Open Science, Open Access

Open Science, Open
Access
Paola Gargiulo (NOAD- OpenAIRE/Cineca)
p. gargiulo@cineca.it
Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca
19 aprile 2018

OpenAIRE Workshop @ Ghent, Nov. 2015

A definition of Open Science
Michael Nielsen:
"Open science is the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds
should be openly shared as early as is practical in the
discovery process."
… scientific knowledge of all kinds: includes journal articles,
data, code, online software tools, questions, ideas, and
speculations; anything which can be considered knowledge.
as is practical: very often there are other factors (legal,
ethical, social, etc) that must be considered.
Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of
Networked Science (Princeton University Press,
2011)
michaelnielsen.org/blog/open-science/

4
genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.118
6/s13059-015-0669-2

What is Open Science ?
CC-BY Andreas Neuhold
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Science_-_Prinzipien.png
• Access to research facilities
• Access to processing
capabilities
• Communication at all levels of
research life cycle
= unrestricted online access to peer-
reviewed scholarly research.

https://www.slideshare.net/PandelisPerakakis

The traditional scholarly communication model
Source: P.Perakakis
• Registration (to keep a priority record/time stamp to note who
submitted the scholarly results first)
• Validation (peer review to assure quality /filtering)
• Dissemination (to share the findings)
• Preservation/Archiving (to preserve it for future
generations)
The most critical point

Research
er
Manuscript
Research
project
Journal
Journal
editors
Reviewer
s
Publisher
Copy-editing
Article published
Public
Read article
'The publishing process and Open Access' - Workshop series for early career researchers - Luxembourg Institute of
Health - 13/12/2017
Library
consorti
um
Research
Institutio
ns
Images:
John R. McKiernan,
Why Open Research?
Nick Kim, Science and
Ink
Share and reuse by citing: Jonathan England, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1115405 under CC-BY 4.0 International

Who is paying in the traditional
communication model?
 The research is paid with public funds in most of the cases
The author of the manuscript/ paper is not paid, sometimes he/she has
to pay for extra pages, colour pages, images, etc
The reviewers are not paid either
Neither the journal editor (only few exceptions)
All this work is done for free, for sharing the results
Libraries pay to access the content through journal subscriptions, often
subscriptions are paid through consortial deal (in Italy through Crui-Care)
Sometimes single researcher pays to access content (up to 30 o more
US dollars to download an article)

Research
er
Manuscript
Research
project
Journal
Journal
editors
Reviewer
s
Publisher
Copy-editing
Article published
Public
Governme
nt
Read article
Sourcce: reaadapted from The he publishing process and Open Access' - Workshop series for early career researchers
- Luxembourg Institute of Health - 13/12/2017
Library
consorti
um
Research
Institutio
ns
Images:
John R. McKiernan,
Why Open Research?
Ink

The increase in journal subscription prices

‘Readapted from The publishing process and Open Access' - Workshop series for early career researchers -
Luxembourg Institute of Health - 13/12/2017
Piled Higher and Deeper, PhD Comics
https://goo.gl/8ADQ7H
Price increase and cost of subscriptions

for Elsevier (in 2016*)
37% profit
margin
Health - 13/12/2017
Stephen Buranyi, The Guardian, 27/06/17 [link]
Alex Holcombe, 21/05/15 [link]
In 2014:
*RELX Group 2016 Results

Research
er
Manuscript
Research
project
Journal
Journal
editors
Reviewer
s
Publisher
Copy-editing
Article published
Public
Governme
nt
Copyright transferred to
publisher
Read article
Health - 13/12/2017
Library
consorti
um
Research
Institutio
ns
Images:
John R. McKiernan,
Why Open Research?
Ink

The scientist and the academic:
different perspective
Source:P: Perakakis https://www.slideshare.net/PandelisPerakakis

Source:P. Perakakis
Facebook.pedrocomic

Research Integrity
becomes an issue
• Authors are pressed to
publish articles in order to
get funds to continue their
research
• This pressure results in
lower quality of research,
lower quality of papers, lower
quality in peer-reviewing
• To the point to misinterpret
results,to publish not
replicable results, or even
worse fake data, fake articles
etc
• Bad Science
https://openparachute.wordp
ress.com/2015/01/04/spottin
g-bad-science/

Misconduct and scientific publishing
Source:P. Perakakis

Bad science
Source :P. Perakakis

…
http://retractionwatch.wordpress.com/
Retraction Watch blog

The quality of data: the reproducibility of data

What are the issues?
Low quality of the article and of
data, which means low quality of
research which results in bad
science
Distorsion in the research
assessment/evaluation
No best use of communication
and information technology
PRICE INCREASE OF
JOURNALS
NO ACCESS, NO READ
JOURNALS PRICES ARE
TOO HIGH, LIBRARIES
CANNOT AFFORD
SUBSCRIBING
JOURNALS
What are the consequences of the current traditional
communication model

OPEN SCIENCE
OPEN PUBLICATIONS
OPEN DATA,
What is the solution?

Open Science
OPENESS ALLOWS:
 TRANSPARENCY IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
 COLLABORATION VERSUS COMPETITION
 RESULTS (DATA AND PUBLICTATIONS ) ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYBODY ALL OVER THE WORLD
 EXPERIMENT NEW MODELS OF COMMUNICATION, PLATFORMS, INFRASTRUCTURE
 MORE IMPACT OF RESEARCH RESULTS AND NEW WAYS TO MEASURE IMPACT
 BETTER COMUNICATION OF SCIENCE AND IMPACT ON CITIZEN SCIENCE

Benefits for researchers/ 1
More visibility…
…more dissemination…
…more impact
…more citations
(up to 600% more according do the
discipline)
The following slides on benefits are by Elena Giglia- Open Access Officer-
University of Torino- available at http://www.oa.unito.it/new/materiale-scaricabile/

Benefits for researchers: citations /2
Size of OA citation
advantage when found (and
where explicitly stated by discipline)
% increase in
citations with
Open Access
Physics/astronomy 170 to 580
Mathematics 35 to 91
Biology -5 to 36
Electrical engineering 51
Computer science 157
Political science 86
Philosophy 45
Medicine 300 to 450
Communications studies (IT) 200
Agricultural sciences 200 to 600
Swan, A. (2010) The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results
to date
Data from Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
OA
non OA
% citations increase
Ray Frost, Queensland University of Technology
source: Elena Giglia- Open Access Officer- University of Torino- available at http://www.oa.unito.it/new/materiale-scaricabile/

Open Access : benefits/ 3
…quick circulation of ideas…
… higher visibility in search engine
(Google, Google Scholar…)
…linking with research data
…acceleration in the creation
process of knowledge
Source: Elena Giglia- Open Access Officer- University of Torino- available
at http://www.oa.unito.it/new/materiale-scaricabile

PLoS
ALMReport
s
PLoS
Article
Level
Metrics
e-Life
Metrics
+ Impact
Story
BioMedCentral
ALTMetrics
http://elife.elifesciences.org/
http://almreports.plos.org/
Benefits: new metrics/4

Open Research Data: benefits /
1
A more solid science
To compare
your data
To create
new
knowledge
by adding
your data
To foster a
cross
disciplinary
approach
Useful to solve the
global challanges
(climate, energy etc)
it is better to base one’s research on
data rather than on the interpretation
of data found in an article

dati
•archiviati
•catalogat
i
•ricercabili
•accessibi
Collected data can
be used with no
extra charge, from
different
perspectives and
approaches
If data circulates
rapidly and globally,
Creation of
knowledge
accelerates
Open Research Data: benefits/ 2
A more efficient and effecttive
science
Iinteroperabilty and
standards infrastructures

Why is it so difficult to change
this communication model ?
• Too many vested interests? Yes,
• From big publishers’ perspective: Why should they change? They make a lot of money
• The implications and the consequences of copyright transfer
• The national evaluation agencies and also research performing institutions still rely
greatly on commercial citation databases and on Impact Factor (IF), non high impact
journals, on quantitative metrics,or selected list of journals… therefore contribute to keep
the status quo… Find new measurements is complex….. Do we really need them? Which
criteria should be used for a fair distribution of funding?
• Researchers are inevitably(?) complices of this system as their research
funds assignement, career etc depend on assessment made on the
quantitative criteria mentioned above

Changes are needed
All the stakeholders (governaments, funders,, research performing
institutions, research evaluation agencies researchers, publishers,
libraries) have to be engaged:
What some governaments are doing: develop a national policy to support and
promote Open Science (see, EC, Nordic countries, UK, Netherlands, France)
What many funders are doing : mandate Open publications and open data
(European Commission, Wellcome Trust, Melissa and Bill Gates Foundation, Telethon, NHI)
for all the funded projects
What research performing institutions are doing : mandate Open
publications and Open Data for all researchers ,promote and engage in new business
models for publications (OS policies)
20150528_webinar-OA

Changes are needed - 2
National Research Evaluation Agencies: should revise their evaluation
criteria and incentivize Open Science
Researchers : become more aware of the issue, engage themselves in practising
open science… publish in OA journals, share data etc
Publishers: a growing number of small and medium publisher is engaging in new
publishing models (Gold OA- fair prices, Diamond OA, etc); big publishers are
increasing their profits in supporting OA (Hybrid OA)
Libraries: are getting more and more supportive of Open Science, giving support to
researchers on copyright issues, on training on OS issues, on research data
management. Libraries are also trying to flip subscriptions journals into Open Access
Articles (see the initiative OpenOA 2020)

EC - Council of Competitiveness 26th- 27th 2016

1. Rewards/ Incentives
2. Alternative metrics
3. Changing business models for publishing
4. FAIR open data
5. Open Science Cloud
6. Research Integrity
7. Citizen Science
8. Open education & skills
EC Open Science Agenda – 8 keys

2016
The mandate of the Open Science
Policy Platform is to :
1. advise the Commission on how to further develop and practically
implement open science policy, in line with the priority of Commissioner
Moedas to radically improve the quality and impact of European
science
2. function as a dynamic, stakeholder-driven mechanism for bringing up
and addressing issues of concern for the European science and
research community and its representative organisations, following five
broad lines for actions which are presented in the draft European Open
Science Agenda
3. support policy formulation by helping to identify the issues to be
addressed and providing recommendations on the policy actions required
4. support policy implementation, contributing to reviewing best
practices, drawing policy guidelines and encouraging their active uptake by
stakeholders
5. provide advice and recommendations on any cross-cutting issue
affecting Open Science
ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-policy-platform
(OSPP)

2016
OSSP Working Groups:
ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-policy-platform
(OSPP)
1. Rewards
2. Alt-metrics
3. Open Science Cloud
4. Changing business models for
publishing
5. Research Integrity
6. Citizen Science
7. Open education and skills
8. FAIR open data

European Science Policy Platform :
Recommendations on Open Science Publishing
July 2017
Recommendations on Open Science Publishing

European Science Policy Platform : WG
Rewards
July 2017
Evaluation of Research Careers fully acknowledging Open Science

European Science Policy Platform : WG
Educations Skills
http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/pdf/os_skills_wgreport_final.pdf

41
Fonte:
Carl Moedas, EC Commissioner for Research and
Innovation
reports to the Council of Comptetiveness (May 30° 2017)

Credits: Eva Mendez. “Cool” metadata for FAIR data, Nov.15. 2016
The European Open Science Cloud

http://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience/index.cfm?pg=open-science-
cloud

Dissemination and exploitation
52

Minimum for Open
Access
=
SELF-ARCHIVING
=depositonasuitablerepository
(embargoperiodmayapply)
Health - 13/12/2017

Go even further
=
IMMEDIATE ACCESS +
RETAIN RIGHTS
=readimmediatelyfromanywhere,
includingjournal’swebsite(no
embargo)
Health - 13/12/2017
Butyoushouldstilldepositonasuitable
repository

Evenwith Green … Know your rights
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https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-
rights/

What is an open repository
• An open repository collects OA
publications, makes them openly
available/downloadable , accessible and
interoperable through a protocol OAIPMH
and keeps them for long term preservation
•BOA is an open
institutional repository
https://boa.unimib.it/
Find a subject-
specific
repository:
A generic one made
available by EC :
http://www.opendoar.org/
https://zenodo.org/

WHATISAREPOSITORY?
Health - 13/12/2017
KATIE FORTNEY AND JUSTIN GONDER [link]
University of California Office of Scholarly Communication,
01/12/2015

Health - 13/12/2017
WHATISAREPOSITORY?

In case your publisher may refuse
to cooperate. What can you do?
• As long as you have not signed over your copyright to the publisher yet, it is important to realize that
• as the author you are under the obligation of your EC grant to fulfill the open access
requirements, and
• as the author, you are the legal copyright holder and can decide what to do with your copyright.
• This gives you the opportunity to
• request the publisher to reconsider his refusal given the EC Open Access policy, or
• submit your article to another (Open Access) journal, that enables you to fulfill your requirements.
• If the publisher persists in his refusal to sign the Licence to Publish or, Addendum to the
Agreement/CTA (see next slide) or refuses to give you permission after you have signed the
Agreement/CTA, and you wish your article to be published in his journal, it is important that
• you ask the publisher to confirm his refusal of permission in writing, and
• inform your EC project officer by providing the publisher's written refusal of permission.
20150528_webinar-OA

Addendum to the contract: proposal of the Commission
A model of publishing agreement suggested by the Commission
This model is not mandatory but reflects the obligations for the beneficiary
under the H2020 grant agreements. It can be supplemented by further
provisions agreed between the parties, provided they are compatible with
the Grant Agreement. The Commission/Agency takes no responsibility for
the use of this model.
The template is available here:
http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/hi/oa-
pilot/h2020-oa-guide-model-for-publishing-a_en.pdf or on the participant
portal.

http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

Health - 13/12/2017
Pre-print

Health - 13/12/2017
Pre-print
Post-
print
Publisher
’s version

Health - 13/12/2017
Pre-print
Post-
print

Health - 13/12/2017
Journal Publisher Preprint Postprint
Publisher'
s version
Embargo
(months)
Paid OA? APC
Hybrid
journal?
Listed on
DOAJ?
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory
Physiology
APS 12 yes 2000 USD YES
Antioxidants & Redox signaling
Mary Ann
Liebert
12 yes ? YES
Atherosclerosis Elsevier 12 yes 3300 USD YES
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Elsevier 12 yes 4050 USD YES
Cancer Research AACR 12 YES 3500 USD YES
Clinical and Experimental Allergy Wiley 12 yes 4200 USD YES
EMBO Molecular Medicine Wiley OA 0 ONLY 4200 USD NO YES
Genome Biology
BioMed
Central
0 ONLY 2975 USD NO YES
International Archives of Allergy and Immunology Karger 12 yes 3030 USD YES
JAMA Cardiology AMA 12 yes 5000 USD YES
Journal of Biological Chemistry ASBMB 0 / 12 ONLY 0 NO
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Elsevier 12 yes 3000 USD YES
Malaria Journal
BioMed
Central
0 ONLY 2240 USD NO YES
Neuro-Oncology
Oxford Uni
Press
12 yes 3000 USD YES
Oncogene Nature 6 YES 3600 USD YES
Pathogens and global health
Taylor &
Francis
12 yes 2150 EUR YES
Plos Medicine PLOS 0 YES 2900 USD NO YES
Plos One PLOS 0 YES 1495 USD NO YES
Plos Pathogens PLOS 0 YES 2250 USD NO YES
PNAS NAS 6 yes 1450 USD YES
Stem Cell Research and Therapy
BioMed
Central
0 YES 2175 USD NO YES
Stem Cells Wiley 6 YES 2000 USD YES
Stem Cells Translational Medicine Wiley OA 0 YES 1750 USD NO YES
The New England Journal of Medicine MMS 6 NO - NO
Theranostics Ivyspring 0 ONLY 2500 USD NO NO
Vaccine Elsevier 12 yes 2450 USD YES

Deposit a publication (pre-print, postprint,
publisher’s version) in BOA

Upload the file
20150528_webinar-OA

How to find out about OA
Journals
• Consult il Directory of Open Access Journals (9500 riviste peer
reviewed)
• Consult ROAD- Directory of Open Access Resources -Unesco
• Also WOS and SCOPUS index Open Access Journals
• Consult DOAB - Directory of Open Access Books (165 books
publishers)

6 MYTHS TO PUT TO
REST (P. SUBER)https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-
network/blog/2013/oct/21/open-access-myths-peter-suber-
harvard

The green roadallowsyou topublishthe post-print ina nonopen
accessjournalandmake the article openlyavailable withno
embargo ifyou succeedamendingthe contractwiththe publisher
Myth 1Theonlywaytoprovide
openaccesstopeer-reviewed
journalarticlesistopublishin
openaccessjournals
This is not true

Chargingpublicationfees(sometimescalled authorfeesor article
processingcharges)is the best-knownbusinessmodel foropen
accessjournals,butit's notthe mostcommon.A large majority
ofthe journalslistedin DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals(DOAJ)
don'tcharge fees.
Myth 2 Allormostopen
accessjournals
charge
publicationfees
This is not entirely true

Most of the author –side fee are paid by funders and
by universties , only 12% is paid by authors (P.Suber,
2013)
Myth 3 Mostauthor-sidefeesare
paidbytheauthors
themselves
This is not true

Myth 4
'The
Publishingina
conventionaljournal
closesthedooron
makingthesame
workopenaccess?
Most of the peer reviewed journals in Sherpa Romeo allow the
deposition of the post-print, other publishers not listed in
Sherpa Romeo allow the deposition of the post-print upon
request. It is always possible to negotiate with the publisher
and do not transfer all rights.

Openaccessisaboutdisseminating, sharing,reusing content citing theoriginal authors
Thereviewing process anditsquality isadifferent process whichconcern both
subscription journals andOajournals. (predatory journals isanother issue)
Anincreasing numberofOAjournals rank amongthetopjournals inseveral disciplines
Myth 5
Openaccess
journalsare
intrinsicallylow
inquality

Myth 6 Openaccess
mandatesinfringe
academic
freedom
No funders impose on authors where to publish in OA
journal or in a subscription. They require that the articles
is openly available through the green or the gold route.
Green open access is compatible with publishing in non-
open access journals, which means that green open
access mandates can respect author freedom to publish
where they please

Publishing in quality OA
journals:
93
For
authors
whyopenresearch.org/costs

VISION
OA2020 is a global alliance committed to accelerating the transition to open access.
MISSION
We collaborate to transform the current publishing system, replacing the subscription business model
with new models that ensure outputs are open and re-usable and that the costs behind their
dissemination are transparent and economically sustainable.
EXPRESSION OF INTEREST
Join the growing list of institutions around the world who have signed the OA2020 Expression of Interest
and are taking active steps to drive the transformation.
oa2020.org

Select the right journal
thinkchecksubmit.org/

How to avoid the traps of predatory
journals (1)
Do you or your colleagues know the journal?
– Have you read any articles in the journal before?
– Is it easy to discover the latest papers in the journal?
Can you easily identify and contact the publisher?
– Is the publisher name clearly displayed on the journal website?
– Can you contact the publisher by telephone, email, and post?
Is the journal clear about the type of peer review it uses?
Are articles indexed in services that you use?
Is it clear what fees will be charged?
– Does the journal site explain what these fees are for and when
they will be charged?

journals (2)
Do the editorial board mention the journal on their own websites?
Is the publisher a member of a recognized industry initiative?
Do they belong to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) ?
If the journal is open access, is it listed in the Directory of Open Access
Journals (DOAJ) ?
If the journal is open access, does the publisher belong to the Open Access
Scholarly Publishers’ Association (OASPA) ? Is the publisher a member of
another trade association
Do you recognise the editorial board?

journals (2)
Do the editorial board mention the journal on their own websites?
Is the publisher a member of a recognized industry initiative?
Do they belong to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) ?
– If the journal is open access, is it listed in the Directory of Open
Access
Journals (DOAJ) ?
– If the journal is open access, does the publisher belong to the Open
Access
Scholarly Publishers’ Association (OASPA) ?
– Is the publisher a member of another trade association?

20150528_webinar-OA
Source: https://camiryan.com/2016/11/17/the-slippery-world-of-predatory-publishing-and-what-it-means-for-scientific-integrity/

Health - 13/12/2017
From: How To Attribute Creative Commons Photos by Foter

What is OpenAIRE
• EU funded project (2009-2011; 2012-2014; 2015-2018)
• A Participatory European Open Access infrastructure to
manage scientific publications and associated scientific
material via repository networks.
• Supports discovery, sharing and re-use of Open Access
publications and EC funded research results.
• Enhances publications by interconnecting them with data
sets, funding information, related publications, institutional
afiliation, metrics...

Open Science, Open Access

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