47.Cancer causing viruses called ONCOGENIC VIRUSES have genes called viral
ONCOGENES.
• several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes have
been identified in normal cells which,
• These genes activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic
transformation of the cells.
• Oncogenes and c-onc are biological agent of cancer.
48. CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS:
• Early detection of cancers has probability to cure.
• Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the
tissue and blood.
• In BIOPSY, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is
stained and examined under microscope (histopathological studies).
• Bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the case of leukaemia.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

17
• Non-invasive techniques like
Ø Radiography (Use of X-Rays),
Ø CT (Computed Tomography)
Ø MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) à
• very useful technique to diagnose and detect cancer.
49.Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection of
certain cancers. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
50.Genomics in cancer à
Helpful to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which the individual
are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer).
51.TREATMENT OF CANCER:
• Surgery,
• radiation therapy,
• chemotherapy and
• immunotherapy.
52.In radiotherapy, tumour cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the
normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass.
53. Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells.
• specific for particular tumours.
• Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, anaemia, etc.
• Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and
chemotherapy.
54.IMMUNOTHERAPY:
• Tumour cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by
immune system. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
• Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response
modifiers such as α-interferon which activates their immune system and
helps in destroying the tumour.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

18
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
55.OPIOIDS
• Drugs obtained from Poppy plant (Papaver somniferum),
• Bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system
and gastrointestinal tract.
Ø e.g. Heroin, Morphine
• Heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.
• Heroin (smack) is chemically
diacetylmorphine
Ø A white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound.
Ø This is obtained by acetylation of morphine
Ø Morphine extracted from the latex of poppy plant
Ø Heroin generally taken by snorting and injection.
56.CANNABINOIDS
• Cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain.
• They effect cardiovascular system of the body.
• Marijuana, Hashish, Charas and Ganja are cannabinoids.
• Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the
plant Cannabis sativa.
• The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis plant are used in various
combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

19
• Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion.
57.COCAINE: (COKE/CRACK)
• Obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South
America.
• Cocaine alkaloid is generally snorted.
• It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine.
• It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system
• Producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy.
• Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
• Cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons
58.Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona
and Datura.
59.Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and other similar
drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental
illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused.
60.MORPHINE is a very effective sedative and painkiller and is very useful in
patients who have undergone surgery.
61.TOBACCO SMOKING:
• TOBACCO is smoked, chewed or used as a snuff.
• Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including
NICOTINE, an alkaloid. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online
• Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and
nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which raise blood
pressure and increase heart rate.
• Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary
bladder and throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease,
gastric ulcer, etc.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

20
• TOBACCO CHEWING à increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity.
• Smoking effects à
Ø increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood
Ø reduces the concentration of haem bound oxygen.
Ø This causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
• Tobacco use make addictive which requires counselling and medical help
to get rid of the habit.
A must watch movie on Drug addiction à
62.ADOLESCENCE
• Transition phase from childhood and adulthood.
• Phase of several biological and behavioural changes.
• Very vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development
• Phase between 12-18 years.
• Things that motivate youngsters towards drug & alcohol use?
Ø Curiosity,
Ø Need for adventure and excitement,
Ø Experimentation,
Ø Unstable family environment,
Ø Unsupportive family and
Ø Peer pressure
63.ADDICTION
• a psychological attachment to certain effects –such as euphoria and a
temporary feeling of well-being–associated with drugs and alcohol.
• The tolerance level of the receptors presents in our body increases.
• Consequently, the receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or
alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.
64.DEPENDENCE
• the tendency of the body to show a characteristic and unpleasant
withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly
discontinued. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
• This is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating,
which may be relieved when use is resumed again.
• In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life
threatening and the person may need medical supervision.
• Dependence leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to get
sufficient funds to satiate his/her needs. These result in many social
adjustment problems.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

21
• The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested
in the form of reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence.
• Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory
failure, heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage.
• A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results
in overdosing and even deaths.
65.The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse
among youth include drop in academic performance, unexplained absence
from school/college, lack of interest in personal hygiene, withdrawal,
isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behaviour,
deteriorating relationships with family and friends, loss of interest in hobbies,
change in sleeping and eating habits, fluctuations in weight, appetite, etc.
Those who take drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein
using a needle and syringe), are much more likely to acquire
serious infections like AIDS and Hepatitis B.
66.HIV and Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual contact or infected
blood. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
67.The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages nervous system and liver
(cirrhosis).
68. DOPING àSport person misuse narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids,
diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk
and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance.
69.The SIDE-EFFECTS of the use of anabolic steroids
• in females include masculinisation (features like males), increased
aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycles,
excessive hair growth on the face and body, enlargement of clitoris,
deepening of voice. This content developed by Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai
• In males it includes acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings,
depression, reduction of size of the testicles, decreased sperm
production, potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, breast
enlargement, premature baldness, enlargement of the prostate gland.
These effects may be permanent with prolonged use.
• In the adolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne, and
premature closure of the growth centres of the long bones may result in
stunted growth.
70.PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DRUG AND ALCHOHAL ABUSE:
• Avoid undue peer pressure.
• Education and counselling.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

22
• Seeking help from parents and peers.
• Looking for danger signs.
• Seeking professional and medical help.
71.DIGITAL AMNESIA à People are ready to forget important
information in the belief that it can be immediately retrieved
from a digital device.
MUST WATCH on COVID – 19
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

23
Corona Virus & COVID - 19
1. Coronaviruses or (CoV) à Viruses belonging to a large family, causing illness ranging from
common cold to more severe diseases.
2. These diseases include:
o Middle East Respiratory Syndrome or (MERS-CoV) and
o Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or (SARS-CoV)
3. Novel Coronavirus or (nCoV)
o A novel Coronavirus or nCoV has been identified as a new strain that has not been
previously identified in humans @ Cross over infection ; Animal to Human
o An outbreak of unusual respiratory condition was first reported in Wuhan, China, due to
the infection caused by novel Coronavirus, now known as COVID-19.
o The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses or I.C.T.V. announced “Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, or SARS - CoV-2” as the name of the new virus.
o It is genetically associated with the Coronavirus that is responsible for the SARS outbreak
of 2003.
o 11th February 2020, the World Health Organization or W.H.O., announced COVID-19 as
the name of this disease and the “COVID-19 virus” as the virus responsible for this disease.
4. Based upon the transmission rate, the W.H.O has declared the outbreak of the COVID-19 as a
global health emergency.
5. Till now COVID-19 has affected many countries around the world à PANDEMIC DISEASE
6. Coronaviruses are a family of POSITIVE SINGLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUS, classified under
NIDOVIRALES ORDER.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

24
7. These viruses are enveloped and are round and sometimes pleomorphic of approximately 80 to
120 nanometer in diameter.
8. The virion contains an internal HELICAL RNA-PROTEIN NUCLEOCAPSID surrounded by an envelope
made up of lipids and viral glycopr oteins.
9. These glycoproteins are spike protein, membrane protein, and small membrane.
10. WHY IT IS CROWN SHAPE ?
o The spike protein or “S” is a type I glycoprotein that forms the peplomers on the virion
surface, giving the virus its corona or crown-like morphology in the electron microscope
11. The coronaviruses attach to the cell surfaces through the spike.
12. In Coronaviruses, an additional protein hemagglutinin esterase is present whose function, is
unknown.
13. The genome of Coronavirus
o ss RNA (+ve type)
o All Coronavirus genomes are arranged similarly with replicase locus encoded within 5-
dash end and the structural proteins encoded in the 3-dash end of the genome.
14. The VIRAL REPLICASE is a huge protein complex comprising of 16 viral sub-units and plays an
essential role in the coronavirus replication and transcription at the cytoplasmic membrane.
15. COVID-19 is transmitted via droplets and fomites. The transmission is through the respiratory
droplets produced by the infected person when he or she sneezes or coughs
16. The main modes of transmission of Coronavirus are,
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

25
o Person to Person à COVID -19 can be transmitted between people who are in close
contact with one another or (within about 6 feet)
o Household transmission
o From contact with infected surfaces or objects
17. As per the World Health Organization or W.H.O, a person might be susceptible to COVID-19 if he or
she touches a surface or object containing the virus and then touching their own mouth, nose, or
face.
18. Clinical Presentation of Coronavirus
o According to the Centre for Disease Control or CDC, patients above the age of 50 are more
vulnerable to the attack,
o Persons with underlying diseases like Diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and Cardiovascular
diseases are at high risk.
o As per the WHO the median age of affected people is 51 years
o 51.1% of the affected population are males.
19. PATHOGENESIS OF COVID-19
o The pathogenesis of Coronavirus begins with binding of the virus to the cell surface
receptor through the S-Protein, followed by fusion of the virus envelope to the cell
membrane.
o Following the fusion, the RNA is released into the host cell.
o The first step includes genome RNA translating into viral replicase polyproteins pp1a and
1ab.
o After transcription and translation, the viral proteins and genome RNA form an assembly in
the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and is finally released out of the cell by
exocytosis.
o The virus particles have an affinity to infect the lungs, through the blood stream.
o They also involve the liver and kidney.
20. There are 3 different phases in which the viral particles affect the lungs.
o 1. Viral replication
o 2. Activation of Immune System
o 3. Pulmonary destruction.
21. Viral Replication phase
o Coronavirus rapidly invades human lung cells which are of two types, the mucous cells and
cilia.
o Mucous cells are defensive and protect the lungs by removing the virus.
o The cilia are infected by the virus particles, which fill the patient’s airway with debris and
fluids. As a result, the patient experiences symptoms like SHORTNESS OF BREATH.
22. Activation of Immune System
o Various cytokines and inflammatory mediators are released which provide immunity.
o In cases of reduced immune response, the virus particles clog the lungs and worsen the
condition.
23. Pulmonary destruction phase
o There is damage to the lungs resulting in respiratory failure.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

26
24. WHY DIARRHEA in COVID -19 à
o Once the virus enters the intestine, it multiples by binding to the cell surface receptors
causing damage and resulting in diarrhea.
25. The effect of virus on other parts of the body results in:
o Low white blood cell count & Low Platelet count
o Low blood pressure
o Elevated liver enzymes
o Acute kidney injury, and
o Cardiac arrest.
26. Clinical Features of COVID-19
o Decreased white blood cells,
o Coughing and sneezing & Runny nose,
o Shortness of breath & breathing difficulties,
o Sore throat, Fever & Fatigue,
o Pneumonia,
o Severe acute respiratory syndrome,
o Lungs inflammation and congestion,
o Cardiovascular damage, Diarrhea, Decreased Kidney functions and Kidney failure
27. COVID-19 shows the symptoms of stuffy nose, sore throat, fever, chills, headache, and diarrhea,
which MIMIC THE SYMPTOMS OF THE COMMON COLD, INFLUENZA AND SARS.
28. If the patient is presented with mild symptoms of corona virus, the respiratory symptoms include
cough, sore throat and fever.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

27
o The radiological findings are observed as multifocal patchy ground glass opacity with
subpleural distribution.
29. In case of severe Coronavirus, the respiratory symptoms include breathlessness and respiratory
failure.
30. In addition to that, fever, muscle ache, confusion and headache will be the common symptoms.
31. Diagnosis of COVID - 19
o The immediate approach to establish a diagnosis should emphasize on three important
factors:
§ Early recognition,
§ Immediate isolation, and
§ Introducing infection control measures.
o The prime suspects for COVID-19 include patients with fever and lower respiratory tract
symptoms.
32. The geographical distribution and recent contact with the suspected patients should also be taken
into consideration.
33. The clinical criteria for confirming the diagnosis of the severity of Coronavirus is broadly categorized
into four types: mild, moderate, severe, and critical.
34. For the mild type, the symptoms include fever less than 38 degrees centigrade.
35. In case of moderate type, the patient may be presented with fever, respiratory symptoms and
imaging findings of pneumonia.
36. If the patient is affected severely with corona virus then any of the below mentioned findings can
be observed:
o Respiratory distress
o Oxygen saturation of less than 93% at rest
o Partial pressure of oxygen, and
o fraction of inspired oxygen less than or equal to 300 millimetres of mercury.
37. In case of critical condition, the findings can be respiratory failure, shock and extra pulmonary
organ failure. Intensive care unit is necessary.
38. Early Investigations and Methods
o Respiratory material from upper and lower respiratory tract must be collected.
o The upper respiratory tract specimen includes NASOPHARYNGEAL / OROPHARYNGEAL
SWAB, or wash in ambulatory patients.
o The lower respiratory tract specimens include sputum and or endotracheal aspirate.
o Other methods of collection include blood and stool.
§ The specimens are to be collected in sterile containers
§ must be stored at 2 to 8 degree centigrade.
§ In case of delay, the specimens are frozen at minus 20 degree centigrade and
then shipped
o Laboratory Investigations
§ Nucleic acid amplification tests or NAAT tests à by Real Time Reverse
Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction or RT-PCR for COVID 19 to check for
evidence of viral load indicating active infection.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

28
§ Serological testing for detecting antibodies.
§ Viral Sequencing, and, Viral culture.
39. The key preventive measures are to follow good hygiene practices.
40. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
o Washing hands with soap and water, or alcohol-based hand-rub; and,
o Offering a surgical mask to a person who is coughing or sneezing.
o Follow respiratory hygiene or cough etiquette, that is, cough or sneeze into the inside of
elbow or arms
o N-95 mask is indicated for health professionals only when anticipating or participating in
aerosol-generating procedures, that is, intubation, extubation, bronchoscopy, open
suction, or nasopharyngeal or throat sampling.
o Avoid nebulization, and chest physiotherapy.
o Keep the workplace clean and hygienic.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

29
www.biomentors.online 1
Questions from NCERT Exemplar
1. The term ‘Health’ is defined in many ways. The most accurate definition of the health would be:
(a) Health is the state of body and mind in a balanced condition
(b) Health is the reflection of a smiling face
(c) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
(d) Health is the symbol of economic prosperity.
2. The organisms which cause diseases in plants and animals are called:
(a) Pathogens
(b) Vectors
(c) Insects
(d) Worms
3. The chemical test that is used for diagnosis of typhoid is:
(a) ELISA-Test
(b) ESR – Test
(c) PCR – Test
(d) Widal- Test
4. Diseases are broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the list given below,
identify the infectious diseases.
(i) Cancer
(ii) Influenza
(iii) Allergy
(iv) Small pox
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

30
5. The sporozoites that cause infection when a female Anapheles mosquito bites a human being are
formed in:
(a) Liver of human
(b) RBCs of mosquito
(c) Salivary glands of mosquito
(d) Intestine of human
6. The disease chikunguniya is transmitted by:
(a) House flies
(b) Aedes mosquitoes
(c) Cockroach
(d) Female Anopheles
7. Many diseases can be diagnosed by observing the symptoms in the patient. Which groups of
symptoms are indicative of pneumonia?
(a) Difficulty in respiration, fever, chills, cough, headache
(b) Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, blood clots
(c) Nasal congestion and discharge, cough, sore throat, headache
(d) High fever, weakness, stomach pain, loss of appetite and constipation
8. The genes causing cancer are:
(a) Structural genes
(b) Expressor genes
(c) Oncogenes
(d) Regulatory genes
9. In malignant tumors, the cells proliferate, grow rapidly ad move to other parts of the body to form
new tumors. This stages of disease is called:
(a) Metagenesis
(b) Metastasis
(c) Teratogenesis
(d) Mitosis
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

31
10. When an apparently healthy person is diagnosed as unhealthy by a psychiatrist, the reason could be
that:
(a) The patient was not efficient at his work
(b) The patient was not economically prosperous
(c) The patient shows behavioral and social maladjustment
(d) The does not take interest in sports
11. Which of the following are the reason(s) for Rheumatoid arthritis? Choose correct option.
(i) Lymphocytes become more active
(ii) Body attacks on self cells
(iii) More antibodies are produced in the body
(iv) The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self cells is lost
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii)
12. AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which one is not a mode of transmission of HIV?
(a) Transfusion of contaminated blood
(b) Sharing the infected needles
(c) Shaking hands with infected persons
(d) Sexual contact with infected persons
13. ‘Smack’ is a drug obtained from the:
(a) Latex of Papaver somniferum
(b) Leaves of Cannabis sativa
(c) Flowers of Datura
(d) Fruits of Erythroxylon coca
14. A substance produced by a cell in viral infection that can protect other cells from further infection is:
(a) Serotonin
(b) Colostrum
(c) Interferon
(d) Histamine
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

32
15. Transplantation of tissue/organs to save certain patients often fails due to rejection of such
tissues/organs by the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?
(a) Auto-immune response
(b) Humoral immune response
(c) Physiological immune response
(d) Cell-mediated immune response
16. Antibodies present in colostrums which protect the new born from certain diseases is of:
(a) Ig G type
(b) Ig A type
(c) Ig D type
(d) Ig E type
17. Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The
component causing this could be:
(a) Nicotine
(b) Tannic acid
(c) Curamin
(d) Catechin
18. Anti venom against snake poison contains:
(a) Antigens
(b) Antigen-antibody complexes
(c) Antibodies
(d) Enzymes
19. Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?
(a) Spleen
(b) Tonsils
(c) Liver
(d) Thymus
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

33
20. Which of the following glands is large sized at birth but reduces in size with aging?
(a) Pineal
(b) Pituitary
(c) Thymus
(d) Thyroid
21. Haemozoin is:
(a) A precursor of hemoglobin
(b) A toxin from Streptococcus
(c) A toxin from plasmodium species
(d) A toxin from Haemophilus species
22. One of the following is not the causal organism for ringworm:
(a) Microsporum
(b) Trichophyton
(c) Epidermophyton
(d) Macrosporum
23. A person with sickle cell anemia is:
(a) More prone to malaria
(b) More prone to typhoid
(c) Less prone to malaria
(d) Less prone to typhoid
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

34
IMPORTANT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FROM EXAMS
1. Widal test is used for the diagnosis of?
(a) Typhoid
(b) Malaria
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Tuberculosis
2. Ringworm in humans is caused by:
(a) Viruses
(b) Bacteria
(c) Fungi
(d) Nematodes
3. Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancers?
(a) Radiography (X-ray)
(b) Computed tomography (CT)
(c) Histopathological studies
(d) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. Which of these is most infectious disease?
(a) Hepatitis-B
(b) AIDS
(c) Cough and cold
(d) Malaria
5. Where will you look for sporozoites of the malaria parasite?
(a) Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
(b) Red blood corpuscles of humans suffering from malaria
(c) Spleen of infected humans
(d) Salivary glands of freshly moulted female Anopheles mosquito
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

35
6. At which stages of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
(a) When the infecting retrovirus enters host cells
(b) When viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
(c) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes and damages large number of these
(d) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person.
7. A certain patient is suspected to be suffering from Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome. Which
diagnostic techniques will you recommend for its detection?
(a) ELISA
(b) MRI
(c) Ultrasound
(d) WIDAL
8. Which of the following acts as a physiological barrier the entry of microorganisms in human body?
(a) Epithelium of Urogenital tract
(b) Tears
(c) Monocytes
(d) Skin
9. Select the correct statement with respect to diseases and immunization:
(a) Injection of snake antivenom against snakes bite is an example of active immunization
(b) If due to some reason B and T-lymphocytes are damage, the body will not produce antibodies
against a pathogen
(c) Injection of dead/inactivated pathogens causes passive immunity
(d) Certain protozoans have been used to mass produce hepatitis B vaccine
10. Which one of the following options gives the correct matching of a disease with its causative
organism and mode of infection:
Disease Causative Organisms Mode of Infection
(a) Malaria Plasmodium vivax Bite of male Anopheles Mosquito
(b) Typhoid Salmonella typhi With inspired air
(c) Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Droplet infection
(d) Elephantiasis Wuchereria bancrofti With infected water and food
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

36
11. The pathogen Microsporum responsible for ringworm disease in humans belong to the same
Kingdom of organisms as that of:
(a) Ascaris, a round worm
(b) Taenia, a tapeworm
(c) Wuchereria, a filarial worm
(d) Rhizopus, a mould
12. Read the following statement having two blanks (A and B): “A drug used for ___(A) ____patients is
obtained from a species of the organism ___(B)___.”
The one correct option for the two blanks is:
Blank – A Bank – B
(a) AIDS Pseudomonas
(b) Heart Penicillium
(c) Organ-transplant Trichoderma
(d) Swine flue Monascus
13. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is:
(a) Not an infectious disease
(b) Caused by a virus
(c) Caused by a gram-positive bacterium
(d) Caused by a gram-negative bacterium
14. Which of the following is correct?
A. Common cold – Droplet infection
B. Typhoid – Contaminated food and water
C. AIDS – Shaking hands
D. Ringworm – Using infected towels
(a) A and B
(b) C and D
(c) A and C
(d) A, B and D
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

37
15. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug
specified?
(a) Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions
(b) Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphorbia
(c) Hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations
(d) Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations
16. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic intake of:
(a) Tobacco (Chewing)
(b) Cocaine
(c) Opium
(d) Alcohol
17. Which one of the following in not a property of cancerous cells whereas the remaining three are?
(a) They divide in an uncontrolled manner
(b) They show contact inhibition
(c) They compete with normal cells for vital nutrients
(d) They do not remain confined in the area of formation
18. Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in:
(a) Human RBCs
(b) Human liver
(c) Gut of female Anopheles
(d) Salivary glands of Anopheles
19. In which one of the following options the two examples are correctly matched with their particular
type of immunity?
Examples Type of immunity
(a) Saliva in mouth and tears in eyes Physical barriers
(b) Mucus coating of epithelium lining the
urinogenital tract and the HCl in stomach
Physiological barriers
(c) Polymorpho nuclear leukocytes and monocytes Cellular barriers
(d) Anti-tetanus and anti-snake bite injections Active immunity
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

38
20. Common cold differs from pneumonia in that:
(a) Pneumonia is caused by a virus whereas common cold is caused by a bacterium Haemophilus
influenczae
(b) Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas common cold affects nose and respiratory
passage but not the lungs
(c) Pneumonia is a non-communicable disease whereas common cold is a communicable disease
(d) Pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas common cold has
no effective vaccine.
21. Fever caused by salmonella typhi is confirmed by:
(a) Dick test
(b) Widal test
(c) Mantoux test
(d) None of these
22. Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to immunity?
(a) Antibodies are protein molecules, each of which has four light chains
(b) Rejection of kidney grafts is the function of B-lymphocytes
(c) Preformed antibodies need to be injected to treat the bite by a viper snake
(d) The antibodies against small pox pathogen are produced by T-lymphocytes
23. Identify the molecules A and B shown below and select the right option giving their source and use:
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

39
Molecule Source Use
(a) B Cannabinoid Atropa
belladonna
Produces halluncinations
(b) A Morphine Papaver
sominiferum
Sedative and pain killer
(c) A Cocaine Erythroxylon
coca
Accelerates the transport of dopamine
(d) B Heroin Cannabis sativa Depressant and slows down body functions
(a) Morphine used as sedative and pain-killer
(b) Cancer – Increases contact inhibition of cells
(c) Nicotine – Stimulates Islets of Langerhans to release hormone which act on liver to release
enzyme to breakdown glucose
(d) Snake bites – Antigens are injected
25. Which of the following organization is mainly related with AIDS?
(a) RCH
(b) DOTS
(c) NACO
(d) WHO
26. The disease due to which maximum death in children occur is:
(a) Diphtheria
(b) Whooping cough
(c) Tuberculosis
(d) Measles
27. The cells-mediated immunity inside the human body is carried out by:
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) T-Lymphocytes
(c) B-Lymphocytes
(d) Thrombocytes
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

40
28. Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering branch is
shown below?
(a) Hallucinogen
(b) Depressant
(c) Stimulant
(d) Pain-killer
29. At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
(a) After 3 weeks
(b) When humoral immunity reduced
(c) When cellular immunity reduced
(d) When autoimmunity develops
(a) B-cells provide CMI
(b) Interferon’s protect the neighboring cells from further viral infection
(c) As the age increases, thymosin increases
(d) T-cells produces antibodies
31. Which is correct statement about interferon?
(a) Interferon is released from viral infected cells
(b) Interferon provide passive immunity
(c) Interferon are virus specific
(d) Interferon are antibiotics
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

41
32. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying:
(a) Leucocytes
(b) Helper T-Lymphocytes
(c) Thrombocytes
(d) B-Lymphocytes
33. Match each disease with its correct type of vaccine:
A. Tuberculosis (i) Harmless virus
B. Whooping cough (ii) Inactivated toxin
C. Diphtheria (iii) Killed bacteria
D. Polio (iv) Harmless bacteria
A B C D
(a) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(b) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(c) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
34. Which of the following viruses is not transferred through semen of an infected male?
(a) Human immune deficiency virus
(b) Chikungunya virus
(c) Ebola virus
(d) Hepatitis –B virus
35. Antivenom injection contains performed antibodies while polio drops that are administered into
the body contain:
(a) Activated pathogens
(b) Harvested antibodies
(c) Gamma globulin
(d) Attenuated pathogens
36. In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. In this property is
lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self-cells, then it leads to:
(a) Allergic response
(b) Graft rejection
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

42
(c) Auto-immune disease
(d) Active immunity
37. Match the following sexually transmitted diseases (column-I) with their causative agent (column –
II) and select the correct option:
Column –I Column- II
A. Gonorrhea (i) HIV
B. Syphilis (ii) Neisseria
C. Genital Warts (iii) Treponema
D. AIDS (iv) Human papilloma Virus
A B C D
(a) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(b) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(c) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(d) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
38. Transplantation of tissues/organ fails often due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which type
of immune response is responsible for such rejections?
(a) Cell-mediated immune response
(b) Hormonal immune response
(c) Physiological immune response
(d) Autoimmune response
39. Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions in asthma and emphysema,
respectively?
(a) Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
(b) Increased number of bronchioles; Increased respiratory surface
(c) Increased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles
(d) Decreased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

43
ANSWERS
Questions from NCERT Exemplar
1. Ans.(c) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
2. Ans.(a) Pathogen
3. Ans.(d) Widal- Test
4. Ans.(d) (ii) and (iv)
5. Ans.(c) Salivary glands of mosquito
6. Ans.(b) Aedes mosquitoes
7. Ans.(a) Difficulty in respiration, fever, chills, cough, headache
8. Ans.(c) Oncogenes
9. Ans.(b) Metastasis
10. Ans.(c) The patient shows behavioral and social maladjustment
11. Ans.(b) (ii) and (iv)
12. Ans.(c) Shaking hands with infected persons
13. Ans.(a) Latex of Papaver somniferum
14. Ans.(c) Interferon
15. Ans.(d) Cell-mediated immune response
16. Ans.(b) Ig A type
17. Ans.(a) Nicotine
18. Ans.(c) Antibodies
19. Ans.(c) Liver
20. Ans.(c) Thymus
21. Ans.(c) A toxin from plasmodium species
22. Ans.(d) Macrosporum
23. Ans.(c) Less prone to malaria
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

44
• IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FROM EXAMS
1. Ans.(a) Typhoid
2. Ans.(c) Fungi
3. Ans.(d) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. Ans.(a) Hepatitis-B
5. Ans.(a) Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
6. Ans.(c) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes and damages large number of
these
7. Ans.(a) ELISA
8. Ans.(b) Tears
9. Ans.(b) If due to some reason B and T-lymphocytes are damage, the body will not produce
antibodies against a pathogen
10. Ans.(c)
11. Ans.(d) Rhizopus, a mould
12. Ans.(c)
13. Ans.(b) Caused by a virus
14. Ans.(d) A, B and D
15. Ans.(b) Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphorbia
16. Ans.(d) Alcohol
17. Ans.(b) They do not show contact inhibition
18. Ans.(c) Gut of female Anopheles
19. Ans.(c)
20. Ans.(b) Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas common cold affects nose and respiratory
passage but not the lungs
21. Ans.(b) Widal test
22. Ans.(c) Preformed antibodies need to be injected to treat the bite by a viper snake
23. Ans.(b)
24. Ans.(a) Morphine used as sedative and pain-killer
25. Ans.(c) NACO
26. Ans.(d) Measles
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

45
27. Ans.(b) T-Lymphocytes
28. Ans.(a) Hallucinogen
29. Ans.(c) When HIV damages large number of helper T-Lymphocytes
30. Ans.(b) Interferon’s protect the neighboring cells from further viral infection
31. Ans.(a) Interferon is released from viral infected cells
32. Ans.(b) Helper T-Lymphocytes
33. Ans.(b)
34. Ans.(b) Chikungunya virus
35. Ans.(d) Attenuated pathogen
36. Ans.(c)
37. Ans.(d)
38. Ans.(a) Cell-mediated immune response
39. Ans.(a) Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

46
NEW MCQs on COVID -19 for NEET 2021
1) Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions for severe COVID -19 infection?
a) The lining of the respiratory tree becomes injured,
causing inflammation b) Irritates the nerves in the lining of the airway so
just a speck of dust can stimulate a cough.
c) Outpouring of inflammatory material [fluid and
inflammatory cells] into the lungs and pneumonia
develops
d) All of the above
Answer is D.
When people with COVID-19 develop a cough and fever --> this is a result of the infection reaching the
respiratory tree – the air passages that conduct air between the lungs and the outside. “The lining of the
respiratory tree becomes injured, causing inflammation. This, in turn, irritates the nerves in the lining of the
airway. Just a speck of dust can stimulate a cough. “But if this gets worse, it goes past just the lining of the
airway and goes to the gas exchange units, which are at the end of the air passages. “If they become
infected they respond by pouring out inflammatory material into the air sacs that are at the bottom of our
lungs.” If the air sacs then become inflamed --> this causes an “outpouring of inflammatory material [fluid
and inflammatory cells] into the lungs and we end up with pneumonia.” The lungs that become filled with
inflammatory material are unable to get enough oxygen to the bloodstream, reducing the body’s ability to
take on oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. --> “That’s the usual cause of death with severe pneumonia,”
2) Why Wuhan city of china is in news since december 2019?
a) International sports event b) Global summit on enviromental issues
c) Epicenter for a new epidemic disease d) Rare endemic diseases observed in the people of
Wuhan
Answer is C.
Wuhan is the original epicenter of the Coronavirus disease - Covid 19
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

47
3) What is the causative agent of Covid - 19?
a) Bacteria b) Virus
c) Prions d) Protozoa
Answer is B.
Covid 19 is due to SARS - CoV - 2 Virus (Covid 19 Virus or novel corona virus)
4) Covid - 19 is a?
a) Urinary tract infection that affects Kidneys & Urinary
bladder
b) Upper respiratory tract infection that is limited to
Pharynx part of the body & causes severe pharyngitis.
c) Cardio vascular infection that affects pericardium of
heart & coronary arteries.
d) Started as upper respiratory tract infection but
progresses as Lower respiratory tract infections
(affecting lungs)
Answer is D.
Started as upper respiratory tract infection but progresses as Lower respiratory tract infections (affecting
lungs)
5) Recently COVID 19 became a worrisome pandemic across several countries. What is the mode of
transmission of infection?
a) Contaminated water & food b) Mosquito bite
c) Droplets in air d) Unsterile syringes & needles
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

48
Answer is C.
Droplets in air released by infected person contains virus for covid 19
6) SARS Cov - 2 virus is the causative agent of new viral induced pneumonia that became pandemic in first
quarter of year 2020. The genetic material of this virus is?
a) ssDNA b) dsDNA
c) dsRNA d) ssRNA
Answer is D.
ssRNA
7) Novel corona virus is a / an?
a) Naked virion b) Enveloped virus with peplomers
c) Enveloped virus without peplomers d) Naked genome (ssRNA)
Answer is B.
Enveloped virus with peplomers
8) Which is the most useful investigation for active Covid 19 infection?
a) Swab test from Naso-pharynx & oro-pharynx
secretions
b) ELISA
c) Antibody based serological test d) Sputum culture in agar culture plate & sensitivity
against antibiotics
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

49
Answer is A.
Swab test from Naso-pharynx & oro-pharynx secretions
9) Which age group is more vulnerable for COVID 19 infection?
a) Below 5 years b) Mean age around 20 years
c) Mean age around 51 years d) Infants
Answer is C.
According to WHO - Mean age around 51 years
10) In name COVID - 19, the 19 means?
a) 19th strain of corona virus b) 19 spikes present on viral surface
c) The diasese outbreak observed in 2019 d) 19 countries affected first
Answer is C.
The diasese outbreak observed in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China
11) The symptoms of Covid - 19 does not include?
a) Sore throat b) Breathing difficulties
c) Constipation d) Fever
Answer is C.
Generally diarrhoea observed in covid 19 patients because virus may affect the alimentary canal too.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

50
12) What is true for Novel corona virus?
a) Can be cultured in agar medium b) The receptors for this virus are present on the cilia
cells of the lungs
c) This virus enters inside human body through
contaminated food by unwashed hands
d) All are correct
Answer is B.
The receptors for this virus are present on the cilia cells of the lungs; ACE receptors
13) COVID 19 is a?
a) Endemic diases b) Sporodic disease
c) Pandemic disease d) Systemic disease
Answer is C.
Covid 19 is a global epidemic; WHO declared it as a Pandemic disease.
14) What causes death in covid 19 disease?
a) Tuberculosis b) Pneumonia
c) Renal shutdown d) Brain swelling
Answer is B.
It affects lungs (Rapidly progressing atypical pneumonia)
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

51
15) Which of the following is not an epidemic disease?
a) SARS b) MERS
c) COVID 19 d) Goiter
Answer is D.
Goiter is due to iodine deficiency; It is an endemic disease
16) What is corona in corona virus?
a) Capsid symmetry b) Genome pattern
c) Spikes on outer envelope d) Protein pattern on capsomere
Answer is C.
Spikes on outer envelope observed as corona under electron microscope
17) RT PCR test is used for?
a) SARS b) MERS
c) COVID 19 d) All of these
Answer is D.
RT PCR test used for all corona virus diseases.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

52
18) Why washing hands is helpful to control Covid 19?
a) Virus can not grow on clean hands b) Virus lipid envelope disruped by soap action so it
looses infectivity
c) It prevents the contamination of food d) None of these
Answer is B.
Virus lipid envelope disruped by soap action so covid 19 looses infectivity
19) Which medicine is found very effective against Covid -19 infection?
a) Antibiotics b) Vaccines
c) Antivirals d) Till date none of the medicine is found very effective
against covid 19
Answer is D.
Till date none of the medicine is found very effective against covid 19. Antimalarials & antivirals are used but
not very specific for covid 19.
20) Why antibiotics are not effective against covid 19?
a) It's a viral disease b) Covid 19 not have cellular mechanism
c) No functional autonomy in covid 19 d) All of these
Answer is D.
Antibiotics are not effective against viral diseases. Virus do not have cells & functional autonomy.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

53
21) Why lockdown in countries is the best way to combat Covid 19 infection?
a) To reduce the air pollution b) To break the infection chain of virus
c) To educate people d) Lock down is not a successful measure to control
covid 19
Answer is B.
To break the infection chain of virus
22) How much is the incubation period of COVID - 19?
a) 21 Days b) 2 to 14 Days
c) 7 to 28 days d) 14 to 28 Days
Answer is B.
2 to 14 days
23) What is true for COVID-19?
a) The most commonly reported symptoms
included fever, dry cough, and shortness of
breath, and most patients (80%) experienced
mild illness.
b) Early reports suggest that illness severity is
associated with age (>60 years old) and co-
morbid disease.
c) Oxygen therapy is the major treatment
intervention for patients with severe COVID-19.
d) All are correct
Answer is D.
All information given in options is correct about COVID - 19
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

54
24) What is false for COVID-19?
a) Most lethal virus till date with high fatality rate b) Droplet infection & Pandemic disease
c) The coronavirus is a family of viruses that can
cause a range of illnesses in humans including
common cold and more severe forms like SARS.
d) All are False
Answer is A.
Most lethal virus till date with high fatality rate is EBOLA virus. The viral strain that drove the 2014-2016
Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the people it infects, making it the most lethal member of
the Ebola family.
25) How to prevent the spread of corona virus disease?
a) Stay at home when you are sick. b) Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with
unwashed hands
c) Avoid close contact with people who are sick. d) All of these
Answer is D.
Everyday preventive actions to help prevent the spread of respiratory viruses will work with this novel
coronavirus. Those actions include: (1) Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
(2) Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol if soap and water are not
available. (3) Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. (4) Avoid close contact with
people who are sick. (5) Stay home when you are sick. (6) Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then
throw the tissue in the trash. (7) Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces.
ruhulam
inalig@
gm
ail.com

Human health cover merged 6 mb

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Human health cover merged 6 mb

Similar to Human health cover merged 6 mb (20)

More from RUHULAMIN428

More from RUHULAMIN428 (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Human health cover merged 6 mb