Shivam last.docx

CONSTRUCTION OF KASSIA RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DUBEY SHIVAM AKHILESH
Enrollment Number: 190060106005
Summer Internship (3170001) Semester VII
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Civil Engineering
Bhagwan Mahavir College of Engineering & Technology, Surat.
Gujarat Technology University, Ahmadabad
July, 2022

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University
BMCET
Bhagwan Mahavir college of Engineering & Technology
BMEF Campus, Bharthana Road, Vesu, Surat- 395017
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project
entitled A Role of site engineering has been carried out by DUBEY
SHIVAM under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 7th
semester of Gujarat
Technological University, during the academic year 2022-2023.
Mr. Jasmin Tandel Mr. Dixit Chauhan
(Internal Guide) (Head Of The Department)
Assistant Professor
Civil department BMCET
I

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University III BMCET
Bhagwan Mahavir College Of Engineering & Teachnology
BMEF Campus, Bharthana Road, Vesu, Surat- 395017
DECLARATION
I under signed DUBEY SHIVAM AKHILESH a student of BMCET, CIVIL, 7th
semester, declare that summer internship project titled “CONSTRUCTION OF
KASSIA RESIDENTIAL BUILDING”
is a result of my own work and our indebtedness to other work publications,
references, if any, have been duly acknowledged.
If I am found guilty of copying any other report or published information and
showing as my/our original work, I understand that I shall be liable and punishable
by Institute or University, which may include ‘Fail’ in examination, ‘Repeat study
& re-submission of the report’ or any other punishment that Institute or University
may decide.
Name of Student: DUBEY SHIVAM
Enrollment Number: 190060106005

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University IV BMCET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to highly acknowledge and pay respect to all associates with project at
different stages in presenting the report of my project on “Construction of kassia
Residential ”.
Our sincere thanks to Head of Civil Engineering Department, for his kind help in
project .I am also thankful to Prof. Jasmin Tandel for their valuable tips during the
course of this study.
The project work is most practical and existing of our learning experience which could
be assets for me and my team in our future career.It is my sincere duty to thanks all
those people who helped me directly and indirectly in this project.

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University V BMCET
ABSTRACT
This study presents the compendious of the observation made during the two week
of our internship. During this period I observed the construction of masonry wall,
lintel, column, slab, beam and staircase and precautions to be taken during the
work. I also learned about how to deal with engineers, labour and other staffs at
site which had improved my communication skills and management of work also.
This opportunity helped me to apply my theoretical knowledge gained during the
university academic program into the real world industrial based execution and
experience. It helped me to develop my skill and industrial knowledge.
This report document contains the knowledge and experience I have gained
throughout my internship period.

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University VI BMCET
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of Completion (by College) I
Certificate of Completion (by Organization) II
Student’s declaration III
Acknowledgement IV
Abstract V
Table of contents VI
List of figures IX
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Introduction of the site 1
1.4 Site images 2
1.5 Plan of the building 4
1.6 General nomenclature used at site 7
1.8 Methodology 8
Chapter 2 Components of the building 9
2.1 Substructure 9
2.1.1 Foundation 9
2.1.1.1 Shallow foundation 10
2.1.1.2 Deep foundation 10
2.2 Superstructure 12
2.2.1 Roof 13
2.2.2 Parapet 13
2.2.3 Lintels 13
2.2.4 Slabs 13

190060106005
Gujarat Technological University VII BMCET
2.2.5 Beams 13
2.2.6 Columns 14
2.2.7 Walls 14
2.2.8 Floor 14
2.2.9 Stair 14
Chapter 3 Site execution, supervision and monitoring 15
3.1 Brick masonary work 15
3.1.1 Construction procedure 15
3.1.2 Points considered while brick masonary construction 16
3.1.3 Types of bonds in brick masonry 16
3.2 Lintels 18
3.3 Column construction 19
3.3.1 Construction process of RCC column 19
3.4 Stair construction 24
3.4.1 Formwork 24
3.4.2 Reinforcement 24
3.4.3 Pouring of concrete 25
3.5 Beam construction 26
3.6 Slab construction 28
Chapter 4 Materials and equipments 32
4.1 Materials used at construction site 32
4.1.1 Cement 32
4.1.2 Aggregates 32

190063106012 A Summer Internship At “VDG”
4.1.3 Bricks
4.1.4 Reinforcement
4.1.5 Water
4.2 Equipments used at construction site
4.2.1 Concrete mixer 4.2.2 Compactors
Chapter 5 Concluding remarks
5.1 Conclusion References
Training schedule
33
34
34
35
35
35
37
37
38
38

190063106012
A Summer Internship At “VDG”
BMCET
Gujarat Technological University VIII BMCET
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Description Pg. No.
No.
1.1 Location of site 2
1.2 Site image at the start of the internship 3
1.3 Site image at the end of the internship 3
1.4 First floor 4
1.5 Second floor 5
1.6 Terrace floor 6
2.1 Foundation plan 11
2.2 Foundation schedule 12
3.1 Brick masonry with cement mortar 15
3.2 Flemish bond 17
3.3 Stretcher bond 17
3.4 Formwork for lintel 18

3.5 Casted lintel 19
3.6 Column face line plan 20
3.7 Reinforcement details 21
3.8 Column bars extension 21
3.9 Steel shuttering 22
3.10 Plywood shuttering 22
3.11 Column starter 23
3.12 Formwork of column 23
Gujarat Technological University IX
190063106012 A Summer Internship At “VDG”

190063106012
A Summer Internship At “VDG”
BMCET
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Concrete pouring
Column after removal of formwork
Stairs construction
Formwork of beam using plywood
Reinforcement cutting machine
Placing of reinforcement
Shuttering of slab
Bending and binding of reinforcement
Curing of slab by ponding
Removal of slab formwork
Cement
Fine aggregate
Course aggregate
Bricks
Concrete mixer
Needle vibrator
Bars cutter
Wood cutter
24
24 25
26
26 27
28 29
30 31
32
33 33
34 35
36 36
36

Gujarat Technological University X BMCET

190063106012 A Summer
Internship At “VDG”
Gujarat Technological University 1 BMCET
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM
 The internship aim to develop our skills to implement theoretical knowledge into practical field.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
 To orient us with the different construction activities.
 To gain practical experience and familiarize with field operations.
 To understand and analyze the planning, design and drawing of construction.
 To get the exposure with the management and communication functions performed within a
construction project.
1.3 INTRODUCTION OF THE SITE
The project was to construct G+2 story bungalow at Piplod, Surat for residential purpose.
1. Contractor name:Mr. Nilesh parmar
2. Contractor’s office location: T.P. 43, Behind Sankalp Row House, Canal Road, Near CNG
pump, Jhangirabad, Surat-395005
3. Client name: Mr. Kenilbhai Shah
4. Overall cost of the project: the overall cost of the building is around 2 Cr.
5. Site location: 120-121, Saraswat Nagar Society, Piplod, Surat
6. Architect name: Ar. Chetan H. Mistry
7. Site engineer: Er. Hemant J. Chauhan

190063106012 A Summer
1.4 SITE IMAGES
Figure 1.1 Location of site

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 1.3 Site image at the end of internship
Figure 1.2 Site image at the starting of the internship

190063106012 A Summer
1.5 PLAN OF THE BUILDING
Figure 1.4 First Floor

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 1.5 Second Floor

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 1.6 Terrace Floor

190063106012 A Summer
1.6 GENERAL NOMENCLATURE USED AT SITE
Sand – Reti
Course aggregates – Khadi, Kapchi
Plumb bob – Olumbo
Concrete cover – Cover
Reinforcement of top and bottom steel – Jali
Concrete – Mal
Ladder – Sidi
Formwork – Peti
Hatching – Thacha
Stirrups – Ring
Brick – Itt
Mixer – Handi
Props – Teka  Joist – Chavi
1.7 MEMBERS AT SITE
 Client
 Architect
 Engineer
 Contractor
 Supervisor
 Mason  Mistry
 Carpenter
 Foreman
 Labour
 Bhisti

190063106012 A Summer
1.8 METHODOLOGY

190063106012 A Summer
Step 1: Site Clearance
Step 2: Excavation
Step 3: Plinth beam
Step 4: Superstructure Column and beam
Step 5: Brick masonary work
Step 6: Door and window frame
Step 7: Lintel over door and windows
Step 8: Floor slab or roof structure
Step 9: Plastering
Step 10: Door and window fixation
Step 11: Water supply and sanitary fixture and fittings
Step 12: Mechanical and electrical work
Step 13: Floor tiles
Step 14: Painting, interior and exterior finishing
Step 15: Interior and furniture

190063106012 A Summer
CHAPTER 2
COMPOPNENTS OF THE BUILDING
Construction of the building is done in two steps, which are as follows:
 Substructure 
Superstructure
2.1 SUBSTRUCTURE
The sub-structure of the building transfers the load of the building to the ground and isolates it
horizontally from the ground. This includes foundation and basemen retaining wall. It is
differentiated from the super-structure. It safeguards the building against the forces of wind uplift,
soil pressure etc. It provides a level and firm surface for the construction of superstructure. It also
prevents unequal or differential settlement and ensures stability of the building against sliding,
overturning, undermine due to floodwater or borrowing animals.
The function of the substructure is to transfer the load of the building to the ground and to isolate
it horizontally from the ground.
The substructure includes,
 Foundations up to and including damp proof course.
 Lowest floor assembly below the undesirable of the screed or the lowest floor finish.
 Basement excavation.  Basement retaining walls up to and including the damp proof course.
2.1.1 FOUNDATION
Foundation, part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building
and transmits its loads directly to the earth. Foundation provide the structure’s stability from the
ground to distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the
underlying soil. At my site, shallow foundation was constructed.
Types of foundation are:
 Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation

190063106012 A Summer
2.1.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very
near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
Shallow foundation includes spread footing foundation, mat-slab foundation, slab- on-grade
foundation, pad foundation, rubble trench foundation and earthbag foundation.
At my site, spread footing foundation was constructed.
A spread footing foundation, which is common in residential building, the shape of the spread
footing may be circular, square and rectangular in plan. This wider part “spreads the weight of the
structure over more area for greater stability”.
The design and layout of spread footings is controlled by several factors, foremost of which is the
weight (load) of the structure it must support, penetration of soft near-surface layers likely to change
volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell.
These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many
commercial structure, but for high rise building they are sufficient.
A spread footing that changes elevation in a series of vertical steps so that it follows the contours of
a sloping site or accommodates changes in soil strata, is called stepped footing.
2.1.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth father down from
the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile or
pilling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground
ate the building site.
Ground beam - The Ground Beam is the beam which is provided usually at the foundation level to
support building walls, joists, etc. Typically the ground beams are directly rested on the ground;
sometimes they can be supported by end piers.
 Typically ground beams are made of reinforced concrete.
 Ground beams are typically constructed at foundation level.
 Ground beads support wall, joists, etc.
 It is provided where the soil bearing capacity beneath the wall is poor.
Plinth beam - Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks from the
foundation into the wall above when the foundation suffers from settlement. Plinth beams distributes
the load of the wall over the foundation evenly.

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 2.1 Foundation plan

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 2.2 Foundation Schedule
2.2. SUPERSTRUCTURE
The superstructure is the portion of a building which is constructed above the ground level and it
serves the purpose of structure’s intended use.
It includes:
1. Roof
2. Parapet
3. Lintels
4. Slab
5. Beams
6. Columns
7. Walls
8. Floor
9. Stair

190063106012 A Summer
2.2.1 ROOF
Roof is the exterior and the uppermost part of any building structure. This structure is a covering
that is provided to protect the building from rain, snow, wind, sun and other adverse effects.
Slopping roofs are generally considered better in mountain area. While, in plan areas flat roofs are
preferred.
2.2.2 PARAPET
A parapet wall is a low or dwarf wall built along the edge of the roof, terrace, walkway, balcony etc.
Parapet walls can be constructed using different materials like reinforced cement concrete, steel,
aluminum, glass etc. It is used:
 To prevent the entrance of dust through the air on the rooftop.
 To prevent the falling of debris gathered on the rooftop.
 To prevent high wind loads coming on to the rooftop.
2.2.3 LINTELS
A lintel is a type of beam structure constructed above all the wall openings to support the load
coming over it and transfers safely to the side walls. The width of the lintel is the same as that of
wall width and it ends into the masonry wall.
2.2.4 SLAB
Slabs are horizontal structural elements that serve the purpose of floor, roofs or ceilings. These are
flat surfaces with top and bottom face parallel to each other.
Slabs are supported mainly by columns, beams, walls or the ground. The depth of the slab is very
small when compared to its depth.
2.2.5 BEAMS
A beam is a horizontal structural element with a specific depth and width running with a span. It
withstands vertical loads, bending moments and shear forces.
The loads coming on the beams are transferred to the beam endpoints where it is supported. This is
then transferred to the columns or the beam supporting structural elements.

190063106012 A Summer
2.2.6 COLUMNS
The column is a vertical structural element that carries compressive loads. This is one of the critical
structural elements in any building structure whose failure can result in progressive collapse.
The column transfers loads from the slab or the beam to the foundation below.
2.2.7 WALLS
Walls are vertical surfaces constructed in continuance that divide the enclosed spaced. Walls can be
constructed either by means of masonry or by means of concrete. Walls take up the load from the
beams, the slabs or the roof above.
2.2.8 FLOOR
The floor is defined as a finished horizontal surface of a building or a room where people walk. Any
floor has two main components- sub-floor and floor cover. The sub-floor is constructed to support
the imposed loads coming over it. This component imparts strength and stability for the floor
structure. A floor cover or flooring is a suitable floor finish provided in the form of tiles, granite,
marbles, concrete, etc.
2.2.9 STAIR
A stair is a series of steps or flight that is constructed to move from one floor to another in a building
structure. A staircase is a room or an enclosure where the stair is constructed. The space occupied
by the stair is called as a stairway. There are different types of stairs like continuous stairs, straight
stairs, turning stairs etc.

190063106012 A Summer
CHAPTER 3
SITE EXCECUTION, SUPERVISION AND MONITORING
3.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
 Initially, mix the mortar with water and blend it until a smooth and plastic mortar is produced.
 After that, place the mortar on foundation line evenly using trowel (25mm thickness and one brick
wide is recommended for laid mortar).
 Then, lay the first course of stretcher bricks in the mortar. Start with second brick, apply mortar to
the head joint end of each brick, after that shove the bricks into place firmly so that the mortar is
squeezed out of all side of the joints.
 Utilize a level to examine the course for correct height. Ensure that bricks are plumb and level.
Place another mortar line alongside the first course, and then begin laying the second course.
3.1 BRICK MASONARY WORK
Figure 3.1 Brick masonry with cement mortar

190063106012 A Summer
 Use the two half bricks to begin the second to ensure that the first two courses are staggered for
structural purposes.
 To finish the second course of the lead, lay three header bricks and make sure that they are plumb
and level.
 The third and fifth courses consist of stretchers similar to the first course. The fourth course begins
with single header, followed by stretchers. Use the level to make sure that the lead is true on each
course. Lastly, this pattern of brick laying is used till the target height is reached.
3.1.2 Points Considered while Supervising Brick Masonry Construction
 The bricks used in a good work should be sound, hard and well burnt.
 The bricks should of uniform size, shape and colour.
 The bricks should be properly soaked in water for at least two hours before use.
 In the brick work, the bricks should be laid on their beds with the frogs pointing upwards.
 The brick courses should be laid truly horizontal and should have truly vertical joints.
 As far as possible the use of brick-bats should be discouraged.
 The brickwork should be carried out in proper bond, preferably in English bond.
 As far as possible, the brick work should be raised uniformly. Generally, the height of brick
masonry in a day should be less than 1.5 m
 When the mortar is green, the face joints should be racked to a depth of 12 to 19 mm in order
to have a proper key for plastering.
 Finished brick work should be cured for a period of 1 to 2 weeks.
 Single scaffolding should be adopted to carry out the brickwork at a higher level.
 In order to ensure continuous bond between the old and the new, the walls should be stopped
with a toothed end.
 The mortar to be used for brick work should be of quality and of proportion as specified.
3.1.3 Types of bonds in brick masonry
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Fleming bond
5. Facing bond
6. English cross bond
7. Brick on edge bond
8. Dutch bond
9. Raking bond
10. Zigzag bond
11. Garden wall

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.3 Stretcher bond
Figure 3.2 Flemish bond

190063106012 A Summer
3.2 LINTEL
A lintel is a beam placed across the openings like doors, windows etc. in buildings to support the
load from the structure above. The width of lintel beam is equal to the width of wall, and the ends
of it is built into the wall. Construction of the lintel can be done in a simple way just treat like as a
horizontal beam because overall coming load acts upon this horizontal member.
Figure 3.4 Formwork for lintel

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.5 Casted Lintel
3.3 COLUMN CONSTRUCTION
3.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF RCC COLUMN
Constructing Concrete Column involves following four stages of works –
1. Column layout work
2. Column reinforcement work
3. Column formwork
4. Pouring concrete into column
1. Column layout work - In this stage of works the location of columns are determined practically
in field. It is done by laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then mark the location
of columns related to rope. In drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with
dimension. Practically, in field, ropes are our grid-line. So we place columns related to rope-line by
measuring dimension shown in the drawing.

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.6 Column face line plan
2. Column reinforcement work - After marking the column locations, we then start to place
reinforcement as instructed in the structural drawing. This is normally described in the drawing like
–C1-12#16 mm⌀ and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ 15 cm c/c.

190063106012 A Summer
That means column C1 will have 12 numbers of 16 mm diameter bar as vertical bar and 10 mm
diameter steel should be placed 15 cm center to center as stirrup.
Figure 3.8 Column bars extension
Figure 3.7 Reinforcement details

190063106012 A Summer
3. Column formwork - In building, floor height is normally kept 3 m. If the slab has beam then we
have to pour concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified in drawing is 0.45 m.
So, the casting height of our column will be 2.65 m. And our formwork height will be 2.65 m. But
one thing should be considered here is that dropping concrete from above 1.5 m height isn’t suggested
during pouring. Because it leads concrete segregation. So we should make one-side of column
formwork within 1.5 m height range. After casting 1.5 m of column, we just lift the short side up to
full-casting height of column next day.
Figure 3.9 Steel shuttering Figure 3.10 Plywood shuttering
Column starter - Starter is generally a casting of concrete material with equivalent width and length
of column section and comparatively smaller height of around 10 cm. It is cast in such a manner
that equal cover is left encircling the reinforcement bars of column and then shuttering of column is
provided. The main purpose of starter is to fine-tune the form work of a column vertically to
maintain sufficient gap among column reinforcement and shuttering.
To retain the exact position of the columns in the below slab as well as retain the column lines in
number of floors easily, starter is marked.

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.11 Column starter
Figure 3.12 Formwork of column

190063106012 A Summer
4. Pouring of concrete into column - Casting column is easy. For small quantity of concrete volume
we normally depend on machine-mix or hand-mix concrete and for large concrete quantity we order
ready-mix concrete. Machine-mix or hand-mix is concrete is normally preferred. Because, if you
use moving pump with ready-mix concrete and if you want not to exceed 1.5 m height range for
dropping concrete that would be difficult.
Figure 3.13 Concrete pouring Figure 3.14 Column after
removal of formwork
3.4 STAIR
3.4.1 FORMWORK
The angle of flight, dimensions of thread and riser are properly checked. Usually while constructing
a stairs attached to wall, the line of flight, thread and risers are marked on the wall for proper fixing
of shuttering or formwork. Supports have been provided with the help of props.
3.4.2 REINFORCEMENT
The concrete steps are to be reinforced with steel bars so as it carries the loads coming upon the
stairs and transfer them to the ground. These steel reinforcement bars are placed in the formwork
with minimum of 25 mm spacing and are tied together.

190063106012 A Summer
3.4.3 POURING OF CONCRETE
The concrete mix plays an important role in strength and durability of stairs. The concrete mix is
designed by the structural engineer based on the strength, durability and other requirements. It is
recommended to use a concrete vibrator while pouring the concrete to completely fill the gaps of
the stairs and to avoid the honeycomb formation.
Figure 3.15 Stairs construction

190063106012 A Summer
3.5 BEAM
Construction of RCC beam involves following stages of work:
1. Formwork - To sustain concrete properly, formwork or centering and shuttering is necessary.
Figure 3.16 Formwork of beam using plywood
2. Bending, binding and placing of steel bars - For making design of the slab, it is supposed that
the concrete contains sound compressive strength but it is poor in tensile strength. To make the
structure secure against the tensile stress, the steel bars are arranged.
Steel bars cut with the help of cutting machine into required length and stirrups were made manually
and then beams were casted as per given drawing and specifications.
Figure 3.17 Reinforcement cutting machine

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.18 Placing of reinforcement
3.6 SLAB

190063106012 A Summer
Construction of RCC slab involves following stages of work -
 Assemble and Erect Formwork
 Prepare and Place Reinforcement
 Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete
 Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork
1. Assemble and Erect Formwork - The formwork shall be designed to withstand construction
loads such as fresh concrete pressure and weight of workers and operators and their machines.
Figure 3.19 Shuttering of slab
1. Prepare and place reinforcement - Design drawings provides necessary reinforcement details,
so it only needs understanding to use designated bar size, cutting required length, and make
necessary hooks and bents. After preparation is completed, steel bars are placed into their positions
with the provision of specified spacing and concrete cover. The concrete cover and spacing for floor
slabs can be maintained by introducing spacers and bars supporters. Wires are used to tie main
reinforcement and shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (distribution reinforcement).

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 3.20 Bending and placing of reinforcement
2. Pour, compact and finish concrete - Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete shall be
properly coordinated with placing and finishing works. In floor slab, begin concrete placing along
the perimeter at one end of the work with each batch placed against previously dispatched concrete.
Concrete should be deposited at, or as close as possible to, it’s final position in order to prevent
segregation. Fresh concrete should be compacted adequately in order to mold it within the forms and
around embedded items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone pockets, honeycomb, and entrapped

190063106012 A Summer
air. Vibration, either internal or external, is the most widely used method for consolidating concrete.
Lastly, slabs could be finished in many ways based on floor application.
3. Curing concrete and remove formwork - After finishing ended, suitable technique shall be
used to cure the concrete adequately. Slab curing methods such as
 Water curing
a. Immersion
b. Spraying
c. Ponding
d. Wet covering
 Membrane curing
 Application of heat
 Miscellaneous
Removal of form depends upon grade of concrete, type of member, weather conditions, winds,
strength attained; type of cement etc. forms shall not be struck until the concrete reaches strength at
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. It is
recommended to remove formwork of slab after 7 days of concreting.
Figure 3.21 Curing of slab by ponding method
Figure 3.22 Removal of slab formwork

190063106012 A Summer
CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
4.1 MATERIALS

190063106012 A Summer
4.1.1 CEMENT
Cement is a finely milled mineral powder, usually grey in colour. The most important raw materials
for the production of cement are limestone, clay and marl. Mixed with water served as an adhesive
to bind sand, gravel and hard rock in concrete. Cement hardens both in the air and under water and
remains in its hardened state once reached.
Cements are classified according to their early and final strength as well as their composition. In
addition to cements that consists of 100% clinker, there are so called composite cements, in which
a portion of the clinker is replaced by alternative raw materials, such as flu ash, ground slag or
limestone. As the production of clinker is energy-intensive and releases large amount of CO2, the
use of alternative raw materials can conserve natural resources and reduce CO2 emissions.
Figure 4.1 Cement
4.1.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with Water
and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates
need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine
materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75
percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse.
Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally
range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate
used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder.

190063106012 A Summer
Figure 4.3 Coarse aggregate
4.1.3 BRICKS
Bricks consist of fired ceramic, clay, or cement materials that are cut into specific shapes, such as a
rectangle, and used for building walls or furnaces or for paving surfaces. Bricks vary in material
makeup, size, and shape and include products for specific applications, such as firebricks or
refractory bricks, acid bricks for flooring, and bricks for masonry applications. Fly ash bricks are
just as strong as traditional clay bricks, but they may contain small amounts of pollutants such as
heavy metals.
Figure 4.2 Fine aggregate

190063106012 A Summer
4.1.4 REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcing bars add tensile strength and stiffness to concrete and make up 44% of steel use in
buildings. Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a similar thermal expansion coefficient
and is strong and relatively cost-effective. Reinforced concrete is also used to provide deep
foundations and basements and is currently the world’s primary building material. It is reusable and
endlessly recyclable, earthquake resistant due to ductility, flexible in combination with other
materials.
4.1.5 WATER
Water is one of the most important elements in construction and is required for the preparation of
mortar, mixing of cement concrete and for curing work etc. The quality of water used has a direct
impact on the strength of the motor and cement concrete in the construction work. The water used
for curing and mixing must be free from high quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic
materials, vegetable growth, etc that might be deleterious to bricks, concrete or iron. Impurities in
water can cause metal corrosion, introduce unwanted silt and clay into the concrete, adversely affect
the hardening process of concrete and also reduce the strength by even 25%. Thus the need to ensure
the quality of water used during construction is vital.
Figure 4.4 Bricks

190063106012 A Summer
4.2 EQUIPMENTS USED AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
4.2.1 CONCRETE MIXER
It is used to mix the ingredient of concrete. It consist a hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings
in which cement, sand, aggregates and water is mix properly. For smaller volume works, portable
concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the
workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.
Figure 4.5 Concrete mixer
4.2.2 COMAPCTORS
After the transporting of concrete, it is in the loose structure. So for the better strength of the concrete
we used dense concrete for construction work. If the concrete is not dense and permeable, it will not
be watertight. It will be less able to withstand aggressive liquids. Moisture and air are more likely
to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust. So compaction after placing of concrete is
necessary. Hence, it must be compacted to remove air bubbles and voids which are present in the
concrete and gain strength. There are two methods of compaction
1. Manual compaction
 Roding
 Ramming
 Tamping
2. Mechanical compaction
 Internal vibrator

190063106012 A Summer
 External vibrator
 Formwork vibrator
 Table vibrator
 Platform vibrator
 Needle vibrator
 Surface vibrator
Figure 4.6 Needle vibrator
4.2.3 CUTTING MACHINE
Figure 4.7 Bars cutter Figure 4.8 Wood cutter

190063106012 A Summer
CHAPTER 5
COCLUDING REMARKS
5.1 CONCLUSION
As an undergraduate of Gujarat Technological University, we would like to say this summer
internship training program is an excellent opportunity for us to get to ground level and experience
the things that we wouldn’t ever gained through going straight into a job. We are grateful to our
college CKPCET and GTU for giving us this wonderful opportunity.
The main objective of the summer internship is to provide an opportunity to undergraduate to
identify, observe and practice how civil engineering is applicable on real site it isn’t only limited to
get experience on technical practices, but also to observe management practices and to interact with
the field workers. Overall during this internship I got to learn about various things and aspects,
which wouldn’t possible in theory.

190063106012 A Summer
References
Building Construction by B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain
Concrete technology, theory and practice by M. S. Shetty
IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice
Training Schedule
TRAINING SCHEDULE
Duration (Day) Work
1 Mansory work
2-3 Column reinforcement and shuttering
4 Column concreting
5-6 Column curing, Stairs shuttering and reinforcement
7 Removal of column formwork and Stairs
concreting
8-10 Stairs curing, beam and slab shuttering
11-12 Beam and slab reinforcement
13-14 Beam and slab Concreting
15 Beam and slab Curing

Shivam last.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Shivam last.docx

Similar to Shivam last.docx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Shivam last.docx