IoT growth forecasts currently tend to span 30 – 60 Bn ‘Things’ by 2030. However, this ignores the central IoT role in realising sustainable societies where raw materials and component use have to see very high levels of reuse, repurposing, and recycling. In such a world almost everything we possess and use will have to be tagged and be electronically addressable as a part of the IoT. Such a need immediately sees growth estimates of 2Tn or more over the span of Industry 4 and 5. On the basis of energy demands alone, it is inconceivable that the technologies of BlueTooth, WiFi, 4, 5, and 6G could support such demand, and nor are the signaling and security protocols viable on such a scale. The evolution of the IoT will therefore most likely see a new form of dynamic network requiring new lightweight protocols employing very little signal processing, together with very low energy wireless technologies (in the micro-Watt range) operating over extremely short distances (~10m). This need might be best satisfied by a new form of ‘Zero Infrastructure Mesh Networks’ that engage in active resource sharing, lossy probabilistic routing, and cyber security realised through an integrated ‘auto-immunity’ system. Ultimately, we might also envisage data amalgamation at key nodes that have a direct connection into the internet along with an additional layer of cyber checks and protection. We justify the above assertions by illustrating the energy and network limitations of today’s 5G networks and those already obvious in current 6G proposals. We then go on to detail how a suitable IoT MeshNet might be configured and realised, along with a few solutions and emergent outcomes on the way.

1. Yet To Come
“A Nervous System for Planet Earth”
Peter Coch ra ne OBE DS c
https://petercochrane.com

2. H E R E w e a r e ?
A s pec ies of in fini te aspi ra tion
in a world of fi nite res ourc es!
Growing ‘Crisis Catalogue’:
Fo od
Wat er
En ergy
C l imate
R ef ugee
Po l l utio n
Ma terials
Mi g ratio n
D em og rap hic
So c ial Divisio n
Gl o bal Warming
++++

3. H E R E w e a r e ?
A s pec ies of in fini te aspi ra tion
in a world of fi nite res ourc es!
Hum an Dem ands
~1 .3 - 1.5 Pl an ets

4. 1. 0
Hu n ter
Gat h erer
2 .0
Agra ria n
3 .0
Ind ustrial
4.0
Information
5.0
Symbiotic
Augmentation
1 .0
A rtis ans
A utoma tio n
2 .0
Mass
P ro duction
3.0
www
Computing
4.0
AI-Cyber
Robotics
~13, 000 BC
~300 -40 k
years
~1 4 k ye ars
~2 00 ye ars
~70 years
~25 years
So ciety
Industr y
~1 78 0 ~1950 ~2000
1 0
8
6
4
2
H o w w e g o t H e r e ?
Growth with science & techno logy

5. High on Aspiration
“As defined by Japan (1995):
it will be human centric and
improve every aspect of life”
Low on ‘How’
“No technical, social, political,
economic, industrial detail on
the transformation process”
Outmoded by Progress!
“Complexity, networking, and
intelligent machines demand
more seats at the table”
"A human-centered society that balances
economic advancement with the resolution
of social problems by a system that highly
integrates cyberspace and physical space"

6. High on Aspiration
“As defined by Japan (1995):
it will be human centric and
improve every aspect of life”
Low on ‘How’
“No technical, social, political,
economic, industrial detail on
the transformation process”
Outmoded by Progress!
“Complexity, networking, and
intelligent machines demand
more seats at the table”
No AI
No Robots
No Bandwidth
No SmartPhones
Disconnected
Peoples
"A human-centered society that balances
economic advancement with the resolution
of social problems by a system that highly
integrates cyberspace and physical space"
AI
Robots
Bandwidth
SmartPhones
Connected
Everyone &
Everything

7. High on Aspiration
“As defined by Japan (1995):
it will be human centric and
improve every aspect of life”
Low on ‘How’
“No technical, social, political,
economic, industrial detail on
the transformation process”
Outmoded by Progress!
“Complexity, networking, and
intelligent machines demand
more seats at the table”
No AI
No Robots
No Bandwidth
No SmartPhones
Disconnected
Peoples
"A human-centered society that balances
economic advancement with the resolution
of social problems by a system that highly
integrates cyberspace and physical space"
AI
Robots
Bandwidth
SmartPhones
Connected
Everyone &
Everything

8. I N D U S T R I A L
S o l u t i o n s
AI,Mater ials , Proce sses
A d d i t i v e M a n u f a c t u re
S us t ai na ble Mat e ria l s
Hi gh Eff ic ie n cy 3 (4 )R
R e p a i r
R e u s e
R e p u r p o s e
R e c y c l e

9. We a re m i g r a t i n g t o w a rd m a t e r i a l s
t h a t a re p ro g r a m m a b l e o f a m i x e d
Bio -Non o-A I Ba se a nd a s ubsu m ed
3(4)R proc es s
?
I N D U S T R I A L
S o l u t i o n s
AI,Materials, Processes
5
?

10. We a re m i g r a t i n g t o w a rd m a t e r i a l s
t h a t a re p ro g r a m m a b l e o f a m i x e d
Bio -Non o-A I Ba se a nd a s ubsu m ed
3(4)R proc es s
?
I N D U S T R I A L
S o l u t i o n s
AI,Materials, Processes
5
?
w
e
have
to
think
Design
and
plan
for
such
a
future
Today

11. TIP OF THE ICEBeRG ?
Today’s Vision
Smart CitIES

12. Today’s Vision
SMART HIGHWAYS

13. Today’s Vision
SMART SECTORS

14. Everything
Connected
Nice ‘slide-ware’ of a future panacea,
but short on the bigger picture and
an integrated vision of the prime
objective, and biggest challenges!
To save the planet and humanity by
powering sustainability!
We have no suitable networks or
wireless systems & technologies!
We will amplify the Cyber Attack
surface by orders of magnitude we
have no effective defence !

15. Polishing
& Refining
WON’T DO !
Old industries, processes, methodologies, and materials
is not enough - we have to transition to the new at a
lower energy, material, and process cost whilst realising
a better product performance, utility, and 3R

16. R E S I L I E N T
M AT E R I A L S

17. R E S I L I E N T
M AT E R I A L S

18. hydrophobic
c o a t i n g s

19. S E L F H E A L I N G

20. Wheel Futures
ALL Printed ??
All 3D printed metal and plastic
to integrate tyre, wheel, brakes,
motor and suspension

21. Wheel Futures
ALL Printed ??
All 3D printed metal and plastic
to integrate tyre, wheel, brakes,
motor and suspension

22. D U M B t o S M A R T
Wired and wireless vehicle IoT
D o z e n s o f s e n s o r s ,
r e c o r d e r s , c o n t r o l
u n i t s , a g g r e g a t e d b y
o n - b o a rd a n a l y s i s w i t h
I o T / I n t e r n e t c o n n e c t
v i a m u l t i p l e c h a n n e l s
WiFi,3, 4, 5G Direct
to Service Centre
Communication
Direct Car-to-Car
Avoiding 3, 4, 5G Congestion

23. N e t w o r k e d f o r L I F E
This redefines the expression - ‘Always On-Line’

24. S W E d e n - H U M A N
I M P L A N T P R O G R A M

25. Categories
Devices
Sensors
Vehicles
Systems
Buildings
Wearables
Appliances
Components
Infrastructure
Function
Safety
Security
Logistics
Inventories
Monitoring Use
Industrial Control
Monitoring Health
Historical Records
Environmental Control
Purpose
Repair
ReUse
Recycle
RePurpose
Materials Recovery
Environmental Policing
Performance Assurance
Maintenance Scheduling
++++
THE Categorising of
T H I N G S i s E n d l e s s
Lists of this kind see population
estimates of 30 - 100 Bn Things

26. 2000 04 08 12 16 2020
Initial Over
Optimism
Corrective
Pessimism
50
10
20
30
40
Actuality Following
Moore’s
Commercial IoT
‘Things’ Forecast
2030 - 50 looks to BE
a d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e

27. I4.o: Kernel
New materials, sciences, tech,
e n g i n e e r i n g , p r o c e s s e s ,
automation, robotics, intelligences,
thinking…
BIO-TECH nano-TECH
AI
AL
QC
Robotics
Superior metals, plastics,
ceramics, electronics and
eletro-optics, mechtranics,
sensors and actuators +++
Low cost processing and
forming + high efficiency,
low energy and material
cost with >95% 3(4)R

28. IoT
At the core: greater connectivity
…and ‘The IoT’ as the nervous
system of societies and planet
wide resources
BIO-TECH nano-TECH
Lower energy
Lower waste
Less friction
New materials
New industries
New processes
New capabilities
I 4 . 0 c ata ly t i c
s ta r t i n g p o i n t
AI
AL
QC
Robotics

29. 6G
5G
4G
3G
2G
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
IMPLICATIONS

30. 6G
5G
4G
3G
2G
1G 2G 3G
2.5G
Voice centric
Same genome 3.5G
~9 years
4G 5G
Data centric
New genome
6G
Smarts centric
Radical genome !
7G?
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
IMPLICATIONS

31. 6G
5G
4G
3G
2G
1G 2G 3G
2.5G
Voice centric
Same genome 3.5G
~9 years
4G 5G
Data centric
New genome
6G
Smarts centric
Radical genome !
7G?
~3kW
~1kW
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
B
W
M
o
r
e
D
a
t
a
L
o
w
e
r
L
a
t
e
n
c
y
M
o
r
e
T
o
w
e
r
s
D
e
n
s
e
r
N
e
t
H
i
g
h
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
<100kW?
~9 years
~9 years
~9 years
~0.5kW
~10-20kW
IMPLICATIONS

32. “If we roll out 5G for the IoT as proposed by industry pundits we
had better start building more power stations”
IoT 5G Dominated
i s u n t e n a b l e

33. LoRaWan 4/5G/LTE WiFi BlueTooth ZigNee
Range ~20km ~10km ~100m ~50m ~50m
BitRate ~50kb/s ~1Mbit/s ~500Mbit/s ~1Mbit/s ~200kb/s
Power Low High Medium Low Low
Topology Star Star Star-Mesh
P2P, Star,
Mesh, Broadcast
Star
Cost/Module ~$10 ~$20 ~$5 ~$3
~$15
sample IoT wireless
All energy and space hungry, too expensive, too
complex, & do not fit future operational needs

34. For IoT use
bands and
c h a n n e l s
Old wireless thinking fundamentally unsuited to
future IoT demands - too complex/energy hungry

35. Recorded power
received over a
24 hour period
Mehdawi (2013). Spectrum
Occupancy Survey HULL
Artificial spectrum crowding
DUE To old wireless model

36. Allocated Bandwidth
Active Bandwidth
Band Occupancy
=
Even VHF & UHF Seldom
> 20%
Occupancy
So FULL YET
So EMPTY !

37. O2
O2
H2O
H2O
<1.0% <0.01%
A natural filter for high
density short distance
networking
50
10
dB/km 1
0.1
0.01
0.0010
10 20 30 GHz 100 200 400
Occupancy <10%
NO spectrum Shortage
Above or Below 10GHZ

38. S/N dB
BW Hz
Duration
T seconds
Additive energy of coded
signal components - which,
with a sufficient number
appears a white noise
Information ‘volume’ for all three spread
options is the same, but in reality we may
engineer the S/N ratio down to -10dB
where it is undetectable without the correct
code, and ergo is highly secure
Sequence SS
advantages
100% digital realisation, ultra low energy (µW- pW)
signalling << thermal noise over very short distances
with little/no control of frequency occupancy

39. Active Node
Repeater Node
Last Hop Node
NOTE 1: A simplified 3 hop
network is shown for clarity -
5 hop limits may be ideal…
Last Hop Vector sees
no further propagation
Aggregating Access Node
Common practice depicts nets as 2D, static,
and planar, which they are not! The grey
layer indicates further hidden dimensions.
CoNceptual
IOT MESHNET

40. CoNceptual
S I M U L AT I O N
In this simple (all nodes are equal) simulation
the predominance of dynamic clustering is
soon evident having started from a random
distribution

41. So what Of
S e c u r i t y
Nothing from our past fits the bill
and we need something new!

42. The Iot will magnify
the attack surface
We are already losing the cyber
war hands down and the ‘Dark
Side’ earnings are now over
$28Tn per year
Legacy thinking and tech
will see us wide open to
attack and completely
defenceless
AI must replace humans
in this domain - and we
need a new operating
philosophy

43. A u t o - i m m u n i t y
F i g h t i n g f i r e w i t h f i r e

44. Auto-immunity
Mirrors biological forebears
ICs
ISPs
WiFi
Hubs
LANs
Cards
Traffic
Servers
Circuits
Devices
Internet
Networks
Organisations
Companies
Platforms
Groups
People
Mobile
Fixed
Autonomous and evolutionary
Relentless everywhere 365 x 24 x 7
Can
W
E EMULATE THIS
BIO
Phalange IN
THE
SILICON
W
ORLD

45. Broadcasting
Malware
Responding
with updated
protection Wider
Network
Updated
Latest
Solution
Update
Dynamic isolation of infected
devices and components
leading to repair
A mix of clean and infected
Auto-immunity

46. Prediction
/Surprise
“The IoT will see the spontaneous emergence
of new forms of Artificial Intelligence”
Things that think want to link
and
Things that link want to think

47. Natural
Process
Linking at an atomic, molecular, cellular and
organism level occurs throughout the biological
world, and it happens in the electronic world too !
Things that think want to link
and
Things that link want to think

48. T H E L a s t B I G
Q u e s t i o n ?
“Will we be smart enough to recognise
new intelligences when they
spontaneously appear”

49. !e "ture belongs # $e
most adaptable and $ose
who dare !
!ank You
petercochrane.com