This document discusses key concepts and techniques for analyzing migration patterns. It begins by defining migration as a change in usual residence between geographic units, and defines related terms like migrants, place of origin/destination, migration streams, and types of migration. It then discusses major data sources for migration like censuses and surveys. The document outlines several methods for measuring migration patterns, like using place of birth, duration of residence, and survival ratios. It concludes by discussing determinants and consequences of internal migration and references for further information.

1. POPULATION AND HEALTH : TECHNIQUES OF
ANALYSIS AND POLICY PERSPECTIVE
MIGRATION CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES
OF ANALYSIS
1 MA (SDP), 2nd Semester, 2012

2. INTRODUCTION
 Uneven distribution of human population in space-
undergoes changes over time
 Modern times- uneven distribution disproportionately
higher for urban areas
 Migration is the third basic factor affecting change in
the population of an area
 Important element in growth of labour-force
 Demography of migrants and non-migrants- its
importance in socio-economic, development aspects

3. KEY CONCEPTS IN MIGRATION STUDIES
 Migration is a form of geographic or spatial mobility
involving a change of usual residence between clearly
defined geographic units. It involves two areas, place of
origin and place of destination.
 Two specific lacuna in the definition, i.e, excludes-
 Short-term or cyclical or Circulatory or temporary movements
 non-comparability overtime due to change of boundary
 Migrant: person who has changed his usual place of
residence from one migration-defining area to another at
least once during the migration interval (usually, interval
may be one year, five years, or ten years, or inter-censal
period)

4. CONTINUED…
 Migration Interval:
 Fixed-term or period migration: The interval may be definite,
e.g. one year, five years, ten years, the inter-censal period.
 Life-time: or indefinite i.e.,- life-time migrant
 Place of Origin: starting point of ‘migration’ i.e.,
 a) an area of residence at the beginning of migration interval,
or,
 b) an area of residence from which last move was made for
the current migration interval
 Place of Destination: terminal point of ‘migration’, at end
of the migration interval

5. CONTINUED…
 In-migration: ‘move’ in respect to place of destination. International
move- Immigrant, within country- In-migrant
 Out-migration: ‘move’ in respect to place of origin. International move-
Emigrant, within country- Out-migrant
 Gross Migration: data referring all migration (in/out) in respect to
specific origin/destination, over a specific interval
 Net Migration: data referring to only ‘balance’ of movement in opposite
directions, in respect to specific origin/destination, over a specific
interval
 Migration Stream: group of people moving during a given migration
interval that have a common area of origin and of destination
 Lifetime Migration: A person whose place of residence at
census/survey date is different from his place of birth is a lifetime
migrant

6. TYPES OF MIGRATION
 International migration- takes place across international
boundary. Refers to socio-economic and political conditions,
especially immigration and emigration laws and policies
 Internal Migration- occurs within a country. Refers to socio-
economic spatial situations within a country. Further grouped
into;
I. Rural to Rural migration
II. Rural to Urban migration
III. Urban to Rural migration
IV. Urban to Urban migration
 R-U: most important. Contributes to transfer of labour force
from the traditional agricultural sector to the urbanised industrial
sector
 Each of these migration streams has different premises, causes
and consequences.

7. TYPES OF MIGRATION
 Migration Stream may be further categorized into-
 Intra-district migration
 Inter-district migration
 Inter-State migration
 International migration
 Categories based on reasons for migration:
 Marriage migration;
 Labour migration or migration of people for work, employment, etc.;
 Migration for prosperity;
 Refugee migration arising due to political or other reasons
 Migration due to natural calamities;
 Return migration; and
 Brain-drain, migration of professionals from developing to developed
countries.
 ‘Single migration’ & ‘Family migration’

8. SOURCES OF DATA- MIGRATION
 Analyzing changes in pop-structure and labor force of an area:
number and characteristics of persons entering or leaving an area
is required, together with census data on population size and
vital statistics.
 Three most vital sources of migration data-
 Censuses
 Surveys
 Population Registers
 Basic migration data and their characteristics
 Place of birth data: difficulties in collection and interpretation, i.e., return
migrants
 Place of last residence: Data on the place of last residence also suffer
from absence of a definite time reference
 Duration of residence: return migrants and provides the timing of last
move

9. CENSUS-INDIA, 2011, HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE B
POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS- BHUTAN 2005

10. DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNAL
MIGRATION
Determinants:
i) Development/Underdevelopment and Migration
ii)Spatial disorganization and Internal Migration
Consequences:
 Consequences on Rural Areas
 Effect on rural incomes and its distribution
 Effect on rural capital formation and technological
change
 Effect on modes of rural production
 Effect on rural fertility

11.  Consequence on urban areas:
 Effect on wages and unemployment
 Effect on labour force participation
 Effect on availability of urban amenities
 Effect on urban income distribution
 Effect on urban development
 Effect on demographic structure of urban population

12. MEASURES IN MIGRATION
 Measurement and analysis of migration for population
estimates and projections-
I) Estimation of lifetime from place of birth data
Place of Birth Place of Enumeration
A B C D
A A11 A12 A13 A14
B A21 A22 A23 A24
C A31 A32 A33 A34
D a41 A42 A43 A44
1) Out-migration from A, x1= A12+A13+A14
2) In-migration to A, y1: A21+A31+A41
3) Non-migration for A: A11
4) Therefore, net-migration for A = (y1-x1)

13. II) Estimation of Inter-censal Migration from place of birth
data
Estimated by subtracting the survival of migrants counted in the first census
from the migrants counted in the second census
Indirect estimate of inter-censal net-migration:
NM = (It+n - Ot+n) - (SIIt - So Ot)
Where It - number of lifetime in-migrants at time t in a particular area,
It+n - number of lifetime in-migrants at time t+n in that particular area,
Ot - number of lifetime out-migrants at time t from that particular area,
Ot+n - number of lifetime out-migrants at time t+n from that particular area,
NM - net inter-censal migration.
SI and SO are intercensal survival ratios indicating what proportions of It and Ot that will
survive during the inter-censal period.

14. CALCULATING OF SURVIVAL RATIO
Pn+, t+n
S =
Pt
Where,
Pn+, t+n= population aged n and above at time t+n
n = interval between the two censuses
Or, from life-table available for intercensal period,
Tn
S =
To
where, Tn and To are stationary population above age n
and o respectively.

15. III) Estimation from Duration of Residence Data
 Question asked: How long have you been living
in this place?'
 In-migration can be decided as follows:
Duration of residence as on Period of in-migration
1.3.2001
Less than one year 1.3.2000 to 1.3.2001
1 to 5 years 1.3.1996 to 1.3.2000
6 to 10 years 1.3.91 to 1.3.1996
11 years and above before 1.3.1991

16. IV) Estimation of Migration from Place of Residence at a
Fixed Prior Date Data
Life-time and Current Migration Streams to and from Place P
Place
of
Origin Recent migration stream 1986 - 91 Life-time migration stream 1991
To place From place P Net To place P From place Net
P Balance P Balance
A1 I1 O1 + N1 I11 O11 - N11
A2 I2 O2 + N2 I21 O21 + N21
A3 I3 O3 + N3 I31 O31 - N31
A4 I4 O4 - N4 I41 O41 + N41
A5 I5 O5 - N5 I51 O51 - N51
I O +N I1 O1 + N1

17. INDIRECT MEASURES:
I) National Growth Rate method:
i i
Pt + n - Pt - Pt + n - Pt
mi = i
100
Pt Pt
Where,
 Pt, Pt+n denotes the national population at time t and t+n.
 Pti, Pit+n denotes the population of area i at time t and
t+n.
Assumptions,
1) Pop-growth is equal everywhere
2) Closed to international migration

18. II) Vital Statistics Method (Residual Method)
Net intercensal migration = (Pt+n - Pt) - (B - D)
Where,
Pt, Pt+n are the total population at two successive censuses of the area
B and D are the number of births and deaths occurred to the residents
of the area in intercensal period

19. III) Census Survival Ratio Method (CSR Method):
 Is the ratio of the population aged x+n at a given census to the
population aged x at the earlier census taken n years earlier
 CSRs are computed for a nation as a whole for a closed population
Net migration among survivors of persons aged x for area i:
Px+n, t+n
Net Mi (x) = Pi, x+n, t+n - Pi, x, t
Px, t
where,
Pi, x, t = Population in the ith area in a particular age group x at the first
census (time t)
Pi, x+n, t+n = Corresponding population in the ith area n years older at the second
census (time t+ n).
Px, t and Px+n, t+n = Corresponding population of the country as a whole in the two
successive censuses (time t and t+n respectively).
Net Mi (x) = Estimate of net migration in the ith area in a particular age
group.

20. REFERENCES:
 Methods and Materials, Chapter 19 and Chapter 18
 DPS Migration Module, IIPS