Microorganism types and kind of microorganisms

1. Microorganisms
By Hira Nadeem
Class 6th

2. Microorganisms
An organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided human eye.
It is also known as microbes or microscopic organisms.
The existence of microscopic organisms was discovered during the
period 1665-83 by two Fellows of The Royal Society, Robert
Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. In Micrographia (1665),

3. Types of microorganism
Microorganism are divided into seven types:
1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Protozoa
4) Algae
5) Fungi
6) Viruses
8) Multicellular

4. Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular organisms. The
cells are described as prokaryotic because
they lack a nucleus. They exist in four
major shapes: bacillus (rod shape), coccus
(spherical shape), spirilla (spiral shape),
and vibrio (curved shape). Most bacteria
have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide
by binary fission; and they may
possess flagella for motility.

5. Archaea
•Archaea or Archaebacteria
differ from true bacteria in
their cell wall structure and
lack peptidoglycans. They
are prokaryotic cells
with avidity to extreme
environmental conditions.

6. Fungi
Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic cells (with a
true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is
composed of chitin. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic
material from their environment (decomposers),
through symbiotic relationships with plants (symbionts), or harmful
relationships with a host (parasites).

7. Protozoa
• Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They have a
nucleus, complex organelles, and obtain nourishment by
absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
They make up the largest group of organisms in the world
in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity.

8. Algae
Algae, also called cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, are unicellular or
multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis. They
live in water, damp soil, and rocks and produce oxygen
and carbohydrates used by other organisms. It is believed that
cyanobacteria are the origins of green land plants.

9. Viruses
• Viruses are no cellular entities that consist of
a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by
a protein coat. Although viruses are classified as
microorganisms, they are not considered living
organisms. Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host
cell and cannot metabolize on their own. Viruses
often infest prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells causing
diseases.

10. Multicellular
• A group of eukaryotic organisms consisting of the flatworms and
roundworms, which are collectively referred to as the
helminths. Although they are not microorganisms by definition,
since they are large enough to be easily seen with the naked eye,
they live a part of their life cycle in microscopic form.

11. Kinds of microorganisms
There are two types of microorganism
1) Dangerous microorganisms
2) 2) Useful microorganisms

12. Dangerous microorganisms
Bacteria are disease-causing pathogens and some of them cause
deadly illness and disease in human beings. Each year millions of
people die because of these microscopic living beings

13. Dangerous microorganisms
E. Coli
the most common bacteria found in
Human body. Infamous E.coli
inhabits in the intestine of the
healthy individuals. Some of their
strains are detrimental to human
beings especially to very young or
immune compromised or elderly
people. One of the rare strain of E.
Coli results in bleeding in the
intestine

14. Dangerous microorganisms
Clostridium Botulinum
Botulinum toxin attacks the nervous system
of the affected individual and causes trouble
in respiration, swallowing, speaking, vision
and causes overall physical weakness. This
results in an inability to breathe since the
toxin causes paralysis in the breathing
muscles and the person gradually dies

15. Dangerous microorganisms
Salmonella
This is a deadly strain of bacteria and affects in two forms,
the enterica, and the typhi. The well-known Typhoid fever is
caused by Salmonella typhi. The last year alone it was
responsible for 216,000 deaths. The contamination is spread
through feces and urine of the infected person.

16. Dangerous microorganisms
Vibrio cholera
This is the bacteria responsible for well-known disease Cholera. The
disease is caused when humans take water infested with human feces.
The incubation lasts about 1 to 7 days. The disease shows symptoms of
chronic diarrhea, dehydration leading to much loss of water and salts.
The loss should be made good

17. Dangerous microorganisms
Tetanus
This is the very popular one. The good news is that there are vaccines available
for it. For people who have not got the vaccine should get the vaccine in case if
they get injured and there are chances that dirt-carrying spores might have
entered their system. The disease shows treble symptoms such as lockjaw and
terrible spasms.

18. Dangerous microorganisms
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus belongs to one of the largest bacterial group with over
40 subspecies and one of the most dangerous bacteria on earth. It can
easily be found on anyone’s skin in a small amount. A normal immune
system of our body is capable of handling it efficiently on its own.
However in the case where a normal immune system was not able to take
care and the bacteria takes hold of someone, the antibiotics can be used

19. Dangerous microorganisms
Syphilis
We are mentioning Syphilis in this article since historically it was once the
most debilitating diseases and was often called as the “great imitator”.
The disease was very difficult to diagnose. In the disease, the genital sores
would imitate other disease and would show symptom those of other
diseases.

20. Dangerous microorganisms
Dengue fever virus
Also known as the break-bone fever, this virus is transferred to human
when the infective female Aedes mosquito bites. This virus is circulating in
the human body for around seven days during which the patient gets high
fever, muscle and joint pain, nausea/diarrhea. In extreme cases, the
diseases can turn into life-threatening where the patient suffers internal
bleeding or extreme low blood pressure.

21. Dangerous microorganisms
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease that is transmitted by the bite
of the female mosquitoes – Aedes aegypti that are mostly found in South
America and Africa, but not Asia. In 1900s, it was considered as the most
dangerous infectious fever. With yellow fever, the patient gets a fever, nausea,
and muscle pain. These symptoms however subside in a few days

22. Dangerous microorganisms
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the most dangerous virus known.
According to the reports,. It kills around 3 million people every year.
Unfortunately, till now medical science has not been able to come up with any
cure, so the only way is to take necessary prevention. HIV is the most dangerous
virus in the world, and almost every mankind in the world are living in the threat
of HIV.

23. Useful microorganism
• There are some microorganism which are useful microorganisms.
The following points highlight the top ten uses of microbes. The uses are:
1. Production of Antibiotics
2. Production of Dairy Products
3. Production of Alcoholic Beverages
4. Production of Bread
5. Production of Food Yeast
6. Production of Organic Acids
7. Production of Vitamins
8. Production of Enzymes
9. Production of Steroids
10. Production of Dextran.

24. Lactobacillus
There are more than 80 species of the Lactobacillus
genus of probiotics. One of these species, acidophilus,
is the most frequently used good bacterium, according
to the University of Maryland Medical Center.
Lactobacillus acidophilus, also called L. acidophilus,
resides in the intestines where it helps in the digestion
of food. As part of the digestion process, L. acidophilus
produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which
create unfavorable conditions for the growth of
harmful bacteria. One way to get L. acidophilus in your
diet is to eat yogurt that contains active cultures of this
probiotic.

25. Bifidobacterium
If you carry the bacterium Helicobacter pylori in your stomach, you are at
increased risk for stomach ulcers. Researchers have used a mouse model to
show that a particular strain of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum can help to
repair stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. The research results
appeared in the February 2011 issue of "Applied and Environmental
Microbiology." Another probiotic in this genus, Bifidobacterium breve, may be
useful in the treatment of childhood constipation, according to a study in the
February 2011 issue of "Nutrition Journal."

26. Streptococcus
• The probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus is a starter culture in the
manufacturing process of yogurt, mozzarella cheese and other fermented
dairy products, according to the European Bioinformatics Institute. One of the
principal therapeutic uses for S. thermophilus is for relief of the abdominal
cramps, diarrhea, nausea and other gastrointestinal symptoms associated with
lactose intolerance.

27. Bacillus Coagulans
According to MedlinePlus, the Bacillus coagulans bacteria is a probiotic available
as a dietary supplement that people use for various health concerns. Bacillus
coagulans may be useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as
diarrhea associated with an antibiotic regimen, traveler's and children's
diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. The
supplement may also be useful in preventing respiratory infections and
enhancing their immune response. However, Natural Medicines Comprehensive
Database has concluded that there is "Insufficient Evidence to Rate the
Effectiveness" of Bacillus coagulans for any of the aforementioned therapeutic
applications.