2. Objectives
• To identify and find appropriate resources
• To understand why we cite
• To understand how we cite
• To understand the basics of APA
3. Identify and focus topic
Topic: An investigation of postsecondary students’
class attendance and their academic
performance.
Research question: Is there causation between
postsecondary students’ class attendance and
their grades?
5. Finding Sources
Books
• Books can have more than one author
• Books can contain works by many authors and have
an editor
• Books can be found using the library catalogue
• Access the catalogue using the Books & Media link
on the library homepage
7. Finding Sources
Reference
• Background information can be found in reference
sources
• Reference sources include encyclopedias,
dictionaries, handbooks and directories.
• Reference sources are found in the reference section
in the library and under Reference Sources on the
library homepage
8. Finding Sources
Articles
• Newspapers, magazines, and peer-reviewed
• Peer-reviewed articles appear in journals
• Find articles by searching library databases
• Access databases using Articles link on the library
homepage
11. Why do we cite?
• Citations demonstrate how you developed
your argument and ideas from the ideas of
others
• Citations give credit where credit is due
• Citations give the reader of your work a path
to the sources you used, so they can
investigate those sources if interested
(Mohanty et al., 2009)
12. Why do we cite?
• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s work,
words or ideas you commit plagiarism
“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students
about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and
poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the
seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence
was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first
or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties
section, para. 1 ).
Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies
13. APA: What is it?
The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association is a style manual
that provides guidance and standards in:
• research ethics
• the publication process
• article format and presentation
• AND
APA = American Psychological Association
14. Building Citations
Building blocks?
• Author(s)
• Publication date
• Title
• Publication information
• Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book
• Report
What format?
• Print
• Electronic
17. Constructing a Citation
• Chapter in an Edited Book
• Look at your handout!
• Reference List
• In-text
• Direct quotes
18. Constructing a Citation
• Article retrieved online
• Check your handout!
– Journal article full-text, with doi
– Journal article without doi, no full-text
– Journal article full-text, without doi
19. Reference List
Alon, S., & Tienda, M. (2007). Diversity, Opportunity, and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education. American
Sociological Review, 72, 487-511. Retrieved from http://www.asanet.org/journals/asr/
Anderson, K., Durbin, E., & Salinger, M. (2008). Identity theft. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 171-192.
doi:10.1257 /jep.22.2.171
Finnie, R., Lascelles, E. & Sweetman, A. (2005). Who goes? The direct and indirect effects of family background on
access to postsecondary education. In C. M. Beach, R. W. Boadway, & R. M. McInnis (Eds.), Higher
Education in Canada (pp. 295-338). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic
Policy, Queen’s University.
Newman-Ford, L., Fitzgibbon, K., Lloyd, S., & Thomas, S. (2008). A large-scale investigation into the relationship
between attendance and attainment: A study using an innovative, electronic attendance monitoring
system. Studies in Higher Education, 33, 699-717. doi:10.1080/03075070802457066
Smelser, N. J., Wright, J., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). (2001). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral
sciences [Adobe Arobat]. Retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com
Thatcher, A., Fridjhon, P., & Cockcroft, K. (2007). The relationship between lecture attendance and academic
performance in an undergraduate psychology class. South African Journal of Psychology, 37, 656-
660. Retrieved from http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_sapsyc.html
20. Don’t Forget!
• Give credit where credit is due
• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide
• Consult APA Publication Manual
• If you are unable to identify a specific
example, use an example that is most like your
source
• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide
• Ask!
21. References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC:
Author.
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2009). ACRL scholarly communication 101: Starting with the basics [PowerPoint].
Retrieved from http://www.acrl.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/issues/scholcomm/docs/SC%20101%20Introduction.ppt
Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University libraries' citing information
tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu /instruct/citations/introduction/
Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar
/Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses
LJ&RJ | 13/10/2010
Editor's Notes
objectives
Present example
Think of synonyms – different words that mean the same thing.
Words or short phrases are the best
Don’t include natural language (in, the)
Advance search catalogue:
Attendance participation
AND
Postsecondary
Limit: book
Highlight: Higher Education in Canada
Finding Sources
“Newspaper, magazines, and peer-reviewed” – the publishing process (Show Martin diagram on next slide)
What is a peer reviewed journal article? (Link to screenshot)
What is a database? An online resource that contains entries about documents. The entries are searchable and retrievable by author, title, subjects or keywords. An increasing number provide the full-text of the actual documents.
select articles
select appropriate subject area (Education)
select appropriate database (ERIC or ASP)
select ASP
Search:
attendance and ( class* or course* ) and ( perform* or achieve* or grade* ) and ( postsecondary or undergraduate ) Limit: scholarly;2005
Put items in folder
- Point out full text
#6. A large-scale investigation into the relationship between attendance and attainment: a study using an innovative, electronic attendance monitoring system. (full text; with doi)
http://ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35140740&site=ehost-live
#15. The relationship between lecture attendance and academic performance in an undergraduate psychology class. (full text; no doi)
http://ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=27130487&site=ehost-live
- Point out where can I get this
#14. Diversity, Opportunity, and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education. (Godot search)
http://ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=25891542&site=ehost-live
Traditional system of scholarly communication….
Standing on the shoulders of giants….
Intellectual property
What is a peer-reviewed journal article, what does it look like?
Show Print journal
Show article in print journal (Identity Theft)
Show same article found in database (Business Source Complete)
Provides support for your own argument, shows people you are not inferring causation from correlation
Gives credit to people for their work
Gives readers a path to other resources related to your topic, or provides a path other readers can use to trace back to your resources (your instructor may want to check your resources) (or, as a reader, if you find a great article that is perfect for your topic, you can go back and look through the citations or references from that article to find other articles and sources that may be directly related to your topic as well)
Plagiarism is very bad, it is not only using other people’s work and passing it off as your own, but it is also poor scholarly practice. Whether intentional or unintentional, you can still be penalized.
So what is it?
The scientific and professional organization that represents psychology in the United States, they also publish the APA manual which includes information on proper research and scholarly practice. Includes formatting information, research ethics, and of course, citation instructions and information.
So, these are going to be your building blocks or your checklist when building citations.
These apply to all citations you do.
Use the manual and your handout as support
We have our editors, book title, publisher, place of publication, and a date. The date is questionable, you could argue for putting n.d. for no date, as no copyright date is shown, but if you notice the call number, a date is included, so you could argue 2005 is the most current date.
So thinking about our building blocks, we have our chapter authors, chapter title, if we go pack to the previous slide…
Finnie, R., Lascelles, E., & Sweetman, A. (2005). Who goes? The direct and indirect effects of family background on access to postsecondary education. In C. M. Beach, R. W. Boadway, & R. M. McInnis (Eds.), Higher Education in Canada (pp. 295-338). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy, Queen’s University.
(Finnie, Lascelles, & Sweetman, 2005)
Subsequent citations: (Finnie et al., 2005)
Newman-Ford, L., Fitzgibbon, K., Lloyd, S., & Thomas, S. (2008). A large-scale investigation into the relationship between attendance and attainment: A study using an innovative, electronic attendance monitoring system. Studies in Higher Education, 33, 699-717. doi:10.1080/03075070802457066
Alon, S., & Tienda, M. (2007). Diversity, Opportunity, and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education. American Sociological Review, 72(4), 487-511. Retrieved from http://www.asanet.org/journals/asr/
Thatcher, A., Fridjhon, P., & Cockcroft, K. (2007). The relationship between lecture attendance and academic performance in an undergraduate psychology class. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(3), 656-660. Retrieved from http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_sapsyc.html
An example
Notice all in alphabetical order
Double spaced
Indented
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