Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of solid Wastes, Size Reduction, Factors affecting, Equipment used, volume reduction, Waste minimization, Waste hierarchy, 3R Principle

1. Solid Waste Characterization
Waste characterization means finding out
how much paper, glass, food waste, etc. is
discarded in your waste stream. Waste
characterization information helps in
planning how to reduce waste, set up
recycling programs, and conserve money
and resources.

8. Solid Waste : Classification

35. Chemical Structure of Cotton Fiber

44. Waste Processing
Waste processing and treatment includes a lot of
different processes. Aside from the organizational,
structural and technical measures of waste treatment,
the following should also be considered:

45. Processing, by definition, falls under the heading of physical
treatment by using physical techniques for changing the
composition and character of the waste. It is possible to
distinguish between thermal and mechanical treatment. Every
recycling process represents a conversion of the material. So
the process of recycling is also a process of production of new
materials.
The goal of every recycling process is to use or reuse materials
from garbage in order to minimize the amount of waste. Of
significance in this recycling process is that the waste processing
starts with the separation. A separation of waste at the beginning
of the process supports the treatment of the waste and helps to
raise the efficiency of the facilities which deals with the waste.

46. Size Reduction
Size reduction is the transfer of objects, in this case
waste, into smaller particles. Every process of size
reduction helps to increase the specific surface of the
particle, but there is some information necessary to
choose the right aggregate for the size reduction:

47. • The physical characteristics of the material to be
reduced (e.g. particle size, structure, hardness,
brittleness and fissionability),
• The future usage of the material (e.g. is there a
following physical or chemical processing of the
material) and
• The required properties of the final material (e.g.
particle size, particle size distribution and average
particle size)
On the basis of these points it is possible to select the adequate
aggregate for the size reduction of the particular material.

48. Size Reduction Equipments

49. Size Reduction Equipments

54. Fluid Energy Mill

57. Factors Affecting Size Reduction

59. Volume Reduction

61. Volume Reduction Equipments

65. Waste Minimization
Waste Minimization is a waste management approach that focuses on reducing the
amount and toxicity of hazardous waste generated. In addition to
hazardous wastes regulated under The Resource Conservation and Recovery
(RCRA), EPA encourages the minimization of all wastes.

66. Waste Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy is a set of priorities for the efficient use of resources; this
underpins the objectives of the Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001.
The waste hierarchy is. avoidance including action to reduce the amount
of waste generated by households, industry and all levels of government.
Waste hierarchy is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that protects the
environment alongside resource and energy consumption from most favourable to
least favourable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities
based on sustainability.
The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of preference for action to
reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of
a pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through
successive stages of waste management.

68. 3 R Principle

69. What are the 3Rs ? The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling
resources and products is often called the "3Rs." Reducing means choosing to use
things with care to reduce the amount of waste generated. Reusing involves the
repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable aspects.
The three R's stands for: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. This rule is part of the waste
hierarchy which is a process used to protect the environment and conserve
resources through a priority approach. The aim is to get the most practical benefits
from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
Why are the 3 R important??
The three R's – reduce, reuse and recycle – all help to cut down on the amount of
waste we throw away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy.
Plus, the three R's save land and money communities must use to dispose of waste
in landfills.