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FISIKA TEKNIK MESIN II
Bahasan: Listrik Statis
Prodi Teknik Mesin
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL BANDUNG
nuha@itenas.ac.id
Oleh: Nuha Desi Anggraeni
10/03/2021 1
Sifat-sifat Muatan Listrik – Observasi
Makroskopik
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0V3ntQPVYA
• Berdasarkan pengamatan tersebut tampak ada dua jenis muatan yang
kemudian oleh Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) dinamakan sebagai
muatan positip dan negatif.
• Disimpulkan : muatan sejenis tolak menolak, muatan tak sejenis tarik
menarik*
10/03/2021 2
Klasifikasi Material – Insulator, Konduktor
dan Semikonduktor
Secara umum, material dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan
kemampuannya untuk membawa atau menghantarkan muatan listrik
1. Konduktor, adalah material yang mudah menghantarkan muatan
listrik. Tembaga, emas dan perak adalah contoh konduktor yang
baik.
2. Isolator, adalah material yang sukar menghantarkan muatan listrik.
Kaca, karet adalah contoh insulator yang baik.
3. Semikonductor, adalah material yang memiliki sifat antara
konduktor dan insulator. Silikon dan germanium adalah material
yang banyak digunakan dalam pabrikasi perangkat elektronik.
10/03/2021 3
Formulasi Matematik Hukum Coulomb
10/03/2021 4
Ketika menghitung dengan hukum Coulomb,
biasanya tanda muatan-muatan diabaikan dan
arah gaya ditentukan berdasarkan gambar
apakah gayanya tarik menarik atau tolak
menolak.
Contoh: Dua buah muatan, 𝑄1 = 1 × 10−6 𝐶
dan 𝑄2 = −2 × 10−6 𝐶 terpisahkan pada jarak
3 cm. Hitung gaya tarik menarik antara mereka!
ke dikenal sebagai konstanta Coulomb.
Secara eksperimen nilai ke = 9 × 109 𝑁
𝑚2
𝐶2
Prinsip Superposisi
• Berdasarkan pengamatan, jika dalam sebuah sistem terdapat banyak
muatan, maka gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah muatan sama dengan
jumlah vektor gaya yang dikerjakan oleh tiap muatan lainnya pada
muatan tersebut.
• Gaya listrik memenuhi prinsip superposisi.
• F net = F1 + F2 + F3 + ...
• Contoh: tiga muatan titik terletak pada sumbu x ; q1= 8 μC terletak
pada titik asal, q2= -4 μC terletak pada jarak 20 cm di sebelah kanan
titik asal, dan q0= 18 μC pada jarak 60 cm di sebelah kanan titik asal.
Tentukan besar gaya yang bekerja pada muatan q0
10/03/2021 5
Medan listrik
• Untuk muatan q positip, medan listrik pada suatu titik berarah radial keluar dari q.
• Untuk muatan negatip, medan listrik pada suatu titik berarah menuju q.
• Contoh: Hitung kuat medan listrik yang dihasilkan proton (𝑒 = 1,6 × 10−19𝐶)
pada titik yang jaraknya dari proton tersebut (a) 10−10𝑚 dan (b) 10−14𝑚 (c)
Bandingkan kuat medan di kedua titik tersebut! (Keterangan : dimensi atom
adalah dalam orde 10−10
𝑚 m dan dimensi inti adalah dalam orde 10−14
m).
10/03/2021 6
E =
𝐹
𝑞0
= 𝑘𝑒
𝑞
𝑟2
Superposisi
• Jika dalam sebuah sistem terdapat banyak muatan, maka medan listrik
di sebuah titik sama dengan jumlah vektor medan listrik dari masing-
masing muatan pada titik tersebut.
• E net = E1 + E2 + E3 + ...
Contoh:
Sebuah muatan q1= 12 nC diletakkan di titik asal dan muatan kedua q2= -
8 nC diletakkan di x = 4 m. (a). Tentukan kuat medan di x = 2 m.
(b)Tentukan titik di sumbu x yang kuat medannya adalah nol.
10/03/2021 7
Garis-garis Medan Listrik
• Memvisualisasikan pola-pola medan listrik adalah dengan
menggambarkan garis-garis dalam arah medan listrik.
• Vector medan listrik di sebuah titik, tangensial terhadap garis-garis
medan listrik.
• Jumlah garis-garis per satuan luas permukaan yang tegak lurus garis-
garis medan listrik, sebanding dengan medan listrik di daerah tersebut.
10/03/2021 8
Energi pada sistem
10/03/2021 9
• Jika terdapat dua benda titik bermuatan q1 dan q2 yang dipertahankan
tetap terpisah pada jarak r, maka besar energi potensial sistem tersebut
adalah :
• Jika ada lebih dari dua muatan, maka energy potensial yang tersimpan
dalam sistem tersebut adalah jumlah (skalar) dari energi potensial dari
tiap pasang muatan yang ada. Untuk tiga muatan:
• Contoh:
Hitung energi potensial dari sistem 3 muatan, Q1=10-6 C, Q2=210-6 C
dan Q3=310-6 C yang terletak di titik-titik sudur segitiga samasisi yang
panjang sisinya 10 cm.
Terimakasih
10/03/2021 10

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4 listrik statis

  • 1. FISIKA TEKNIK MESIN II Bahasan: Listrik Statis Prodi Teknik Mesin INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL BANDUNG nuha@itenas.ac.id Oleh: Nuha Desi Anggraeni 10/03/2021 1
  • 2. Sifat-sifat Muatan Listrik – Observasi Makroskopik • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0V3ntQPVYA • Berdasarkan pengamatan tersebut tampak ada dua jenis muatan yang kemudian oleh Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) dinamakan sebagai muatan positip dan negatif. • Disimpulkan : muatan sejenis tolak menolak, muatan tak sejenis tarik menarik* 10/03/2021 2
  • 3. Klasifikasi Material – Insulator, Konduktor dan Semikonduktor Secara umum, material dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan kemampuannya untuk membawa atau menghantarkan muatan listrik 1. Konduktor, adalah material yang mudah menghantarkan muatan listrik. Tembaga, emas dan perak adalah contoh konduktor yang baik. 2. Isolator, adalah material yang sukar menghantarkan muatan listrik. Kaca, karet adalah contoh insulator yang baik. 3. Semikonductor, adalah material yang memiliki sifat antara konduktor dan insulator. Silikon dan germanium adalah material yang banyak digunakan dalam pabrikasi perangkat elektronik. 10/03/2021 3
  • 4. Formulasi Matematik Hukum Coulomb 10/03/2021 4 Ketika menghitung dengan hukum Coulomb, biasanya tanda muatan-muatan diabaikan dan arah gaya ditentukan berdasarkan gambar apakah gayanya tarik menarik atau tolak menolak. Contoh: Dua buah muatan, 𝑄1 = 1 × 10−6 𝐶 dan 𝑄2 = −2 × 10−6 𝐶 terpisahkan pada jarak 3 cm. Hitung gaya tarik menarik antara mereka! ke dikenal sebagai konstanta Coulomb. Secara eksperimen nilai ke = 9 × 109 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶2
  • 5. Prinsip Superposisi • Berdasarkan pengamatan, jika dalam sebuah sistem terdapat banyak muatan, maka gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah muatan sama dengan jumlah vektor gaya yang dikerjakan oleh tiap muatan lainnya pada muatan tersebut. • Gaya listrik memenuhi prinsip superposisi. • F net = F1 + F2 + F3 + ... • Contoh: tiga muatan titik terletak pada sumbu x ; q1= 8 μC terletak pada titik asal, q2= -4 μC terletak pada jarak 20 cm di sebelah kanan titik asal, dan q0= 18 μC pada jarak 60 cm di sebelah kanan titik asal. Tentukan besar gaya yang bekerja pada muatan q0 10/03/2021 5
  • 6. Medan listrik • Untuk muatan q positip, medan listrik pada suatu titik berarah radial keluar dari q. • Untuk muatan negatip, medan listrik pada suatu titik berarah menuju q. • Contoh: Hitung kuat medan listrik yang dihasilkan proton (𝑒 = 1,6 × 10−19𝐶) pada titik yang jaraknya dari proton tersebut (a) 10−10𝑚 dan (b) 10−14𝑚 (c) Bandingkan kuat medan di kedua titik tersebut! (Keterangan : dimensi atom adalah dalam orde 10−10 𝑚 m dan dimensi inti adalah dalam orde 10−14 m). 10/03/2021 6 E = 𝐹 𝑞0 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑞 𝑟2
  • 7. Superposisi • Jika dalam sebuah sistem terdapat banyak muatan, maka medan listrik di sebuah titik sama dengan jumlah vektor medan listrik dari masing- masing muatan pada titik tersebut. • E net = E1 + E2 + E3 + ... Contoh: Sebuah muatan q1= 12 nC diletakkan di titik asal dan muatan kedua q2= - 8 nC diletakkan di x = 4 m. (a). Tentukan kuat medan di x = 2 m. (b)Tentukan titik di sumbu x yang kuat medannya adalah nol. 10/03/2021 7
  • 8. Garis-garis Medan Listrik • Memvisualisasikan pola-pola medan listrik adalah dengan menggambarkan garis-garis dalam arah medan listrik. • Vector medan listrik di sebuah titik, tangensial terhadap garis-garis medan listrik. • Jumlah garis-garis per satuan luas permukaan yang tegak lurus garis- garis medan listrik, sebanding dengan medan listrik di daerah tersebut. 10/03/2021 8
  • 9. Energi pada sistem 10/03/2021 9 • Jika terdapat dua benda titik bermuatan q1 dan q2 yang dipertahankan tetap terpisah pada jarak r, maka besar energi potensial sistem tersebut adalah : • Jika ada lebih dari dua muatan, maka energy potensial yang tersimpan dalam sistem tersebut adalah jumlah (skalar) dari energi potensial dari tiap pasang muatan yang ada. Untuk tiga muatan: • Contoh: Hitung energi potensial dari sistem 3 muatan, Q1=10-6 C, Q2=210-6 C dan Q3=310-6 C yang terletak di titik-titik sudur segitiga samasisi yang panjang sisinya 10 cm.