by a geology student

1. BY-PUJA PLABONA
GOGOI
6TH
SEMSETER,DEPT.
OF GEOLOGY

2.  The word CEMENT has come from the Roman word “OPUS and
CAEMENTICIUM”.
 Romans used the term OPUS CAEMENTICIUM to describe masonary
resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that
were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later
referred to as cementum,cimentum,cament and cement.
 Cement was first made by JOSEPH ASPDIN in 1824 in England

4. • Cement is the mixture of calcareous,siliceous,argillaceous
and other substances
• Cement is a hydraulic binder and is defined as a finely
ground inorganic material which,when mixed with
water,forms a paste which sets and hardens by means of
hydration reactions and processes which,after hardening
retains its strength and stability even under water.
• Popular as building material.
• Material with adhesive and cohesive properties.
• To bind the fine and coarse aggregate together.
 To fill voids in between fine and coarse aggregate particle
form a compact mass.

5. Types of raw material
Sources of calcium carbonate
limestone,marl,chalk
Sources of argillaceous materials
clay,shale,sand,iron ore,bauxite,silt,sandstone,volcanic ash
Waste material substitutes Fly ash,bottom
ash,metallurgical slags

6. Lime (CaO)
 Major ingredient of cement
 Excess quantity of lime makes the cement
unsound.Generally it contains about 75%
 If it is less it decreases the strength and allows the
cement to set quickly.
 Limestone is the chief rock used to supply the CaO.
Silica (SiO2)
 An important ingredient which gives strength to
cement.
 If it is excess silica allows the cement to set slowly.
 SiO2 is supplied by clay.

7. Alumina (Al2O3)
 Imparts quick setting time to the cement.
 If it is in excess quantity, it weakens the cement.
 It also lowers the temprature of clinkers.
 Chief suppling rock clay,shale,fly ash
Iron oxide(Fe203)
 It helps the fusion of raw materials during
burning stage.
 It gives color,hardness and strength to
cement.

8. Magnesium oxide(MgO)
 It present in small quantites,MgO imparts
hardness and color to the cement.
 If becomes excess quantity,weakens the
cement.it shouldn’t exceed the value of 5%.
Alkalies
 a small quantity are required
 If it is in excess quantity,efflorescence is caused.
3% of gypsum is added before final grinding to
prevent too rapid setting.

11. 1.BLASTING:The raw materials that are used to manufacture cement(mainly limestone and
clay)are blasted from the quarry.
2.TRANSPORT:The raw material are blasted into a dumper.
3.CRUSHING AND TRANSPORTATION:The raw materials,after crushing,are transported to the
plant by conveyor.The plant stores the materials before they are homogenized

15. cement
hydraulic
cements
Portland
cements Natural
cements
Expansive
cements
High –
alumina
cements
Non-hydraulic
cements

16. DEFINATION:
 Is a hydraulic cement that hardens in water to
form a water-resistant compoud.
 The hydration products act as binder to hold
the aggregates together to form concrete.
 Made by finely clinker produced by calcining to
incipient fusion a mixture of argillaceous and
calcareous materials:

17.  Portland pozzolana cement(PPC)
 Portland blast furnace slag cement(PBFC)
 Oil well cement
 Rapid hardening
 Sulphate resisting portland cement
 White cement

18. Main use in the fabrication of concrete
and mortars
 BUILDING(floors,beams,columns,roo
fing,piles,bricks,mortars,plaster)
 TRANSPORT(roads,pathways,crossin
g,bridges,viaducts,tunnels,parking,et
c)
 WATER(pipes,drains,canals,dams,tan
ks,pools.etc)
 CIVIL(piers,docks,retaining
walls,pylons)
 AGRICULTURE(buildings,proessing,h
ousing,irrigation)

20.  Basic raw material limestone have not yet caused any
significant constraint on production. But in certain
areas available reserves of limestone are limited and it
is considered necessary to use fly-ash from blast
furnace for making Pozzolana cement.
 The present reserves of cement grade limestone are
estimated at approximately 75,000 MT,beside some
quantities available all along the coastal line.
 Burning of coal results into flyash.Thermal power plant
across India produce plenty of good quality flyash
which can be used by cement industry.
 Another raw material gypsum reserves are
concentrated in Rajasthan and J&K,out of which most
reserve are either of low purity or deep seated.

22.  Cement industry,in any country, plays a mojor
role in the growth of the nation.
 INDIA is the 2nd largest producer of cement
after CHINA.
 Total production capacity is of 151.2 million
tonnes(MT)
 Due to boost in various infrastructure
projects,housing facilities and road
networks,the cement industry in INDIA is
currently at an enviable pace.
 Cement production in INDIA expected to
reach 550-600 million tonnes per annum in
2025.
 If we look back to the history,a KOLKATA
based company started maufracturing of
cement for the first time in 1889

23.  Industry is split into five geographical
segments named as –North
-south
-east
-west
- central
There are 124 large cement plants with installed capacity of
137.03MT/year.Beside there are less than 300 mini cements
plants with an estimated capacity of 11.10MT/year.

24.  Rajasthan has the highest installed capacity in
north India,accounting for 66.5% share in
capacity in the region in 2011.
 Chhattisgarh leads the eastern region with a
share of 32.6% of total installed in the region in
2011.
 Andra Pradesh has the highest installed capacity
in the southern region,53.5% share of total
installed capacity.
 Madhya Pradesh leads the central region in
installed capacity while Gujarat leads the pack in
west India.

29.  In North-East , BARAK VALLEY CEMENTS
LIMITED(BVCL) is engaged in the business of
manufracturing of cement of different grades
and is marketing its product under the band
name “Valley Strong Cement”
 The company products includes both Ordinary
Portland Cement(OPC) and portland
pozzolona cement(PPC)
 The company has a production capacity of
30,000 tonnes per month.

30.  Today,it is estimated that there are around 1500
integrated cement production plants in the world.
 It is estimated that world cement consumption is to
rise on an average between 3.6% and 4.8% in the
coming years.
 Most of the growth is coming from Central and
Eastern Europe and Asia,growth in mature markets
also looks healthy.
 The share of the four largest firms accounts only for
23% of the overall demand.
 LAFARGE and CEMEX have become very strong
cement players

33.  Cement is a binder,a substance that sets and
hardens independently and can bind other
material together.
 The basic raw material in the manufracture of
cements are limestone,clay,coal and flyash.
 Portland cement is most commonly used.
 It is most commonly used in building
construction,civil,water carrying and
storage,transportation and agriculture.
 India is in the 2nd rank on the production of
cement next to China

34.  Economic geology by Umeshar Prasad
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.ibef.org/cement-india.aspx
 Mapsofindia.com
 Slideshare.com

35. Thank you