Genetically modified products

1. G.M. Foods
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY” OR “GENE TECHNOLOGY”,
SOMETIMES ALSO “RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY” OR
“GENETIC ENGINEERING”.

2. What are genetically modified (GM)
organisms and GM foods?
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e.
plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has
been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or
natural recombination.
Foods produced from or using GM organisms are often referred to as GM
foods.

3. Why are G.M. foods produced?
GM foods are developed – and marketed – because there is some perceived
advantage either to the producer or consumer of these foods.
One of the objectives for developing plants based on GM organisms is to improve
crop protection.
Virus resistance is achieved through the introduction of a gene from certain viruses
which cause disease in plants.

4. Resistance against insects is achieved by incorporating into the food
plant the gene for toxin production from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt). This toxin is currently used as a conventional
insecticide in agriculture and is safe for human consumption.
Herbicide tolerance is achieved through the introduction of a gene
from a bacterium conveying resistance to some herbicides. In
situations where weed pressure is high, the use of such crops has
resulted

5. Stats.. Ht: Herbicide-tolerant Bt: Insect-resistant

6. Conspiracy theories running all
around
Creating foods that can cause an allergic reaction or that are toxic
Unexpected or harmful genetic changes
Genes moving from one GM plant or animal to another plant or animal
that is not genetically engineered
Foods that are less nutritious

7. possible benefits of genetic
engineering include:
More nutritious food
Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental
resources (such as water and fertilizer)
Less use of pesticides
Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life
Faster growing plants and animals
Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less of a
cancer-causing substance when fried

8. Am I eating GMOs?

9. Am I eating GMOs?
Probably. Since some common ingredients like corn starch and soy protein are
predominantly derived from genetically modified crops, it’s pretty hard to avoid
GM foods altogether.
In fact, GMOs are present in 60 to 70 percent of foods on US supermarket shelves,
according to Bill Freese at the Center for Food Safety; the vast majority of processed
foods contain GMOs.
No meat, fish, and poultry products approved for direct human consumption are
bioengineered at this point, though most of the feed for livestock and fish is derived
from GM corn, alfalfa, and other biotech grains.

10. USDA Approved Genetically Modified
Crops

11. 1. Corn
This crop is used to produce many different ingredients used in
processed foods and drinks, including high-fructose corn syrup and
corn starch. But the bulk of the GM corn grown around the world is
used to feed livestock. Some is also converted into biofuels.

13. 2. Soybeans
The second largest U.S. crop after corn, GM soy is used primarily in
animal feed and in soybean oil—which is widely used for processed
foods and in restaurant chains.
It's also often used to make an emulsifier called soy lecithin, which is
present in a lot of processed foods, including dark chocolate bars and
candy.

15. 3. Papaya
Bred to withstand ringspot virus, which can destroy papaya plants,
these genetically engineered 'Rainbow Papayas' were first commercially
produced in the late 1990s. Much of the yield is grown in Hawaii.

16. 4. Milk:
RGBH, or recombinant bovine growth hormone, is a GE variation on a naturally
occurring hormone injected into dairy cows to increase milk production. It is
banned for milk destined for human consumption in the European Union,
Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. Many milk brands that are rGBH-free label
their milk as such, but as much as 40 percent of our dairy products, including ice
cream and cheese, contains the hormone.

17. How is a safety assessment of GM
food conducted
The safety assessment of GM foods generally focuses on:
(a) direct health effects (toxicity),
(b) potential to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity);
(c) the stability of the inserted gene;
(d) nutritional effects associated with genetic modification; and
(e) any unintended effects which could have resulted.

18. YIELD
The total amount produced.
Usually represents quantity..
In agriculture, the yield is a measurement of the amount
of a crop grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk
produced, per unit area of land.

19. Yield of GM Foods
GM crops increased global production by 357.7 million tons of corn,
180.3 million tons of soybean, 25.2 million tons of cotton fiber, 10.6
million tons of canola and about a ton of sugar beet.
In addition, the report mentions that GM crops significantly reduced
the use of agricultural land due to this higher productivity.

20. How to calculate the yield
Yield calculation starts with sampling in a 10 meter square area..
Yield = X Kg / 10 meter square
To derived weight must be represented in Kg/ha
10 meter square = 1000 ha
10 m
10m
10m
10 m

21. What will be my yield ?
Sample weight is found to be 0.55 kg for 10 meter square
Represent in terms of Quintal
1 Quintal = 100 kg

22. the costs are divided into 2 broad categories viz. Fixed costs and
variable costs.
Fixed costs: - These are fixed. In agriculture, land in some sense is a
fixed capital. The other important items of fixed costs are implements
and tools, machinery, farm buildings, work animals etc.
Variable costs: - These costs vary with the production. One can increase
or decrease their use. In agriculture, cost of seed, manure’s and
fertilizers, irrigation, labour are the variable costs.

23. Direct Costs
Direct costs can be defined as costs which can be accurately traced to a
cost object with little effort. Cost object may be a product, a
department, a project, etc.
A particular cost may be direct cost for one cost object but indirect
cost for another cost object.

24. Indirect Costs
Costs which cannot be accurately attributed to specific cost objects are
called indirect costs.
These typically benefit multiple cost objects and it is impracticable to
accurately trace them to individual products, activities or departments
etc.

26. Are they Direct / Indirect ?

27. Answers..

28. GM Paddy – Cost of production