Some sense of fail mainten rehabil Infra

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MALICAD,
DANIEL RYAN
OLORGA,
DOMINICK RENZ T.
THE REPORTERS
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TADLANGAN,
JERICO D.
3rd Reporter
2nd Reporter
1st Reporter

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THE REPORTERS
BAGONA,
ANGELICA JOY
A.
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VARGAS, JAZZPER
SHAWN F.
5th Reporter
4th Reporter

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SALVADOR,
ANJO D.
THE REPORTERS
7th Reporter
ERLANO, LORENZO
RAPHAEL C.
8th Reporter
CORTADO,
KHARLY DAERA
B.
6th Reporter

INTRODUCTION
Road maintenance is work that takes place on
roads from motorways to unclassified roads
to ensure they remain strong, safe and
efficient. Road maintenance takes many
forms, but the overarching aim is to keep
road users safe, manage traffic and maintain
upkeep

HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
TADLANGAN, JERICO
D.
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HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
Highway maintenance begins just after the
construction, reconstruction or
rehabilitation of the roadway facilities.

1. Highway programs and activities are measured by the
amount of expenditures for construction of new facilities
and reconstruction of new existing structure with the aim of
keeping up with the traffic demand.
2. Maintenance has its own role: by giving priority to local,
rural and urban facilities particularly the paving and
rehabilitation after the construction has been completed.
3. Maintenance is focus on the do betterment projects. It
includes grading and paving for short alignment changes,
to correct steep grades or sharp curves, re-surfacing and
mulching, planting, flood and erosion control.
Objective of Highway Maintenance

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION
AND MAINTENANCE

1. Road surface maintenance
2. Shoulder and approach maintenance
3. Bridge maintenance;
4. Traffic services
TYPES OF ROAD MAINTENANCE;

ROAD SURFACE
MAINTENANCE
Unlike construction involving high volume of work, maintenance
operation, deals with small amount of work at separate locations.
Road maintenance requires speed performance to cause the least
possible disruption and danger to traffic. Maintenance operation
requires:

Maintenance of the shoulder and approaches of the
highway is governed by the surface characteristics in
the area.

Maintenance operations of highway
includes the traffic services like:

MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY:
MALICAD, DANIEL RYAN

The use of better equipment could accomplish mowing
from 3 to 6 times as much area compared to the use of
poor and antiquated tools.
Two mowers working side by side accomplish less than
when they work separately. Conversation time eats most
of the working time.
Not less than one and one half of two hours a day is
spent unproductively for the preparatory operation and
travel of the mower to the job site.
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

REQUIREMENTS FOR
MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT

1. To stabilize the standard level of the maintenance by setting
performance standards for workers crew
and maintenance units. This requires Methods Time Management
(MTM) expected output for operations that are pre-determined.
2. To develop an accurate monitoring and fair reporting system
and to compare actual work with the expected production.
3. To develop a management system that will give the efficient
work scheduling assignment.
4. To develop effective procedures, methods and machinery or
organization to carry individual maintenance operations.

Personnel who are devoted to the maintenance work are not
those who just kill the time and collect their salaries.
Personnel responsibility for keeping the roadway open to
traffic moving under all conditions.
Personnel rescue operation in assisting stranded motorists
during bad weather, heavy rain, removal of fallen trees, flood,
erosion, etc.
Maintenance personnel are exposed to accidents, hazards
during their maintenance or rehabilitation work.
EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE

REHABILITATION
• “Resurfacing, restoration and rehabilitation work, restoring to the original
safe usable condition without addition to the original capacity.” According to
FHWA
• Road rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring or improving the
condition, safety, and performance of existing roads to extend their lifespan
and maintain functionality. Rehabilitation highways can be essential for
maintaining infrastructure and ensuring the safety of motorists.

THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF PAVEMENT
REHABILITATIONS ARE:
•
•
•
•
•

THE EFFICIENCY RATING OF THE HIGHWAY:
•
•
•
•
•

Restoration and rehabilitation work include:
• Replacement of defective joints
• Repair of spalled joints
• Substantial pavement work
• Reworking or strengthening of sub-base
• Recycling existing materials to improve their structural integrity
• Adding under drains
• Improving shoulders
• Removing and replacing deteriorated materials

Replacement of defective
joints
The replacement of
defective joints in
roads typically
involves removing the
damaged or
deteriorated joint and
installing a new one
to ensure structural
integrity and smooth
traffic flow. Defective
joints can lead to
various issues such as
uneven pavement,
increased road noise,
and decreased ride
quality for vehicles.

REPAIR OF
SPALLED JOINTS
REPAIRING SPALLED JOINTS IN ROADS INVOLVES
SEVERAL STEPS TO RESTORE THE INTEGRITY AND
FUNCTIONALITY OF THE JOINTS, WHICH ARE
CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING THE STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY OF THE PAVEMENT.

Substantial pavement work on a road typically refers to significant
repairs, upgrades, or construction activities aimed at improving the
condition, durability, or capacity of the road surface.

REWORKING OR STRENGTHENING OF SUB-BASE
Reworking or strengthening of the sub -
base in road construction involves
improving the foundation layer beneath
the pavement to enhance its load-bearing
capacity, stability, and durability.

Recycling existing materials to improve
their structural integrity
Recycling existing
materials to enhance
their structural
integrity in road
construction involves
repurposing materials
like asphalt, concrete,
and other aggregates
from old roads or
construction sites.

ADDING UNDER
DRAINS
ADDING UNDER DRAINS IN ROADS REFERS TO THE
INSTALLATION OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM BENEATH
THE ROAD SURFACE TO MANAGE WATER RUNOFF
EFFECTIVELY. THESE UNDER DRAINS HELP IN
CONTROLLING THE GROUNDWATER LEVEL AND
PREVENTING WATER FROM ACCUMULATING
UNDER THE ROAD, WHICH COULD LEAD TO
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE OR INSTABILITY OVER
TIME.

Typically refers to enhancing the safety and usability of the
shoulders along roads, especially highways or major thoroughfares.
Shoulders are the areas of pavement adjacent to the travel lanes
that accommodate stopped vehicles, emergency pull-offs,
breakdowns, and sometimes even cyclists or pedestrians.

Removing and replacing
deteriorated materials
This process is essential for maintaining the safety
and functionality of roads, highways, and other
transportation infrastructure.

Pavement
maintenance
encompasses a range
of activities aimedat
preserving,repairing,
and extendingthe
lifespan of roads,
parkinglots, and other
paved surfaces.
Reconstruction is a
significantundertaking
aimed at completely
rebuildingor
substantially
upgradingexisting
road infrastructure to
improvesafety,
capacity,durability,
and ride quality.
Overlays involve
placinga new layer of
asphalt or concrete
over the existing
pavement.
Recycling in road
constructionrefers to
the process of reusing
materials from existing
roads or other sources
to build or rehabilitate
road infrastructure.
Pavement
Maintenance
Reconstruction Overlay
s
Recycling

Maintenance and
Rehabilitation programs are
based on different types of
collected data

Surface friction or skid
resistance

CONCRETE PAVEMENT
MAINTENANCE AND EVALUATION
PREPARED BY:
VARGAS, JAZZPER SHAWN
F.

HIGHWAY
PAVEMENT
IN ENGINEERING WORK, A ROAD
PAVEMENT IS A LAYERED STRUCTURE
MADE UP OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
AND COMPUNDS.
CLASSIFIED AS A HARD SURFACE
COMPOSED OF A GRADED DURABLE
SURFACE MATERIALS THAT ARE LAID
DOWN TO SUPPORT THE BEARING
LOAD OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC.

TYPES OF HIGHWAY/ ROAD
PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
RIGID
PAVEMENT
Made from concrete
slabs reinforced with
steel-making them a
better choice for areas
that face heavy traffic
volumes and have
consistent weather
conditions.
Made from asphalt and
aggregate materials hence
they compliment areas with
low to moderate traffic
volumes.
Suited for fluctuating
temperatures an
overwhelming choice for
areas with harsh winters.

HIGHWAY
PAVEMENT
FAILURES
PRIMARY FACTORS
OF PAVEMENT FAILURES
• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
• CONGESTIO
N
• LOW-GRADE
SOIL
• POOR QUALITY OF MATERIALS USED

HIGHWAY FAILURE
TYPES
PRIMARY TYPES
OF PAVEMENT FAILURES
• CRACKIN
G
• DISTORTION
• DISINTEGRATION
• SKIDDING

CRACKIN
G
Pavement crack refers to a variety of
types of pavement distresses that
occur on the surface of pavements.
Different types of pavements develop
different cracks.

Fatigue cracking is the most common type of load
associated structural failure .
It often starts in the wheel path as
longitudinal cracking and ends up as alligator
cracking after severe distress.
The failure can be due to weakness in the
surface, base or sub-grade; a surface or base that
is too thin; poor drainage or the combination of all
three.
FATIGUE
CRACKING

Formation of ruts falls in this type of
failure. A rut
is a depression or groove worn into a
road by the
travel of wheels.
OF
PAVEMENT LAYERS
CONSOLIDATIO
N
RUTTIN
G

Block cracking is not load-associated, but
generally caused by shrinkage of the
asphalt pavement due to an inability of
asphalt binder to expand and contract with
temperature cycles.
BLOC
K
CRACKING
These cracks are interconnected
making the pavement to divide
into rectangular pieces

The pavements centerline or laydown
direction.
These can be a result of both pavement
fatigue,
reflective cracking, and/or poor joint
construction.
Joints are generally the least dense areas
of a
pavement.
LONGITUDINAL
CRACKING

Transverse cracks extend across the
pavement at approximately right angles
to the pavement's center line or direction
of lay down.
TRANSVERSE
CRACKING

In construction work, shoving is the
formation of ripples across a pavement.
This characteristic shape is why this type
of distress is sometimes called wash-
boarding. Shoving occurs at locations
having severe horizontal stresses, such
as intersections.
SHOVING
CRACKING

Depressions are localized
pavement surface areas with
slightly lower elevations than
the surrounding
pavement
DEPRESSION
CRACKING

The continuous separation of
aggregate particles
from a pavement's surface or from its
edges
inward.
RAVELLING
The fine aggregate
typically degrades first, leaving small "pock
marks"
on the pavement surface. As the erosion
continues, larger and larger particles are
broken
free and the pavement soon has the rough
and
jagged appearance typical of surface erosion.

POTHOLES
Potholes are areas of a road surface where the
surface layer, usually asphalt, has developed
cracks then broken away under the repeated
load of traffic passing over, forming a hole
with rough vertical sides.
They are depressions in the pavement
surface that penetrate all the way through the
asphalt layer down to the base course.

POLISHED
AGGREGATES
Repeated traffic application
leads to this
Distress. The polishing degree
should be specified before the
construction is
carried out.

BLEEDING
A film of asphalt binder on the
pavement surface. It usually creates
a shiny, glass-like reflecting surface
that can become quite sticky.
Sometimes referred to as “flushing”.

HIGHWAY
BEAUTIFICATION
KHARLY DAERA B. CORTADO

Is landscaping designed to limit land use near highways, maintain
scenic beauty, and make roadways more appealing. These
components may comprise landscaping, artificial turf, street
furniture, ornamental pavers, fencing, and illumination. The
advantages of highway beautification encompass a decrease in
driving anxiety, enhanced aesthetic appeal, and increased traffic
safety, as evidenced by the decline in overall collision rates following
beautification initiatives.

ADVANTAGES
Driving Anxiety Aesthetic Appeal Increased
Traffic Safety

Big trees Big bush/shrubs
DISADVANTAGES
Dirt mounds Roadwaydebri
boulders

1. Landscaping and roadside development
within the rights of way.
2. Improvement of strips and land adjacent
to the highway for restoration, preservation
and enhancement of natural beauty.
HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION IS A
BROAD TERM THAT INCLUDES
ACTIVITIES LIKE:
3. Acquisition and development of publicly
owned and controlled rest area, recreation
areas and sanitary areas including other
facilities.

Good location Good design Construction Maintenance
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE
TO BEAUTIFICATION
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OUTDOOR ADVERTISING
“The concept of public welfare, for
the purpose of which the legislative
may exercise police power, is
broad and exclusive and the value it
represents is spiritual and aesthetic
as well as physical and
monetary.”

EXAMPLE The government should
extend full assistance
to control.

ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS
KHARLY DAERA B. CORTADO

a) The influence
of population
growth
b) The high
density
urbanization
c) Industrial
expansion
d) Resource
exploration:
e) The expanding
technological
advances
f) Restoration and
maintenance of
environmental
quality to the
welfare and
development of
man.

2. THE PRESENT GENERATION MUST
FULFILL THE RESPONSIBILITY AS
TRUSTEES OF THE ENVIRONMENT
FOR. THE SUCCEEDING
GENERATIONS.

3. TO ASSURE ALL FILIPINO
PEOPLE OF A SAFE,
HEALTHFUL, PRODUCTIVE
AND AESTHETICALLY AND
CULTURALLY PLEASING
SURROUNDINGS.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Duis vulputate nulla at
ante rhoncus, vel efficitur felis
condimentum. Proin odio odio.

4. TO PROVIDE THE WIDEST
BENEFICIAL USE OF THE
ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT
DEGRADATION AND RISK TO
HEALTH OR OTHER UNDESIRABLE
CONSEQUENCES.

5. TO PRESERVE SOME IMPORTANT PRE HISTORIC, CULTURAL AND
NATURAL ASPECT OF OUR NATURAL HERITAGE AND WHENEVER
POSSIBLE AN ENVIRONMENT WHICH UPHOLD DIVERSITY AND VARIETY
OF INDIVIDUAL CHOICE.

6. TO MAINTAIN A BALANCED
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND USE
OF RESOURCES THAT WILL GIVE HIGH
STANDARD OF LIVING AND WIDE SHARING
OF LIFE'S AMENITIES
Dani Martinez

7. TO IMPART THAT ALL
PERSON HAS THE
RESPONSIBILITY TO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE
PRESERVATION AND
ENHANCEMENT OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.

ANGE LICA ATRE RO BAGO NA
BS C E - 3 B

AIR AND NOISE PROBLEM TRAFFIC INDUCED
VIBRATIONS

ACCIDENT
S
ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY WATER POLLUTION, DUST
AND DIRT

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Air pollution be it from fixed or mobile sources is the main concern in
most urban areas.
Air pollution is the result of progress. It comes from discharges into
the air of non-reactive pollutants including carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, sulfates, dust, smoke and lead. The highway pollution
problems are of two dimensions. They are:
• Area wide effects of preliminary reactive pollutants.
• High concentration of non-reactive pollutants at points or
corridors along or near highways.

The area condition is acceptably worse when temperatureinversions trap pollutants near the
ground surface whenthere is little wind or no wind at all.
Concentration becomes extremelyhigh affecting human life and even some vegetation are
killed, stunted,or the foliage is burned.
Various approaches to reduce area pollutantswere planned and employed including future
approaches such as:
Land Use Control Lower the Emission

• Modification of the fixed existing facilities such as substituting low-sulfur coal to
reduce the releaseof sulfur dioxide.
• Lowering pollution coming from motor vehiclesthat fall under the following
categories:
A. Reducingthe output of pollutants by making them fuel efficient and controlling
pollutant output.
B. Limiting vehicle travel by shifting travelersto other modes using electric current.
C. Cutting fuel consumption and pollutant output by improving traffic flow.
D. A set of standards to be met by new vehicles.

Logo
Business
Noise is defined as unwanted sound.
Noise is measured in decibels with a common unit dBA.
Transportation noises are complex, studies showed that:
Complaints are focused on interference with speech.
TV viewing or sleep related to the increase of sound above the ambient noise level.
Increase up to 9 dBA | Complaints would be widespread and there would be community
reactions.
Highway noises near residences at peak noise of about 70 dBA bring few complaints, at
75 dBA, complaints are likely and 80 dBA will invite letters of petition and protest.

Construction in roadside development refers to the PLANNING, DESIGN, and
IMPLEMENTATION of infrastructure projects that directly impact the areas
alongside roads and highways. This field encompasses a broad range of activities
aimed at enhancing safety, functionality, aesthetics, and overall usability of
roadside spaces. The key elements involved in construction for roadside
development include:
ROAD EXPANSION AND IMPROVEMENT SIDEWALKS AND PEDESTRIAN
FACILITIES

CYCLING
INFRASTRUCTURE
LANDSCAPING AND
AESTHETICS
UTILITY PLACEMENT AND
MANAGEMENT
SAFETY
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS

• Vegetation in the Highways
ANJO D. SALVADOR
• Parking and Rest Area

Vegetation in
the Highways
Vegetation plays a significant role in the protection against
soil erosion of road slopes and the effects of rainfall.
Vegetation modifies land-surface properties, mediating
the exchange of energy, moisture, trace gases, and
aerosols between the land and the atmosphere.

FOUR MAJOR FUNCTION OF
VEGETATION
Vegetation in the surroundings of the road performs
the following four major functions related
to:
1. Traffic engineering,
2. Construction engineering,
3. Environmental protection,
4. Aesthetics and landscape.

1.) Transportation Engineering
In traffic engineering through
vegetation, it protects against a sudden
intrusion of animals onto the road,
antiglare
protection, highlighting road junctions,
better visibility, wind protection, and
antiglare protection.

2.) Construction Engineering
These are primarily related to
erosion control of soil, protection
against landslides, falling rock and
avalanches as well as against
uncontrolled water inflow from the
surroundings.

3.) Environmental Protection
Environmental protection include:
• noise control,
• road dust & exhaust gases control,
• improvement of climatic conditions
of the surroundings,
• wildlife protection.

4.) Aesthetics and Landscape
The last group of functions, aesthetics
& landscape, are related to enriching the
landscape, visual isolation of residential
and recreational areas from the road
and the harmonizing of the road
structure with the environment.

Different Types of
Vegetation for Soil
Protection
a.) Gramineous Vegetation (Grasses)
b.) Herbaceous Vegetation (Herbage)
c.) Trees Vegetation
d.) Shrub Vegetation (shrubbery)

EXAMPL
E
a.) Gramineous Vegetation
(Grasses)

EXAMPL
E
b.) Herbaceous Vegetation
(Herbage)

EXAMPL
E
d.) Shrub Vegetation
(shrubbery)

PARKING
AREA
Parking is the action of moving a vehicle
into a place in a car park or by the side of
the road where it can be left. In many towns
parking is allowed only on one side of the
street.
3 Types of Parking
• Parallel parking
• Perpendicular parking
• Angle parking

PARALLEL
PARKING
With parallel parking of cars, these are arranged in a line, with
the front bumper of one car facing the back bumper of an
adjacent one. This is done parallel to a curb, when one is
provided.

PERPENDICULAR
PARKING
With perpendicular
parking, also known as
bay parking, cars are
parked side to side,
perpendicular to an aisle,
curb, or wall.

ANGLE
PARKING
Angle parking, known as echelon parking in Britain, is similar to
perpendicular parking for these vehicles, except that cars are
arranged at an angle of 45° to the aisle

REST AREA
Rest areas are places next to the road with a
parking area and facilities that are used by
vehicles to have rest in their travels, like toilets
and picnic areas.
A rest area with limited to no public facilities is a
lay-by, parking area, scenic area, or scenic overlook.
Along some highways and roads are services known
as wayside parks, roadside parks, or picnic areas.

• Vegetation in the
Highways
• Parking and Rest Area
EXAMPLE DESIGNS OF;

GROUP 6
Failures, maintenance and rehabilitation of
transportation infrastructure.
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Some sense of fail mainten rehabil Infra

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