INTERNET OF THINGS4-4

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MSE 697
INTERNET OF THINGS
Author : SaiPrashanth Katragadda
Advisor : Dr.Kang Chang
Spring 2015

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT page 3
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND page 4 to 6
APPLICATIONS page 6 to 9
Methodology Page 10 to 25
Results Page 26 to 27

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ABSTRACT:
This report address about the nature and effect postured by the advancements
termed the 'Internet of Things (IoT)'. The Internet of Things is contained various
protocols that plan to join things to different objects,to databases and to
individuals. The speed with which the standard of interfacing imparting items has
assumed control over the full scopeof integration paradigm. from small embedded
sensors to smart phones, via internet, for better idea of real time status. in-order to
Improve efficiency,enable innovation, increase agility in current manufacturing
facilities
Figure 11 Explains the Overview of IOT
INTRODUCTION:
“When objects can both sense the environment and communicate, they become
tools for understanding complexity and responding to it swiftly. What’s
revolutionary in all this is that these physical information systems are now
beginning to be deployed, and some of them even work largely without human
intervention.”
—(McKinsey & Company, 2010)
“Any Sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic”
—(Arthur C Clarke)
1
infospace.ischool.syr.edu

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal
states or the external environment.2
Figure 23 Explains the Number of devices connected to internet by 2020
The term “Internet Of Things” (IOT), was introduced by Kevin Ashton. in 1999,
who cofounded the Auto-ID center at MIT, IOT is one of top ten strategic
technology trends,Cisco forecasts 50 billion devices connected by
20204 a potential market in excess of $14 Trillion5,The internet of Things has
evolved rapidly in recent years. It can be seen as umbrella term for interconnected
technologies,devices,objects and services
2
http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/internet-of-things/
3
http://www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things/
4 http://share.cisco.com/internet-of-things.html
5 htttp://iotevent.eu/cisco-sees-14-trillion-oppurtunity-in-iot/

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Internet of Things, lets try to We are trying to connecteverything our planet to
internet which makes the IOT we currently live in a world where we have 4
exabytes of data that data is equivalent to stack of books, from earth to pluto and
back, 80 times.
No of devices got exponentially multiplied, every year, more devices talking to
each other.
define , the terms6
Internet is a fairly self explanatory word, which means, it needs an network to
function,
Thing: Thing could be anything, umbrella, phone, any common object we can see.
For a common object to become a Thing in the Internet of Things,
We need Identity (RFID), Communication, and senses
Sensors: Detect real world Environment, (pedometer, thermometer, motion
detector, IR)
Effectors: change real world environment (motors)
In the world of IOT every objet gets a unique identity, via RFID, MAC cards
(Network Interface Chips) we can track items in real life feeds
We have the following advantages from IOT
Learn from things: we know about the status of items,
Example we can unto to a bookin library, we can learn who was reading that book,
what chapters are the most read in this book,
Monitor Things7:
Cardiac patients, they can wear a wireless wrist band, where doctors can monitor
patients remotely with powerful algorithms,
Search for Things: With IOT reality search engines are possible, we can track
object with pin-point locations, track a package in real time, via GPS
Manage Things: Future cities are tending towards smart cities, where authorities
can manage, traffic, resources and city infrastructures
6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaTIt1C5R-M&spfreload=10
7

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Application of IOT:
Figure 38 Explains the potential applications of IOT
Transport/logistics
In Transport logistics ,IOT not only improve not only material flow systems but
also the global positioning and automatic detection of freight. It also increases
energy efficient and thus decreases energy consumption.
IOT is expected to bring profound changes to the global
supply chain management this will be achieved by means of continuous
synchronization of supply chain movement.
The smart House
Future smart homes will be conscious about what happens inside a building mainly
impacting three aspects, resource usage(water,gas,energy) security and comfort
.the goals is to achieve better levels of comfort while cutting overall expenses
Smart homes address security issues by means of
complex security systems, for detecting theft, fire or unauthorized entry.
Smart Cities
the term smart cities is still a fuzzy term, The general idea is that it is an urban area
which creates sustainable development and high quality of life.
8
http://www.trentonsystems.com/applications/machine-to-machine

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Giffinger ’s model elucidates the characteristics of a smart city encompassing
economy , people ,governance, mobility, environment and living9 outperforming in
these key areas can be achieved through strong human and social capital, for the
latter an initial business analysis concluded that several sectors/industries will
benefit from more digitalized and intelligent cities10
Example
smart metering 600,000m $120 million opportunity11
infrastructure for charging electric vehicles 45,000 electric vehicles,$225 million12
Smart factory13
In a global supply chain companies will be able to track all their products bymeans
of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. As a consequencecompanies will
9 http://smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf
10 http://de.slideshare.net/rlnicholoson2/smart-cities-proving-ground-for-the-intelligent-economy
11
Enabling Things to Talk: Designing IoT solutions with the IoT Architectural Reference Model
ISBN-10: 3642404022
ISBN-13: 978-3642404023
12 http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/gov/everything-for-cities.pdf
13 http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/iot_in_manufacturing_january.pdf
http://www.industryweek.com/technology/dawn-smart-factory

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reduce their operating expenses (OPEX) and improve their productivity due to
tighter integration with ERP,
Generally IOT will provide
automatic procedures that imply a drastic reduction in the employees needed,
workers will be replaced by barcodescanner, readers, sensors and actuators, and in
the end by complex robot as efficient as a human being,
Without any doubt these technologies will bring opportunities for white color
workers, technician’s need to program and repair these machines,
Smart energy/Smart Grid14
This application has many overlaps with other applications such as smart home and
smart city, The key issue in these scenarios is to detect ways to save energy we are
basically referring to what is known as smart grid, in this application areas
initiative that imply a more distributed energy production must be highlighted, as
many houses have a solar panel, An efficient network of smart meters allows for
faster outrage detection and restoration
of service.
Figure 415 also gives a birds eye view about the exciting future possibilities of IOT
The Hierarchy of networks:
Lan: (Local Area Network) for smart meters as a home interface
Wan:(Wide area Network) for logistics( bike,car,train,bus)
Vwan:(Very wide area network) for smart cities as e-governance
14
15 http://www.thetechbulletin.com/what-is-internet-of-things-iot-top-companies-and-top-
applications-5025/

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Figure 516 explains how IOT would add value to different sectors by 2020
16 http://connect.ramp.com/blog/bid/331531/Video-in-the-Internet-of-Things
Methodology:
In the entity of IOT (Internet of things), The thing is the crucial part,
in order to develop a Thing, we need, CPU, Sensor, Radio,
CPU: We need the processing power to the number crunching, and all the process
to go on smoothly,
Sensor: a device that detects or measures a physical property and records,
indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
Radio: the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves of radio
frequency, especially those carrying sound messages.
Sensors16:
“A sensoris a transducer whose purposeis to sense some characteristic of its
environs. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding
output16”
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons
tactile sensor and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides
innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in
micro-machinery and easy-to-use micro controller platforms, the uses of sensors
have expanded beyond the more traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow
measurement,. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing
resistors are still widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery,
airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine and robotics.
There are several types of sensors which are classified as per their application, we
have
Environmental sensors: can sense temperature, Humidity, pressure, flame,
Motion sensors: Can sense IR,Ultra sound, Shock,GPS
Light sensors: Can sense intensity.

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Physical sensors: Switches, Pressure,Proximity, gyroscope, tilt.
Electrical sensors: can sense resistance, magnetic in wires,

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Figure16
Above is the example of environment sensor, which can sense the temperature, wind
etc the attributes which are required for the well nourishment of the crops
Figure16
Shows the different types of sensors, which are used in different industries for various
applications
Effectors/Actuators:
“An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or
system16
”
In IOT, Effectors can be seen in different types, such as,
Audible: Speakers, headphones,beepers,buzzers.
Visible : LED’s Flash,Laser
Invisible/Inaudible: IR,Ultrasound,RF
Tactile: Motor, Servo,Relay.

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Figure16
is an example of servo motor
Figure16
is an practical application of RFID
Connectivity:
Connectivity is very useful in establishing a contact, between other devices, it is a means to
connect to internet it-self,
They are Several options to consider, for connectivity,
Wired TCP/IP:
“The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications
protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP,
because its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet
Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols defined in this standard TCP/IP provides end-
to-end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed
and received at the destination16
”

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TCP connections can be 10’s of megabits/sec in HTTP, HTTPS sockets
Figure16
is a schematically representation of TCP/IP layers.

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Bluetooth Low Energy:”Bluetooth low energy Bluetooth LE, BLE, marketed as Bluetooth Smart
is a wireless personal area network technology designed and marketed by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group aimed at novel applications in the healthcare, fitness, beacons,[2]
security, and
home entertainment industries.[3]
Compared to Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth Smart is intended to
provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a similar
communication range16
”
BLE is Unencrypted before pairing, and become encrypted after pairing
Cellular:”The mobile web refers to access to the world wide web, i.e. the use of browser-based
Internet services, from a handheld mobile device, such as a smartphone or a feature phone,
connected to a mobile network or other wireless network16
.”
Cellular internet comes in various flavors, such as 2G, 3G, 4G , LTE max bandwidth on cellular
network is 100 megaBITS/second

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Figure16
Gives a Statistical idea about the increase of Mobile web from 2006-2008.
“By 2018, which is only like three years from now, according to
Business Insider estimates, the number of Internet of Things
devices will expand from 1.9 billion to 9 billion devices, which is
roughly equal to the number of smartphones, smart TVs, tablets,
wearable computers and PCs combined.” ———-Business Insider
“http://www.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-market-growth-2014-9”

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Figure16
forecasts the growth of the IOT, devices by 2018
A Typical IOT device should be able to perform the following tasks
a) Create commands and controls
b) Connecting inputs
c) connecting outputs
d) connects to network via TCP/IP
CPU: it should be energy efficient, most cpu’s in IOT are run by battery power,most cpu’s are
programmed in C or assembly language, its a low level language
Memory: Memory is used to store all the information, typically in IOT devices,it has a memory of
128kilo bytes to 16mega bytes, if we use higher memory on the cost of less performance of
battery, different types of memories can be used, such as Read-only,Read-mostly,Flash,Static
Connecting Inputs:
There are different kinds of inputs, in a Thing
We can have Analog Inputs, Static Digital Inputs, Advanced Digital Inputs,
Analog Inputs: “An analog input is a measurable electrical signal with a defined range that is
generated by a sensor and received by a controller. The analog input changes continuously in a
definable manner in relation to the measured property16
.” Analogs inputs are different from
digital inputs, Analog inputs, tells about the reading by looking at actual change in voltage if we
want to use the analog input, in IOT device, we need to use analog to digital convertor.
Static Digital Input, senses 1 & 0

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IOT Application16:
I would like to start my methodology by quoting the application of “IOT”
Smart Cities: Under the category of Smart Cities,
Smart Parking: Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city.
Structural health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges
and historical monuments.
Noise Urban Maps: Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time.
Smartphone Detection:Detect iPhone and Android devices and in general any device
which works with WiFi or Bluetooth interfaces.
Eletromagnetic Field Levels:Measurement of the energy radiated by cell stations and
and WiFi routers.
Traffic Congestion:Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and
walking routes.
Smart Lighting: Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash
collection routes.
Smart Roads: Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to
climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
Smart Environment: Under Smart Environment,
Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions
to define alert zones.
Air Pollution: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic
gases generated in farms.
Snow Level Monitoring: Snow level measurement to know in real time the quality of
ski tracks and allow security corps avalanche prevention.
Landslide and Avalanche Prevention: Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and
earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions.
Earthquake Early Detection: Distributed control in specific places of tremors.
Industrial Control
M2M Applications:Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control.
Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to
ensure workers and goods safety.
Temperature Monitoring:Control of temperature inside industrial and medical fridges
with sensitive merchandise.
Ozone Presence: Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying meat process in food
factories.
Indoor Location:Asset indoor location by using active (ZigBee) and passive tags
(RFID/NFC).
Vehicle Auto-diagnosis:Information collection from CanBus to send real time alarms to
emergencies or provide advice to drivers.

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As we can see there are many applications in IOT which involves Sensors, Networks &
Micro controllers,
It is my attempt to demonstrate a prototype of typical IOT application of a Micro weather
station.
Things I would like to use for my small prototype are
“Bluno16 - A Bluetooth 4.0 Micro-controller Compatible with Arduino Uno”
Code for Bluetooth and IOS app.
Accessory Shield for Bluno16
Xcode:
Micro Usb Cable
Bluno: “The Bluno board is first of its kind in intergrating BT 4.0(BLE) module into
Arduino Uno, making it an ideal prototyping platform for both software and hardware
developers to go wireless16”
Figure above is an Bluno16
Specifications of Bluno:
On-board BLE chip: TI CC2540
Transmission range: more than 70m
Wireless Programming Via BLE
Support Bluetooth HID
Support iBeacons
Support AT command to config the BLE
Transparent communication through Serial
Easy to use BLE firmware updating
DC Supply:USB Powered or External 7V~12V DC
Microcontroller: Atmega328
Bootloader: Arduino Uno
Compatible with the Arduino Uno pin mapping
Size: 60mm*53mm
Weight: 30g

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Accessory Shield for Bluno: This Accessory Shield for Bluno is specially made for Bluno
(BLE with Arduino Uno), which is first of its kind in intergrating BT 4.0(BLE) module into
Arduino Uno. Together with Bluno, this Accessory Shield forms an ideal prototyping
platform for both software and hardware developers to go wireless
Specifications of accessory shield:
128x64 OLED Screen To display text input on your phone interface
Buzzer To make noises
DHT11 Temperature&Humidity Sensor To do environmental monitoring
1.5A Relay To conduct device switch
Helical Potentiometer To transfer real time data to your phone
RGB LED To display full color RGB
Mini Joystick To tell your phone which one in five directions is pressed
Figure16 is an Bluno accessory shield
Code for Bluetooth:
These screen shots represent the driver files and source code for the Bluetooth
application to run.

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This is a screen shot of the simulator, when the
code was debugged.

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Code for Weather app

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This a screen shot of Simulator, of weather app, when code was debugged
Results:
The Aim of this project is to analyze the key concepts of IOT, The role of IOT in changing
Manufacturing,Logistics sector, The IOT is a hot cup cake in modern Manufacturing, and
Logistics, with this project we know the about of history, procedure, hardware required for IOT to
work
With this project we are able to analyze the possible limitations, problems that might be while
using this technology, although this technology can be standardized awareness can be created
in industries because the advantages tends to outweigh over all implementation of this new
technology,
On top of that, utilizing the IOT in can always result in positive benefits, for the manufacturing
field, it will be a immense benefit in field of supply chain management,
The picture below is the preview of the customized app it is a simple app, which can say about
the temperature and humidity of the local weather, where the sensor is placed, well this shows

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the possible application via usage of IOt in manufacturing sector

INTERNET OF THINGS4-4

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