Highway Design, General types of the highway and Etc

1. ECV 5609
Highway Design
Lecturer:Associate Professor Dr Fauzan Mohd Jakarni
Email: fauzan.mj@upm.edu.my
Room: A-06-27 Department of Civil Engineering

2. Week 2: Friday
Introduction and Course Overview
&
Road and Highway System
ECV 5609
Highway Design

3. ECV 5609 HIGHWAY DESIGN
Highway
Design

4. Design Characteristics for Road and Highway
ECV 5609 HIGHWAY DESIGN

5. SUMMARY OF COURSE
ECV 5609 Highway Design
Friday 6 pm - 9 pm (Lecture)
This course will expose the student to the fundamental theory of
highway design

6. Cycles of Activities for Design and Construction of Road
and Highway
ECV 5609 HIGHWAY DESIGN

7. Cycles of Activities for Design and Construction of Road
and Highway
ECV 5609 HIGHWAY DESIGN

8. Cycles of Activities for Design and Construction of Road
and Highway
ECV 5609 HIGHWAY DESIGN

9. TEACHING PLAN
Week Topic
Lecturing
Methods
Notes
1
Introduction and Course Overview
&
Road and Highway System
Lecture Notes
and Text Books
2 Assignment 1
3
Traffic Characteristics
4 Assignment 2

10. TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

11. Traffic is a movement of people and goods (i.e. pedestrian and vehicles)
while using the public roadways for the purpose of travel
Traffic on roadways is considered as a flow just like water flowing in a pipeline
or a river
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

12. TEACHING PLAN
Week Topic
Lecturing
Methods
Notes
5
Survey, Plans and Earthwork
Operations
Lecture Notes
and Text Books
6
Assignment 3
&
Test 1
7
Geometric Design of Highway
8 Assignment 4

13. SURVEY, PLANS AND EARTHWORK
OPERATIONS

14. TEACHING PLAN
Week Topic
Lecturing
Methods
Notes
9 Geometric Design of Highway
Lecture Notes
and Text Books
10 Grade and Sight Distance Test 2
11
Determining the Capacity of
Highway
Assignment 5
12

15. TEACHING PLAN
Week Topic
Lecturing
Methods
Notes
13
Design of Various Types of
Pavements
Lecture Notes
and Text Books
14
Drainage and Erosion Control
&
Revision
Assignment 6

16. COURSE ASSESSMENT

17. Wright, PH & Dixon, KK 2004,
Highway Engineering, 7th edn, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.: United States
of America
REFERENCES
Garber, NJ & Hoel, LA 2014, Traffic and
Highway Engineering, 5th edn, Cengage
Learning: United States of America
Mannering, FL & Washburn, SS 2012,
Highway Engineering and Traffic
Analysis, 5th edn, John Wiley and Sons:
United States of America

18. PutraBLAST

19. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL

20. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL
Differences between roads and highway?
Definition of Roads
Roads is identifiable route, way or path between places which are typically
smoothed, paved and prepared to allow easy travel

21. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL

22. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL

23. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL
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24. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL

25. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL

26. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
MALAYSIA
- Total area of 329,847 km2
- Population of 28,334,135
(Source: Department of Statistics of Malaysia 2011)

27. (Source: Public Works Department of Malaysia 2014 & Malaysian Highway Authority 2014)
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
MALAYSIA
— km

28. (Source: Mohd Iznan 2010)
ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA

29. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA
Jalan Dato’ Kayaman - Semadong, Perlis

30. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA

31. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA
Roads Construction by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Malaysia
in 1960’s

32. Is this the technology of roads and highway that is
achieved after 60 years?
ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA

33. TYPICAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
STRUCTURAL LAYERS
Wearing Course
Binder Course
Base Course
Subbase Course
Subgrade

34. ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA
Classification of Roads & Highway System in Malaysia
Roads and highway in Malaysia are classified into two broad categories based
on jurisdiction of either federal or state government
Federal Roads State Roads

35. ROADS AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN
MALAYSIA
Common Issues?

36. ROADS AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN
MALAYSIA
Pavement Conditions Traffic Congestion Safety
Common Issues?

37. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

38. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Vehicle Technologies

39. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Vehicle Technologies

40. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Traffic Control Technologies

41. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Infrastructure Technologies

42. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Infrastructure Technologies
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43. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
R & R Toll Booth
Infrastructure Technologies

44. ROAD AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM -
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Construction Methods and Materials
Infrastructure Technologies?

45. ROAD AND HIGHWAY IN MALAYSIA
Road and highway in Malaysia (i.e. Federal Road and State Road) are
paved as either flexible or rigid pavements
Purpose of Paving
1. Load support - Pavement materials are stiffer than the in-situ materials
(i.e. existing soil)
2. Smoothness - Pavement materials can improve ride comfort and reduce
vehicle operating costs
3. Drainage - Pavement materials can effect quick and efficient drainage

46. PAVEMENT TYPES
Flexible Pavement
Surfaced with asphalt mixture
materials (i.e. aggregates,
bitumen and filler)
Design is based on load
distributing characteristics of
component layers
Rigid Pavement
Surfaced with Portland Cement
Concrete (PCC) slab; either
plain, reinforced or prestressed
Design is based on elastic theory
and flexural strength

47. Rigid Pavement
Total pavement structure “bends” or
“deflects” due to traffic loads
Total pavement structure is “stiffer” as
compared to flexible pavements due to
high modulus of elasticity of PCC slab
(do not “deflects” appreciably)
Load distribution over a small
area of subgrade
Load distribution over a relatively
wide area of subgrade
ROAD AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL
Flexible Pavement

48. Typically composed of PCC slab
built on top of either subgrade or
combination of subgrade, subbase
and base
Typically composed of several
layers; subgrade, subbase
(optional), base and surface
ROADS AND HIGHWAY IN GENERAL
Rigid Pavement Structural
Layers
Flexible Pavement Structural
Layers

49. Q & A SESSIONS

50. Q & A SESSIONS
Gravel Roads
Unpaved roads surface with gravel
which are common in less-
developed countries and rural areas
Composite Pavement
Existing rigid pavement surfaced
with a thin layer of flexible pavement

51. Q & A SESSIONS

52. Q & A SESSIONS

53. Q & A SESSIONS

54. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
- Provide strong
structural
skeleton and
mechanical
strength
- Acts as a binder to
hold the aggregates
particles
- Harden the
bitumen

55. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Aggregates
- Crushed stone, sand and fines
- Provide strong structural skeleton and mechanical strength
Bitumen
- Hydrocarbon of natural deposit or residue from distilling crude oil
- Acts as a binder to hold the aggregates particles
Filler
- Fine dust
- Harden the bitumen

56. PAVEMENT HISTORY IN GENERAL
Structure of Roman Pavement

57. Since early 1900, pavement construction around the world have undergo major
improvement
- Growth of automobile industries
- Better design and construction methods
- Better highway construction materials
PAVEMENT HISTORY IN GENERAL

58. Figure: Appian Way in Rome constructed 2300 years ago
PAVEMENT HISTORY IN GENERAL

59. Wearing Course
Subgrade
SOILS AS SUBGRADE

60. SOILS AS SUBGRADE

61. Soils or Subgrade Failure
SOILS AS SUBGRADE

62. Definition of Soils
All earth materials - both organic and inorganic that blankets the rock crust of
the earth
SOILS AS SUBGRADE

63. COMMON SOILS TYPES
Figure: Grain-size Classification
1. Gravel & Sand: Coarse-grained soils possessing little or no cohesion
2. Silt: Fine-grained soils of low to medium plasticity and possessing little cohesion
3. Clay: Very fine-grained soils of 0.002 mm or finer

64. COMMON SOILS TYPES
Peat Soils: Undesirable Foundation Materials
Soils composed principally of partially decomposed vegetable matter
Extremely high water content, woody nature and high compressibility
Improvement Methods
1. Removal and replacement with high quality materials
2. Stabilization using Portland cement or bitumen

65. Wearing Course
Subgrade
Surface
Course
Total
Thickness
of
Pavement
Structure
DETAILS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CROSS SECTIONS
Subbase
Optional layers consisted of granular or stabilized materials
Base
Layers of very high stability and density that distribute the stress from the
top to the bottom layers (e.g.: gravel and crushed rocks)

66. Wearing Course
Subgrade
Surface
Course
Total
Thickness
of
Pavement
Structure
Surface Course
Combination of wearing and binder course that are in contact with the traffic
loads
DETAILS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CROSS SECTIONS

67. AGGREGATES
Definition
Mineral materials derived from NATURAL ROCKS or are the BY-PRODUCTS
OF OTHER MATERIALS
In terms of volume, aggregates generally account for
92%-96% OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MATERIALS
@
70%-80% OF RIGID PAVEMENT MATERIALS

68. AGGREGATES SOURCES
Natural Rocks (i.e. crushed stone, gravel, sand and fines)
Crushed stone - Aggregates produced from blasting and then crushing
(Quarry)
Gravel, sand and fines – Aggregates found in natural deposits such as rivers
and stream channels (Not produced through blasting and crushing processes)

69. AGGREGATES SOURCES
By-products of Manufacturing Process of Other Materials
Slag - Manufactured aggregates from industrial byproducts
Crushed concrete - Recycled aggregates
Steel Slag Crushed Concrete

70. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATES

71. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
What is GRADATION?

72. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
Gradation of Aggregates
Distribution or blend of aggregates particles sizes in the
aggregates mixtures
How much is the percentage of Coarse Aggregates?
How much is the percentage of Fine Aggregates?
How much is the percentage of Filler or Fines?

73. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
Why is Gradation of Aggregates Important?
Gradation is one of the most important characteristics of
aggregates used as highway construction materials
Affect the properties of asphalt mixtures such as:-

74. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
How to determine whether the aggregates from stockpile
meets the specification from gradation?

76. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Standard Procedures for Sieve or Grain-Size Analysis
1. ASSHTO Method T27 Sieve analysis of fine and coarse
aggregates
2. ASTM C136 Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine
and coarse aggregates
3. BS EN 933-1 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates.
Determination of particle size distribution. Sieving method
4. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia

77. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 Jabatan
Kerja Raya Malaysia
BS EN 933-1 Tests for Geometrical
Properties of Aggregates
Sieve Size (mm)
Percentage by
Weight Passing (%)
Sieve Size (mm)
Percentage by
Weight Passing (%)
20 100 20 100
12.5 78-100
14 85-100
10 68-90
10 60-90
5 52-72
2.36 60-72
2.4 38-85
0.6 20-36
0.6 45-72
0.3 12-25
0.212 15-50
0.15 7-16
0.075 8-12
0.075 4-8

78. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 Jabatan
Kerja Raya Malaysia
BS EN 933-1 Tests for Geometrical
Properties of Aggregates
Sieve Size (mm)
Percentage by
Weight Passing (%)
Sieve Size (mm)
Percentage by
Weight Passing (%)
20 100 20 100
12.5 78-100
14 85-100
10 68-90
10 60-90
5 52-72
2.36 60-72
2.4 38-85
0.6 20-36
0.6 45-72
0.3 12-25
0.212 15-50
0.15 7-16
0.075 8-12
0.075 4-8
Lower Limit Upper Limit

79. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Page 2 to 5
Muniandy, R & Radin Umar, RS 2001, Highway materials – A guide book for
beginners, Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia: Selangor, Malaysia

80. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS

81. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Coarse Aggregates: Grain-size particles larger than 2.36 mm
Fine Aggregates: Grain-size particles between 0.075 mm and 2.36 mm
Filler or FInes: Grain-size particles smaller than 0.075 mm
Maximum Aggregates Size
Refer to the SMALLEST sieve through which 100% of the aggregates
particles pass
Nominal Maximum Aggregates Size
Refer to the LARGEST sieve that retain some of the aggregates
particles pass
Sieve Size (mm) Percentage by Weight Retain
(%)
Percentage by Weight Passing
(%)
24 0 100
20 0 100
14 7 93
10 9 84

82. SIEVE OR GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS
Example:
Complete the following sieve analysis of the samples of the
aggregates stockpile to be used as highway construction material.
Discuss the gradation obtained as compared to the specification
requirements. Provide suggestions for improvements, if any.
Sieve Size (mm) Weight Retain (g)
Percentage by
Weight Retain (g)
Percentage by Weight Passing (g)
Gradation
Obtained
Specification
Requirements
20 94 80 to 95
14 180 68 to 90
10 153 52 to 72
5 274 40 to 62
2.36 194 30 to 45
0.6 165 17 to 30
0.074 78 7 to 16
Pan 62 0